St. Chrysanthus October 25

 St. Chrysanthus

Feastday: October 25

Death: 283

Beyond the fact of his existence and martyrdom, all that is known of him is based on untrustworthy legend. An Egyptian, son of a Patrician, Polemius, he was brought to Rome from Alexandria during the reign of Numerian, and despite the objections of his father, who had brought him to Rome, was baptized by a priest named Carpophorus. Chrysanthus refused his father's attempts to get him married, finally married Daria, a Greek and a priestess of Minerva, converted her, and convinced with him in chastity. When they converted a number of Romans, Chrysanthus was denounced as a Christian to Claudius, the tribune. Chrysanthus' attitude under torture so impressed Claudius that he and his wife, Hilaria, two sons, and seventy of his soldiers became Christians, whereupon the Emperor had them all slain. Daria was sent to a brothel, where she was defended by a lion, brought before Numerian, who ordered her execution, was stoned and then buried alive. When several followers of Chrysanthus and Daria were found praying at their crypt, among them Diodorus, a priest, and Marianus, a deacon, they were all entombed alive. St. Chrysanthus' feast day is October 25.

A column made of calc-sinter ("Eifel-Marmor"), in the church St. Chrysanthus und Daria, Bad Münstereifel, Germany.

Saints Chrysanthus and Daria (3rd century – c. 283) are saints of the Early Christian period. Their names appear in the Martyrologium Hieronymianum, an early martyrs list, and a church was built in their honour over their reputed burial place in Rome.

Contents

1 Legend

2 Historical notes

3 Relics

4 References

5 External links

Legend

Acts of the Martyrs relating the legend of Chrysanthus and Daria exist in a Greek and in Latin versions, dating from the fifth century and all "without historical value", according to Johann Peter Kirsch, writing in the Catholic Encyclopedia.[1]

According to legend, Chrysanthus was the only son of an Egyptian patrician, named Polemius or Poleon, who lived during the reign of Numerian. His father moved from Alexandria to Rome. Chrysanthus was educated in the finest manner of the era. Disenchanted with the excess in the Roman world, he began reading the Acts of the Apostles.[2]

He was then baptized and educated in Christian thinking by a priest named Carpophorus. His father was unhappy with Chrysanthus's conversion and attempted to inculcate secular ways into his son by arranging a marriage to Daria, a Roman priestess of Minerva.[2] (Other accounts state that she was a Vestal Virgin.)[3] Chrysanthus managed to convert his wife, and the couple agreed to lead celibate lives. They went on to convert a number of Romans.

When this was made known to Claudius, the tribune, Chrysanthus was arrested and tortured. Chrysanthus's faith and fortitude under torture were so impressive to Claudius that he and his wife, Hilaria, two sons named Maurus and Jason, and seventy of his soldiers became Christians. For this betrayal, the emperor had Claudius drowned, his sons beheaded and his wife went to the gallows. The legend states that Daria was sent to live as a prostitute, but her chastity was defended by a lioness. She was brought before Numerian and ordered to be executed. There are many variations to this legend. Some claim that she was subjected to execution by stoning, others say she was beheaded and yet others claim she was buried alive in a deep pit beside her husband. It appears this torment was chosen in order to inflict on Daria the death reserved for unfaithful vestals.[4] They were entombed in a sand pit near the Via Salaria Nova, the catacombs in Rome.[1]

The surviving "Acts" of Chrysanthus and Daria state that on the anniversary of their deaths, a large number of Christians had gathered at their underground crypt to pay their respects when Roman persecutors surprised them, filled the crypt with stones and buried them all alive, including Diodorus, a priest, and Marianus, a deacon.[1]

Historical notes

Numerian was never in Rome.[3] The Romans would not have sent a Vestal virgin, who was supposed to be the keeper of Rome's fortunes and for whom it was imperative to remain a virgin, into a whorehouse. Candida Moss states "this simply could not have happened...whoever composed this story lived during a period when people no longer understood how important vestals were."[3]

Relics

At least three places claim to possess the remains of Chrysanthus and Daria. In the ninth century, their reputed remains were brought to Prüm in modern-day Rhineland-Palatinate, and these relics are presently in the church of Chrysanthus and Daria, Bad Münstereifel, Germany.[5] In 1011, Pope Sergius IV gave Fulk III, Count of Anjou, the reputed bodies of Chrysanthus and Daria upon his return from a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Fulk gave them to the monastery of Belli Locus (now Beaulieu-lès-Loches), which he had recently established.[6] The cathedral of Reggio Emilia in northern Italy also contains relics reputed to be those of Daria and Chrysanthus. A scientific study of some of the bones there confirmed that they were those of a young man and a young woman in their late teens, with a radiocarbon date between 80 and 340.[7]

Sts. Crispin & Crispinian October 25

† இன்றைய புனிதர் †

(அக்டோபர் 25)

✠ புனிதர்கள் கிறிஸ்பின் மற்றும் கிறிஸ்பினியன் ✠

(Sts. Crispin and Crispinian)

மறைசாட்சியர்:

(Martyrs)

பிறப்பு: கி.பி. 3ம் நூற்றாண்டு

இறப்பு: கி.பி. 286

ரோம் (Rome)

ஏற்கும் சமயம்:

ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை

(Roman Catholic Church)

கிழக்கு மரபுவழி திருச்சபைகள்

(Eastern Orthodox Churches)

இங்கிலாந்து திருச்சபை

(Church of England)

முக்கிய திருத்தலங்கள்: 

சோய்சன்ஸ் (Soissons)

நினைவுத் திருநாள்: அக்டோபர் 25

பாதுகாவல்:

காலணி தயாரிப்பாளர்கள்; தோல் பதனிடுபவர்கள்; கையுறை தயாரிப்பாளர்கள்; சரிகை தயாரிப்பாளர்கள்; சரிகைத் தொழிலாளர்கள்; தோல் தொழிலாளர்கள்; சேணம் தயாரிப்பாளர்கள்; நெசவாளர்கள்.

சான் கிறிஸ்பின் (San Crispin), சான் பப்லோ நகரம் (San Pablo City), பிலிப்பைன்ஸ் (Philippines)

புனிதர்கள் கிறிஸ்பின் மற்றும் கிறிஸ்பினியன் ஆகியோர், காலணி தயாரிப்பாளர்கள், தோல் பதனிடுபவர்கள், கையுறை தயாரிப்பாளர்கள், சரிகை தயாரிப்பாளர்கள், சரிகைத் தொழிலாளர்கள்; தோல் தொழிலாளர்கள், மற்றும், சேணம் தயாரிப்பாளர்கள், நெசவாளர்கள், ஆகியோரது கிறிஸ்தவ பாதுகாவல் புனிதர்கள் ஆவர்.

ரோமப் பேரரசர் டயக்லேஷியன் ஆட்சிக்காலத்தில், கி.பி. சுமார் 285 அல்லது 286ம் ஆண்டு, இவர்களிருவரும், மறைசாட்சியராய் சித்திரவதை செய்யப்பட்டு, கொடுமையான வகையில் கொல்லப்பட்டனர்.

வரலாறு:

கி.பி. 3ம் நூற்றாண்டில், ஒரு உன்னதமான ரோமானிய குடும்பத்தில் பிறந்த கிறிஸ்பின் மற்றும் கிறிஸ்பினியன் ஆகியோர், தங்கள் கிறிஸ்தவ விசுவாசத்திற்காக துன்புறுத்தலிலிருந்து தப்பி ஓடியபடியிருந்தனர். அவர்களது ஓட்டம், சோய்சன்ஸ் (Soissons) நகரில் முடிவடைந்தது. அங்கு அவர்கள் கிறிஸ்தவ மதத்தை "கௌல்ஸ்" (Gauls) இன மக்களுக்கு பிரசங்கித்தனர். அதே நேரத்தில் இரவு நேரங்களில் காலணிகள் தயாரித்தனர். அவர்கள் இரட்டை சகோதரர்கள் என்று கூறப்பட்டாலும், அது நேர்மறையாக நிரூபிக்கப்படவில்லை.

அவர்கள் தங்களுடைய தேவைகளுக்கும், ஏழைகளுக்கு உதவுவதற்குமான போதுமான வருமானத்தை, தங்கள் வர்த்தகம் மூலம் போதுமான அளவு சம்பாதித்தனர். அவர்களின் இந்த வெற்றி, "பெல்ஜிக் கோல்" () ஆளுநரான "ரிக்டஸ் வரஸ்" () என்பவரது கோபத்தை ஈர்த்தது. அவர்கள் சித்திரவதை செய்யப்பட்டு கழுத்தில் மைல் கற்கள் கட்டப்பட்டு, ஆற்றில் வீசப்பட்டனர். இருப்பினும், அதிலிருந்தும் தப்பிப்பிழைத்த அவர்கள், சக்கரவர்த்தியின் உத்தரவின்படி, தலை துண்டிக்கப்பட்டு, கி.பி. 285–286ல் கொல்லப்பட்டனர்.

கி.பி. 16ம் நூற்றாண்டின் புராணக்கதை ஓன்று, அவர்களை "ஃபேவர்ஷாம்" (Faversham) நகரத்துடன் இணைக்கிறது.

புனிதர்கள் கிறிஸ்பின் மற்றும் கிறிஸ்பினியன் ஆகியோரின் நினைவுத் திருநாள், அக்டோபர் 25 ஆகும். இரண்டாம் வத்திக்கான் (Second Vatican Council) சபையைத் தொடர்ந்து, ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபையின் உலகளாவிய வழிபாட்டு நாட்காட்டியிலிருந்து (Catholic Church's Universal Liturgical Calendar) இந்த நினைவுத் திருநாள் அகற்றப்பட்டாலும், இவ்விரு புனிதர்களும் அந்த நாளில் இன்றும் ரோமன் திருச்சபையின் மறைசாட்சிய (Roman Church's Martyrology) பதிப்பில் நினைவுகூரப்படுகிறார்கள்.

கி.பி. ஆறாம் நூற்றாண்டில் இந்த புனிதர்களின் கல்லறைகளுக்கு மேல் சோய்சன்ஸ் நகரில், ஒரு அழகிய பேராலயம் அமைக்கப்பட்டது. மேலும், புகழ்பெற்ற பொற்கொல்லர் புனித எலிஜியஸ் (St. Eligius) புனித கிறிஸ்பினியனின் தலைக்கு ஒரு விலையுயர்ந்த திருத்தலத்தை உருவாக்கினார்.

 Sts. Crispin & Crispinian

Feastday: October 25

Unreliable legend had Crispin and Crispinian, noble Roman brothers who with St. Quintinus, went to Gaul to preach the gospel and settled at Soissons. They were most successful in convert work during the day and worked as shoemakers at night. By order of Emperor Maximian, who was visiting in Gaul, they were haled before Rictiovarus (whose position is unknown and even his existence is doubted by scholars), a hater of Christians, who subjected them to torture; when unsuccessful in trying to kill them, he committed suicide whereupon Maximian had the two brothers beheaded. They are the patrons of shoemakers, cobblers, and leatherworkers. Their feast day is October 25th.

This article is about the Christian saint. For other uses of Crispin, see Crispin (disambiguation).

Saints Crispin and Crispinian are the Christian patron saints of cobblers, curriers, tanners, and leather workers. They were beheaded during the reign of Diocletian; the date of their execution is given as 25 October 285 or 286.

Contents

1 History

2 Veneration

3 Cultural references

4 See also

5 Footnotes

6 External links

History

Born to a noble Roman family in the 3rd century AD, Crispin and Crispinian fled persecution for their faith, ending up at Soissons, where they preached Christianity to the Gauls whilst making shoes by night. While it is stated that they were twin brothers, that has not been proved.[1]

They earned enough by their trade to support themselves and also to aid the poor. Their success attracted the ire of Rictus Varus, governor of Belgic Gaul,[2] who had them tortured and thrown into the river with millstones around their necks. Though they survived, they were beheaded by the Emperor c. 285–286.

A 16th century legend links them to the town of Faversham. [3]

Veneration

The feast day of Saints Crispin and Crispinian is 25 October.[4] Although this feast was removed from the Roman Catholic Church's universal liturgical calendar following the Second Vatican Council, the two saints are still commemorated on that day in the most recent edition of the Roman Church's martyrology.

In the sixth century a stately basilica was erected at Soissons over the graves of these saints, and St. Eligius, a famous goldsmith, made a costly shrine for the head of St. Crispinian.[1]

They are the patron saints of cobblers, glove makers, lace makers, lace workers, leather workers, saddle makers, saddlers, shoemakers, tanners, and weavers.[5]

Cultural references

The Battle of Agincourt was fought on Saint Crispin's feastday. It has been immortalised by Shakespeare's St. Crispin's Day Speech (sometimes called the "Band Of Brothers" Speech) from his play Henry V. Also, for the Midsummer's Day Festival in the third act of Die Meistersinger, Wagner has the shoemakers' guild enter singing a song of praise to St. Crispin.

A plaque at Faversham commemorates their association with the town. They are also commemorated in the name of the old pub "Crispin and Crispianus" at Strood.

St. Cyrinus October 25

 St. Cyrinus

Feastday: October 25

Death: 3rd century

Roman martyr mentioned in the Acts of St. Marcellinus . No other details of his martyr's life are available.

St. Dulcardus October 25

 St. Dulcardus

Feastday: October 25

Death: 584

Hermit at Saint-Doulchard, France. He was originally a monk at Micy in Orleans.

St. Fronto October 25

 St. Fronto

Feastday: October 25

St. Fronto, 1st. century, bishop. According to legend he was born in Lycaonia and became a follower of Christ, was baptized by Peter, and became one of the seventy-two disciples. He is said to have accompanied St. Peter to Antioch and Rome, from where he was sent with a priest, George to convert the GAULS. He is supposed to have become the first bishop of Perigueux and George the first bishop of Le Puy, both in France. His feast day October 25th

St. Fronto and George October 25

 St. Fronto and George

Feastday: October 25

Death: 1st century

Bishops and apostles of Perigreux and Le Puy, in southern France. Nothing can be documented about their labors, but tra­dition states that Fronto was a convert from Judaism, baptized by St. Peter. He was with Peter in Rome and in Antioch, and was sent with George to France. George became the bishop of Le Puy, and Fronto ruled Perigreux. Many miracles are attributed to Fronto. 

St. Fructus October 25

 St. Fructus

Feastday: October 25

Patron: of Segovia

Birth: 642

Death: 715

A hermit whose brother and sis­ter were slain by Muslims in Spain. He and his brother, Valentine, and sister, Engratia, lived in Sepulvida, Spain. When Valentine and Engratia were slain, Fructus became a hermit. All three are patrons of Segovia. 

Saint Fructus (Spanish: San Fruitos, Frutos, Fructos) was a Castilian hermit of the eighth century venerated as a saint. Christian tradition states that he had two siblings, named Valentine (Valentín) and Engratia (Engracia). They all lived as hermits on a mountain in the region of Sepúlveda.[1] Engratia should not be confused with the 4th-century Portuguese martyr of the same name.

Born in the 7th century to a noble family of Segovia, Fructus and his two siblings sold their family possessions after their parents' death and gave the earnings to poor. Wishing to escape from the city and the turbulent times, they established themselves on the rocky terrain near the village of Sepulveda now known as the Hoces del Duratón, where they lived apart from one another in caves that ensured them complete solitude.[2]

Tradition holds that Valentine and Engratia were later martyred around 715 by advancing Moorish forces, and that Fructus died of natural causes in the same year at the age of 73.[3]

Contents

1 Legends

2 Veneration

3 References

4 External links

Legends

A legend states that some locals, wishing to join Fructus in his retreat to his death, traveled there, only to be pursued by Moorish forces to the very door of Fructus’ hermitage. Fructus attempted to convert the Muslim soldiers, but without success. The legend goes on to state that Fructus drew a line across the earth, asking that the Moorish forces not cross it. When they ignored him and attempted to cross, the earth miraculously opened up to swallow them up, at a crack in the rock now called La Cuchillada. From that point on, the Moors did not bother Fructus.[2]

Veneration

They are venerated as the patron saints of Segovia, where their relics are enshrined and are recognized as saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome.

Fructus, Valentine and Engratia are commemorated on 25 October by Western Rite Orthodox communities, and in the Roman Catholic Church.

Their relics were conserved in the hermitage of San Frutos from the 8th century to the 11th, when they were translated to Segovia Cathedral.[2] The area of Fructus' hermitage suffered various political and military vicissitudes; this area was conquered by Fernán González before being annexed by Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir in 984. It fell to Christian control once again in 1011 through the efforts of Sancho García of Castile, and in 1076 was repopulated by Alfonso VI of Castile. By the 1070s, the Benedictines had established a church in honor of Saint Fructus in the area, as well as an adjoining monastery.[3]

On the night of October 24 is celebrated the procession in honor of Fructus known as the Paso de la Hoja ("Turn of the Page").[2] A sculpture of Fructus rests in a niche in this cathedral. This sculpture has Fructus holding a book; according to local legend, it is the “Book of Life”: when Fructus turns to the last page, the world will end.[2]

Fructus' feast day is celebrated with music and contests, and devotees also celebrate his feast day at the park of Hoces del Río Duratón, where they accompany a statue of Fructus.[2]

St. Goeznoveus October 25

 St. Goeznoveus

Feastday: October 25

Death: 675

Cornish born Bishop of Quimper, France. He was brother of St. Maughan.

St. Hilary October 25

 St. Hilary

Feastday: October 25

Death: 535

Bishop of Mende, southern France. He started as a hermit on the banks of the Tarn River. Before being consecrated bishop, Hilary was a monk at Lerins.

St. Hildemarca October 25

 St. Hildemarca

Feastday: October 25

Death: 670

Benedictine abbess invited by St. Wandrille to head his monastery in Fecamp, France. She had been a nun at St. Eulalia in Bordeaux.

St. John Houghton October 25

 St. John Houghton

† இன்றைய புனிதர் †

(அக்டோபர் 25)

✠ புனிதர் ஜான் ஹக்டன் ✠

(St. John Houghton)

வேல்ஸ் மற்றும் இங்கிலாந்தின் 40 மறைசாட்சிகள்:

(Forty Martyrs of England and Wales)

பிறப்பு: கி.பி. 1486

இங்கிலாந்து

(England)

இறப்பு: மே 4, 1535

டிபர்ன், இங்கிலாந்து

(Tyburn, England)

ஏற்கும் சமயம்:

ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை

(Roman Catholic Church)

அருளாளர் பட்டம்: டிசம்பர் 9, 1886

திருத்தந்தை பதின்மூன்றாம் லியோ

(Pope Leo XIII)

புனிதர் பட்டம்: அக்டோபர் 25, 1970

திருத்தந்தை ஆறாம் பவுல்

(Pope Paul VI)

நினைவுத் திருநாள்: அக்டோபர் 25

புனிதர் ஜான் ஹக்டன், ஒரு கத்தோலிக்க குருவும், “கர்த்தூசியன் துறவி” (Carthusian hermit) ஆவார். அக்காலத்தில், இங்கிலாந்தின் மன்னன் “எட்டாம் ஹென்றியின்” (King Henry VIII) “மேலாதிக்க சட்டத்தின்” (Act of Supremacy) காரணமாக மரித்த முதல் ஆங்கில கத்தோலிக்க மறைசாட்சியாவார். இவருடன் மரித்த நாற்பது மறைசாட்சியரில் இவர் முதலாவது மறைசாட்சியாக கருதப்படுகிறார்.

கி.பி. சுமார் 1486ம் ஆண்டில் பிறந்த இவர், இவரைப் பின்பற்றிய கர்தூசியன் (Carthusians) சபை சகா ஒருவர் எழுதிய ஆவணங்களின்படி, “கேம்ப்ரிட்ஜ்” (Cambridge) பல்கலையில் கல்வி பயின்றார். தற்போதுள்ள ஆவணங்களில் இவரது குருத்துவ அருட்பொழிவு தேதி பற்றிய ஆவணங்களும் கிடைக்கவில்லை.

கி.பி. 1515ம் ஆண்டு, லண்டனிலுள்ள “சார்ட்டர்ஹௌஸ்” (London Charter house) அமைப்பில் சேர்ந்த இவர், கி.பி. 1523ம் ஆண்டு, 'கிறிஸ்தவ ஆலயங்களில் உள்ள புனிதப் பொருள்களைக் காப்பவராகவும், (Sacristan), கி.பி. 1526ம் ஆண்டு, 'பழங்கால ரோம அதிகாரி'யாகவும் உயர்ந்தார்.

கி.பி. 1534ம் ஆண்டு, புதிய வாரிசுரிமை சட்டங்களின்படி, (Act of Succession) கடைப்பிடிக்க வேண்டிய சத்தியப் பிரமாணங்களிலிருந்து தமக்கும் தமது சமூகத்தினருக்கும் விளக்கு அளிக்க வேண்டினார். இதன் பிரதிபலிப்பாக, இவரையும் இவரது செயலுரிமையாளர் ஒருவரையும் கைது செய்து “லண்டன் கோபுர” (Tower of London) கோட்டைக்கு இட்டுச் சென்றனர். அங்கே அவர்கள், அந்த புதிய சத்தியப் பிரமாணங்கள் கத்தோலிக்க சட்டங்களுக்கு ஒத்துப்போவதாக ஒப்புக்கொண்டனர். பின்னர், சார்ட்டர் ஹௌஸ் அழைத்து வரப்பட்ட இவர்களிருவரும், பெரும் ஆயுதப்படையினரின் முன்னிலையில், தமது மொத்த சமூகத்தினருடன் இணைந்து சத்திய பிரமாணம் எடுத்துக்கொண்டனர்.

கி.பி. 1535ம் ஆண்டு, மீண்டும் அழைக்கப்பட்ட இவர்களது சமூகத்தினர், இங்கிலாந்தின் மன்னன் எட்டாம் ஹென்றியை (King Henry VIII) ஆங்கில திருச்சபையின் தலைவராக ஏற்றுக்கொண்ட சட்ட திட்டங்களின் சத்தியப் பிரமாணங்களை ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளும்படி வற்புறுத்தப்பட்டனர். ஹக்டன் இம்முறை, கர்தூசியன் சபையின் பிற இரண்டு இல்லங்களின் முதல்வர்களான, “ராபர்ட் லாரன்ஸ்” (Robert Lawrence) மற்றும் “அகஸ்டின் வெப்ஸ்டர்” (Augustine Webster) ஆகிய இருவரையும் தம்முடன் அழைத்துச் சென்றார். ஆங்கிலேய சத்திய பிரமாணத்துக்கு விளக்கு அளிக்க வேண்டி கெஞ்சிய இவர்களது சமூகத்தினர் அனைவரும் இம்முறை “தாமஸ் கிராம்வெல்” (Thomas Cromwell) என்பவரால் மொத்தமாக கைது செய்யப்பட்டனர்.

கி.பி. 1535ம் ஆண்டு, ஏப்ரல் மாதம், ஒரு விசாரணை மன்றத்தின் முன்னர் நிறுத்தப்பட்டனர். “சியோன் மடத்தைச்” (Syon Abbey) சேர்ந்த “ரிச்சர்ட் ரேனால்ட்ஸ்” (Richard Reynolds) எனும் துறவி உள்ளிட்ட இவர்கள் அனைவருக்கும் மரண தண்டனை பிறப்பிக்கப்பட்டது. 

புனிதர் ஜான் ஹக்டன் மற்றும் இரண்டு கர்த்தூசிய (Carthusians) துறவிகளான அருட்தந்தை “ரெனால்ட்” (Fr. Reynolds) மற்றும் அருட்தந்தை “ஜான் ஹைல்”', (Fr. John Haile of Isleworth) ஆகியோர் கி.பி. 1535ம் ஆண்டு, மே மாதம், 4ம் தேதியன்று, தூக்கிலிடப்பட்டு கொல்லப்பட்டனர்.

Feastday: October 25

Birth: 1486

Death: 1535

Protomartyr of the English Reformation. A native of Essex, he served as a parish priest after graduating from Cambridge. He then became a Carthusian and the prior of the Carthusian Charterhouse of London. As an opponent of King Henry Viii's Acts of Succession and Supremacy, he was arrested with other Carthusians but was released temporarily. He then refused to swear to the Oath of Supremacy, the first man to make this refusal. Dragged through the streets, he was executed at Tyburn with four companions by being hanged, drawn, and quartered. Parts of his remains were put on display in assorted spots throughout London. Pope Paul VI canonized him in 1970 as one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales.

This article is about the English Catholic martyr. For other men with the same name, see John Houghton (disambiguation).

Saint John Houghton, O.Cart., (c. 1486 – 4 May 1535) was a Carthusian hermit and Catholic priest and the first English Catholic martyr to die as a result of the Act of Supremacy by King Henry VIII of England. He was also the first member of his order to die as a martyr. He is among the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales.[3]

Contents

1 Life

2 See also

3 References

4 Sources

Life

Born around 1487, he was (according to one of his fellow Carthusians) educated at Cambridge, but cannot be identified among surviving records.[4] Similarly, no certain records can be found of his ordination.

He joined the London Charterhouse in 1516, progressed to be sacristan in 1523, and procurator in 1528.[1] In 1531, he became Prior of the Beauvale Priory in Nottinghamshire. However, in November of that year, he was elected Prior of the London house, to which he returned.[5] In addition, the following spring he was named Provincial Visitor, at the head of the English Carthusians.[1]

In April 1534, two royal agents visited the Charterhouse. Houghton advised them that "it pertained not to his vocation and calling nor to that of his subjects to meddle in or discuss the king's business, neither could they or ought they to do so, and that it did not concern him who the king wished to divorce or marry, so long as he was not asked for any opinion."[2] He asked that he and his community be exempted from the oath required under the new Act of Succession, which resulted in both him and his procurator, Humphrey Middlemore, being arrested and taken to the Tower of London. However, by the end of May, they had been persuaded that the oath was consistent with their Catholicism, with the clause "as far as the law of Christ allows" and they returned to the Charterhouse, where (in the presence of a large armed force) the whole community made the required professions.[2]

However, in 1535, the community was called upon to make the new oath as prescribed by the 1534 Act of Supremacy, which recognised Henry as the Supreme Head of the Church of England. Again, Houghton, this time accompanied by the heads of the other two English Carthusian houses (Robert Lawrence, Prior of Beauvale, and Augustine Webster, Prior of Axholme), pleaded for an exemption, but this time they were summarily arrested by Thomas Cromwell. They were called before a special commission in April 1535, and sentenced to death, along with Richard Reynolds, O.Ss.S., a monk from Syon Abbey.[5]

Houghton, along with the other two Carthusians, Fr. Reynolds, and Fr. John Haile of Isleworth, was hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn on 4 May 1535.[6]

The three priors were taken to Tyburn in their religious habits and were not previously laicised from the priesthood and religious state as was the custom of the day. From his prison cell in the Tower, Thomas More saw the three Carthusian priors being dragged to Tyburn on hurdles and exclaimed to his daughter: "Look, Meg! These blessed Fathers be now as cheerfully going to their deaths as bridegrooms to their marriage!" John Houghton was the first to be executed. After he was hanged, he was taken down alive, and the process of quartering him began.

Catholic tradition relates that when Houghton was about to be quartered, as the executioner tore open his chest to remove his heart, he prayed, "O Jesus, what wouldst thou do with my heart?" A painting of the Carthusian Protomartyr by the noted painter of religious figures, Francisco Zurbarán, depicts him with his heart in his hand and a noose around his neck. In the Chapter house of St. Hugh's Charterhouse, Parkminster, in England, there is a painting depicting the martyrdom of the three priors.

After his death, his body was chopped to pieces and hung in different parts of London. He was beatified on 9 December 1886 and canonized on 25 October 1970.

St. John Roberts October 25

 St. John Roberts

Feastday: October 25

Birth: 1575

Death: 1610

Benedictine member of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales. He was born in Trawsfynydd, Gwynedd, Wales, and studied at Oxford. John became a Catholic and went to Paris in 1598, Studying and becoming a Benedictine priest in 1602. He then returned to England and aided so many victims of the plague of 1603 that he became quite famous. He left England for a time to establish a seminary but then returned to London. He had many adventures until his final arrest for being a priest. With Blessed Thomas Somers, he was hanged, drawn, and quartered at Tyburn.

For other people named John Roberts, see John Roberts (disambiguation).

Saint John Roberts (1577 – 10 December 1610) was a Welsh Benedictine monk and priest, and was the first Prior of St. Gregory's, Douai, France (now Downside Abbey). Returning to England as a missionary priest during the period of recusancy, he was martyred at Tyburn.

St. Lupus of Bayeux October 25

 St. Lupus of Bayeux

Feastday: October 25

Death: 5th century

Image of St. Lupus of Bayeux

Bishop of Bayeux, France. No details of his life are available.

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Bayeux and Lisieux (Latin: Dioecesis Baiocensis et Lexoviensis; French: Diocèse de Bayeux et Lisieux) is a diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in France. The diocese is coextensive with the Department of Calvados and is a suffragan to the Archdiocese of Rouen, which is also in Normandy.

At the time of the Concordat of 1802, the ancient Diocese of Lisieux was united to that of Bayeux. A pontifical Brief, in 1854, authorized the Bishop of Bayeux to call himself Bishop of Bayeux and Lisieux.

Saint Vigor was bishop of Bayeux during the 6th century.

A local legend, found in the breviaries of the 15th century, makes St. Exuperius to be an immediate disciple of St. Clement (Pope from 88 to 99), and thus the first Bishop of Bayeux. His see would therefore be a foundation of the 1st century. St. Regnobertus, the same legend tells us, was the successor of St. Exuperius. But the Bollandists, Jules Lair, and Louis Duchesne found no ground for this legend; it was only towards the end of the 4th century or beginning of the 5th century that Exuperius might have founded the See of Bayeux.[1]

Certain successors of St. Exuperius were honored as popular saints: Referendus, Rufinianus, and Lupus (about 465);[2] Vigor (beginning of the 6th century), who destroyed a pagan temple, then still frequented; Regnobertus (about 629), who founded many churches, and whom the legend, owing to an anachronism, made first successor to Exuperius; and Hugues (d. 730), simultaneously bishop of two other sees, Paris and Rouen.

An important bishop was Odo of Bayeux (1050–97), brother of William the Conqueror, who built the cathedral, was present at the Battle of Hastings, who was imprisoned in 1082 for attempting to lead an expedition to Italy to overthrow Pope Gregory VII, and who died a crusader in Sicily; Cardinal Agostino Trivulzio (1531–48), papal legate in the Roman Campagna, who was trapped in the Castel Sant'Angelo during the siege and pillage of Rome by the Imperial forces led by the Constable de Bourbon; Arnaud Cardinal d'Ossat (1602–04), a prominent diplomat identified with the conversion of Henry IV of France from Protestantism to Catholicism (the second time). Claude Fauchet, who after being court preacher to Louis XVI, became one of the "conquerors" of the Bastille, was chosen Constitutional Bishop of Bayeux in 1791, and was beheaded 31 October 1793. Léon-Adolphe Amette, Archbishop of Paris was, until 1905, Bishop of Bayeux.

In the Middle Ages Bayeux and neighbouring Lisieux were very important sees.[why?] The Bishop of Bayeux was senior among the Norman bishops,[disputed – discuss] and the chapter was one of the richest in France.[citation needed]

Important councils were held within this diocese, one at Caen, in 1042, summoned by Duke William ('the Conqueror') and the bishops of Normandy. The Truce of God was proclaimed, not for the first time.[3] Again in 1061 a council was summoned, again by Duke William, commanding the attendance of both clergy and laity (bishops, abbots, political and military leaders).[4] The statutes of a synod held at Bayeux about 1300, furnish a very fair idea of the discipline of the time.[5]

In the Diocese of Bayeux are the Abbey of St. Stephen (Abbaye-aux-Hommes)[6] and the Abbey of the Holy Trinity (Abbaye-aux-Dames), both founded at Caen by William the Conqueror (1029–87) and his wife Matilda, in expiation of their unlawful marriage. The Abbey of Saint-Étienne was first governed by Lanfranc (1066–1070), who afterwards became Archbishop of Canterbury. Other abbeys were those of Troarn of which Durand, the successful opponent of Berengarius, was abbot in the 11th century; and the Abbaye du Val,[7] of which Armand-Jean de Rancé (1626–1700) was abbot,[8] in 1661, prior to his reform of La Trappe Abbey. The Abbey of St. Evroul (Ebrulphus) in the Diocese of Lisieux, founded about 560 by St. Evroul, a native of Bayeux, was the home of Ordericus Vitalis, the chronicler (1075–1141).

In 1308 Bishop Guillaume Bonnet was founder of the Collège de Bayeux in Paris, which was intended to house students from the dioceses of Bayeux, Mans, and Angers, who were studying medicine or civil law.[9]

Saint Jean Eudes founded in 1641 in Caen the Congregation of Notre Dame de Charité du Refuge, which was devoted to the protection of reformed prostitutes. The mission of the nuns has been expanded since that time, to include other services to girls and women, including education. In 1900 the Order included 33 establishments in France and elsewhere, each an independent entity. At Tilly, in the Diocese of Bayeux, Michel Vingtras established, in 1839, the politico-religious society known as La Miséricorde, in connexion with the survivors of La Petite Eglise, which was condemned in 1843 by Gregory XVI. Daniel Huet, the famous savant (1630–1721) and Bishop of Avranches, was a native of Caen.

Bishop de Nesmond authorized the establishment of the priests of the Congregation of the Mission of Saint-Lazare in the diocese of Bayeux in 1682.[10]

During World War I, the diocese of Bayeux sent 260 priests and 75 seminarians into military service. Seventeen priests and sixteen seminarians died. In c. 1920 there were 716 parishes in the diocese.[11

St. Marnock October 25

 St. Marnock

Feastday: October 25

Irish bishop, a disciple of St. Columba. He resided on Jona, Scotland, and is also called Marnan, Marnanus, or Marnoc. He died at Annandale and is revered on the Scottish border. His name was given to Kilmarnock, Scotland.

 

St. Minias of Florence October 25

 St. Minias of Florence

Feastday: October 25

Death: 250

Martyred soldier of Florence, Italy, sometimes called Miniato. He was martyred for making converts in the reign of Emperor Trajanus Decius. An abbey near Florence bears his name.

 

Saint Minias (Minas, Miniatus) (Italian: Miniato, Armenian: Մինաս) (3rd century) is venerated as the first Christian martyr of Florence. The church of San Miniato al Monte is dedicated to him.[3] According to legend, he was an Armenian king or prince serving in the Roman Army – or making a penitential pilgrimage to Rome[2] – who had decided to become a hermit near Florence.

He was denounced as a Christian and in 250 AD brought before Emperor Decius, who was persecuting Christians. Miniato refused to sacrifice to the Roman gods, and was put through numerous torments – he was thrown into a furnace, was lapidated, and was thrown to a lion or a panther at an amphitheater – from which he emerged unharmed. Finally, he was beheaded near the present Piazza della Signoria,[2] but his legend states that he picked up his own head. Miniato then crossed the Arno and returned to his hermitage on the hill known as Mons Florentinus (Monte di Firenze).[4]

Veneration

Minias’ relics rest in a crypt in the church dedicated to him, begun by Alibrando (Hildebrand), Bishop of Florence, in 1013 and endowed by Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor.[2]

The historicity of the saint is uncertain.[1] It is possible that there was a saint with this name who was martyred near the Arno.[1] He may simply have been a soldier who was executed for spreading Christianity in the army.[2]

His cult may also have arisen from the fact that a relic from a location in the East, such as Egypt, was brought to the church that would be known as San Miniato.[1]

The tradition of him picking up his own head—a hagiographic trope—[5] was first recorded by Giovanni Villani.