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18 November 2020

✠ புனிதர் ரோஸ் ஃபிலிப்பைன் டச்செஸ்ன் ✠(St. Rose Philippine Duchesne)நவம்பர் 18

† இன்றைய புனிதர் †
(நவம்பர் 18)

✠ புனிதர் ரோஸ் ஃபிலிப்பைன் டச்செஸ்ன் ✠
(St. Rose Philippine Duchesne)
சபை நிறுவனர்/ அருட்சகோதரி:
(Foundress and Religious Sister)

பிறப்பு: ஆகஸ்ட் 29, 1769
க்ரெநோபல், டௌபின், ஃபிரான்ஸ் அரசு
(Grenoble, Dauphiné, Kingdom of France)

இறப்பு: நவம்பர் 18, 1852 (வயது 83)
செயின்ட் சார்லஸ், மிஸ்ஸெளரி, ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா
(St. Charles, Missouri, U.S.)

ஏற்கும் சமயம்:
ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை
(Roman Catholic Church)

முக்திபேறு பட்டம்: மே 12, 1940
திருத்தந்தை : திருத்தந்தை பனிரெண்டாம் பயஸ்
(Pope Pius XII)

புனிதர் பட்டம்: ஜூலை 3, 1988
திருத்தந்தை: இரண்டாம் ஜான் பவுல்
(Pope John Paul II)

முக்கிய திருத்தலங்கள்:
தூய ரோஸ் திருத்தலம், ஃபிலிப்பைன், டச்செஸ்ன்
(Shrine of St. Rose Philippine Duchesne)
தூய சார்லஸ், மிஸ்ஸெளரி, ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா
(St. Charles, Missouri, United States)

நினைவுத் திருநாள்: நவம்பர் 18

பாதுகாவல்: 
துன்பத்தின் மத்தியிலும் விடாமுயற்சி செய்வோர்;
ஸ்பிரிங்ஃபீல்ட்-கிரார்டியு மறைமாவட்டம் (Diocese of Springfield–Cape Girardeau)

புனிதர் ரோஸ் ஃபிலிப்பைன் டச்செஸ்ன், ஒரு ஃபிரெஞ்ச் அருட்சகோதரியும், கல்வியாளரும், "இயேசுவின் திரு இருதய அருட்சகோதரிகள்" சபையின் (Religious Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus) ஆதிகால முக்கிய உறுப்பினரும் ஆவார். ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க சமூகங்களின் முதல் ஜெப கூட்டத்தைக் (Congregation) நிறுவியவரும் இவரே. தமது வாழ்வின் இறுதி காலத்தை மத்திய-மேற்கத்திய அமெரிக்க (Midwestern United States) மக்களுக்கு கற்பித்தல் மற்றும் சேவைகளில் கழித்தார். மற்றும், நாட்டின் மேற்கத்திய எல்லைப் (Western Frontier) பகுதிகளிலும் சேவை புரிந்தார்.

ஃபிரான்ஸின் “க்ரேனோபல்” (Grenoble) எனும் இடத்தில் பிறந்த இவரின் தந்தை ஒரு வழக்கறிஞர் ஆவார். அவரது பெயர், “பியர்ரே-ஃப்ரன்க்காய்ஸ் டச்செஸ்ன்” (Pierre-François Duchesne) ஆகும். தாயார் “ரோஸ்-யூஃப்ரோசின் பெரியேர்” (Rose-Euphrosine Périer) ஆவார். இவர்களுக்குப் பிறந்த ஏழு பெண் மற்றும் ஒரு ஆண் குழந்தைகளில் ரோஸ் ஃபிலிப்பைன் டச்செஸ்ன் இரண்டாவதாகப் பிறந்த குழந்தை ஆவார்.

சிறு வயதில் அம்மை நோயினால் பாதிக்கப்பட்ட டச்செஸ்னின் உடலில் நீங்கா வடுக்கள் தோன்றியிருந்தன. கி.பி. 1781ம் ஆண்டு, டச்செஸ்ன் மற்றும் இவரது ஒன்றுவிட்ட சகோதரியான “ஜோசஃபின்” (Josephine) ஆகிய இருவரும், “கிரனோபில்” (Grenoble) அருகேயுள்ள மலையருகிலுள்ள “தூய மரியாளின் வருகை சபையின் கன்னியரால்” (Visitandine nuns) நடத்தப்படும் ஒரு துறவு மடத்தில் கல்வி கற்க அனுப்பப்பட்டார். துறவு வாழ்வில் ஈர்ப்பு கொண்ட ரோஸ், அதில் தீவிர ஈடுபாடு காண்பிக்க தொடங்கினார். இதை அறிந்த அவரது தந்தை, அடுத்த வருடமே அவரை அங்கிருந்து நீக்கி தமது வீட்டினருகேயே கல்வி கற்க ஏற்பாடு செய்தார்.

கி.பி. 1788ம் ஆண்டு, இவர் தமது குடும்பத்தினரின் எதிர்ப்பையும் மீறி "தூய மரியாளின் வருகை" (Visitation of Holy Mary religious order) சபையின் துறவு இல்லத்தில் இணைய முடிவெடுத்தார். தமது அத்தை ஒருவருடன் பயணப்பட்டுப் போன இவர், உடனடியாக துறவு இல்லத்தில் இணைந்ததும், தந்தையிடம் தகவல் கூறுமாறு சொல்லி, அத்தையை தனியாக திருப்பி அனுப்பினார்.

எனினும், கி.பி. 1792ம் ஆண்டு, ஃபிரெஞ்ச் புரட்சியின் (French Revolution) பயங்கர ஆட்சி, துறவு இல்லங்களை மூட வைத்தது. அங்கிருந்த அருட்சகோதரியர் திருப்பி அனுப்பப்பட்டனர். வேறு வழியின்றி ஊர் திரும்பிய ரோஸ், தமது இரு அத்தைமாருடன் ஒரு பண்ணை வீட்டில் வசித்தார். அங்கிருந்த காலத்தில் ஃபிரெஞ்ச் புரட்சியின் கொடுமையால் பாதிக்கப்பட்டவர்களுக்கும் முந்தைய துறவு இல்லத்தில் சிறைப்பட்டிருந்தவர்களுக்கும் சேவை புரிந்தார்.

கி.பி. 1801ம் ஆண்டில், ஃபிரான்ஸில் மாவீரன் நெப்போலியனின் ஆட்சியின் கீழே, கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை மீண்டும் தலையெடுத்து தழைக்கத் தொடங்கியது. ரோஸ் "தூய மரியாளின் வருகை" துறவு இல்லத்தை புதுப்பிக்கும் முயற்சியில் இறங்கினார். அதன் கட்டிட சொந்தக்காரரிடமிருந்து கட்டிடங்களை பெற முயற்சித்தார். இல்லத்தின் கட்டடங்கள் இராணுவத்தினர் வசிப்பதற்கும் சிறைச் சாலையாகவும் பயன்படுத்தப்பட்டிருந்ததால், குப்பையும் கூளமுமாக, துறவு இல்ல அருட்சகோதரிகள் தங்குவதற்கு ஏதுவானதாக இருக்கவில்லை. அவற்றை சுத்தப்படுத்தும் பணியில் இறங்கினார். இல்லத்தின் தலைமை அருட்சகோதரியும் மற்றும் சில இளம் துறவியரும் வந்ததால் இல்லம் சுத்தம் செய்யப்பட்டது. இறுதியில், ரோஸ் இல்லத்தின் தலைமை அருட்சகோதரியாகவும், உடன் மூன்று துறவற அருட்சகோதரியரும் மட்டுமே அங்கே தனித்து விடப்பட்டனர்.

ஃபிரெஞ்சுப் புரட்சியின் பின்னர் சீரமைக்கப்பட்ட "தூய மரியாளின் வருகை" (Visitation of Holy Mary religious order) சபை, வடக்கு ஃபிரான்சில் தடுமாற்றத்துடன் நடந்துவந்தது. இதனால், ஃபிரெஞ்சு கத்தோலிக்க அருட்சகோதரியும், பின்னால் புனிதருமான “மெடலின் சோஃபி பராட்” (St. Madeleine Sophie Barat), புதிய “தூய திருஇருதய சமூகத்தை” (Society of the Sacred Heart) நிறுவினார். அவர், “கிரனோபில்” (Grenoble) நகரில் ஒரு புதிய அஸ்திவாரத்தை நிறுவ விரும்பினார். அவரது வழிகாட்டியும், இயேசுசபை (Jesuit priest) குருவுமான “ஜோசஃப் வரின்” (Joseph Varin) என்பவரது தூண்டுதலின் காரணத்தால், 1804ம் ஆண்டு பயணித்து, ரோஸ் ஃபிலிப்பைன் டச்செஸ்னை சந்தித்தார். தமது "தூய மரியாளின் வருகை" (Visitation of Holy Mary) சமூகத்தை “தூய திருஇருதய சமூகத்துடன்” (Society of the Sacred Heart) இணைப்பதற்கு “பராட்” தந்த வேண்டுகோளை ஏற்றுக்கொண்டார். புதிய சமூகம், பெண்களின் கல்விக்காக அர்ப்பணிக்கப்பட்டது. இரு பெண்களும் உடனடியாக வாழ்நாள் சிநேகிதியரானார்கள்.

கி.பி. 1815ம் ஆண்டு, நெப்போலியனின் யுத்தங்கள் முடிவுக்கு வந்தபின்னர் ரோஸ், பாரிஸ் நகரில் "திரு இருதய பள்ளி" (Convent of the Sacred Heart) என்ற பெயரில் ஒரு பள்ளியை தொடங்கினார். இருவரும் தொடங்கிய அப்பள்ளியில், இருவருமே புகுமுக துறவியரின் (Mistress of novices) தலைமைப் பொறுப்பேற்றனர்.

டச்செஸ்ன், சிறு வயதில் தமது பங்கு ஆலயத்தில், புதிய ஃபிரான்சின் (New France) காலனியான “லூசியானாவில்” (Louisiana) மறைப்பணியாற்றும் துறவியரின் கதைகளை ஏராளமாக கேட்டு, தாமும் அங்கே சென்று பணியாற்றும் ஆர்வம் கொண்டிருந்தார். கி.பி. 1817ம் ஆண்டு, “லூசியானா மற்றும் இரண்டு ஃபுளோரிடா” (Diocese of Louisiana and the Two Floridas) மறைமாவட்டத்தின் ஆயரான “வில்லியம் டுபௌர்க்” (William Dubourg) பாரிஸ் நகரின் பள்ளிக்கு வருகை தந்தார். அவர், தமது மறைமாவட்டத்திலுள்ள இந்திய மற்றும் ஃபிரெஞ்ச் குழந்தைகளுக்கான கல்வி கற்பிக்கும் மற்றும் சுவிசேஷத்துக்கு உதவும் கல்வியாளர் சபையொன்றினை வேண்டி வந்திருந்தார். அவரைச் சந்தித்த டச்செஸ்ன், உடனடியாக தமது சிறு வயது விருப்பங்கள் நினைவு வர, தமது சிநேகிதியான பராட்டிடம் அனுமதி வேண்டினார்.

கி.பி. 1818ம் ஆண்டு, தமது சிநேகிதியான பாராட்டின் ஆசீர்வாதங்களுடனும், துறவு இல்லத்தின் நான்கு அருட்சகோதரியினருடனும், ரோஸ் அமெரிக்கா புறப்பட்டார். பத்து வாரங்கள் கடல் பயணம் மேற்கொண்டபின் அவர்கள் “நியூ ஒர்லியான்ஸ்” (New Orleans) மாகாணம் சென்றடைந்தனர். அங்கே அவர்களுக்கு தங்குவதற்கான வசதிகள் ஏதும் செய்து தரப்படவில்லை. “உருசுளின்” அருட்சகோதரியருடன் சுருக்கமான ஓய்வு எடுத்தபின்னர், “மிஸிசிப்பி நதியில்” (Mississippi River) ஏழு வாரங்கள் படகு பயணம் செய்து, “செயின்ட் லூயிஸ்” (St. Louis) நகர் சென்றனர். இறுதியில் “செயின்ட் சார்லஸ்” (St. Charles) நகர் சென்று தங்கினார்கள். பண்டைய அமெரிக்க மாகாணங்களின் கடின சூழ்நிலைகளில் கற்பிக்கும் பணிகளுடன் சேவைகளும் செய்து வாழ்ந்தனர்.

கி.பி. 1841ம் ஆண்டு, ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்காவின் மத்திய மேற்க்கத்திய மாநிலமான “கன்சாஸ்” (Kansas) மாநிலத்தின் “பொலவட்டோமி” (Potawatomi) மொழி பேசும் ஆதிவாசி மக்களிடையே பணியாற்ற வருமாறு இவர்களை இயேசுசபை துறவியர் அழைத்தனர். 71 வயதான ரோஸ், ஆரம்பத்தில் அவர்களுடன் செல்ல தேர்வு செய்யப்படவில்லை. ஆனால், “தந்தை வெர்ஹஜென்” (Father Verhaegen) வலியுறுத்தியதால், கடின பணிகளைத் தவிர்த்து அவரும் பணியாற்றினார். உள்ளூர் மொழி தெரியாததால், அவரால் கற்பிக்கும் பணி செய்ய இயலவில்லை. அவர் முழுநேர ஜெபத்திலே ஈடுபட்டிருந்தார்.

கி.பி. 1842ம் ஆண்டு, ரோஸின் உடல்நிலை மோசமானதால் கடின கிராம சேவைகளுக்கு ஒத்துப்போகவில்லை. ரோஸ் “செயின்ட் சார்லஸ்” (St. Charles) திரும்பினார். தமது வாழ்க்கையின் கடைசி பத்து வருடங்களை சிற்றாலயத்தின் அருகேயுள்ள ஏணிப்படிகளுக்கு கீழேயுள்ள ஒரு சிறு அறையில் கழித்தார். வலு குறைந்த, பார்வை மங்கிப்போன, தனிமையில் கஷ்டப்பட்ட, தமது சிநேகிதியான “அன்னை பராட்டின்” (Mother Barat) கடிதங்களுக்காக ஏங்கிய புனிதர் ரோஸ் ஃபிலிப்பைன் டச்செஸ்ன், 1852ம் ஆண்டு, நவம்பர் மாதம், பதினெட்டாம் நாள் மரித்தார். அவருக்கு வயது 83.

† Saint of the Day †
(November 18)

✠ St. Rose Philippine Duchesne ✠

French Religious Sister and Foundress:

Born: August 29, 1769
Grenoble, Dauphiné, Kingdom of France

Died: November 18, 1852 (Aged 83)
St. Charles, Missouri, U.S.

Venerated in:
Roman Catholic Church
(The United States & the Society of the Sacred Heart)

Beatified: May 12, 1940
Pope Pius XII

Canonized: July 3, 1988
Pope John Paul II

Major shrine:
Shrine of St. Rose Philippine Duchesne, St. Charles, Missouri, United States

Feast: November 18

Patronage:
Perseverance amid adversity, Diocese of Springfield-Cape Girardeau

Rose Philippine Duchesne, was a French religious sister and educator who was declared a saint of the Catholic Church. Along with the foundress, Madeleine-Sophie Barat, she was a prominent early member of the Religious Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and founded the congregation's first communities in the United States. She spent the last half of her life teaching and serving the people of the Midwestern United States, then the western frontier of the nation.

Duchesne was beatified on May 12, 1940, and canonized on July 3, 1988, by the Roman Catholic Church.

Rose Philippine Duchesne was born into a prosperous and prominent lawyer in Grenoble, France in 1769. Her family was Catholic, her mother pious, but the men in the family were ambitious and liberal in their politics. Her father had become an enthusiastic supporter of the new ideas of liberty that were spreading all over France among the old aristocracy and high bourgeoisie in the last decade of the Ancien Regime. His activities in the revolutionary clubs and Masonic groups that promoted Voltairian ideas would cause great grief for Philippine and her mother.

The Duchesne blood came to the fore early in Philippine – revealing itself in strong doses of willfulness, stubbornness, and independence. This served, however, to help her resist the marriage proposals her parents arranged for her, and remain faithful to the religious vocation she knew God had given to her since the “call,” as she termed it, at age 8 on her First Communion day.

We can catch a glimpse of her strong will and determination in the story of her entrance at age 18 into the Visitation Convent of St. Marie d’en Haut nearby her home. One morning she left home in the company of an aunt to visit the convent. Once there, she simply announced her intention to stay and set her distraught aunt home alone to face her enraged father.

He rushed to the convent to confront his daughter and take her home, but left resigned to the decision of the Philippine, so like him in temperament. She did, however, acquiesce to her father’s wishes that she not take her final vows until she was 25 because of the political upheaval in France.

Nor was it long before her father’s well-founded fears came to a realization. In 1792, while Philippine was still a postulant, the nuns were dispersed by order of the Government. During the Reign of Terror, St. Marie Convent was used as a prison for those who opposed the Revolution in the area.

Instead of returning to her family villa as expected, Philippine took a flat in Grenoble with another woman and organized the Ladies of Mercy. These ladies risked their lives to bring material and spiritual help to those imprisoned at St. Marie or to assist the priests living as fugitives. To her worried family members, she always gave the same answer: “Let me be. It is my happiness and glory to serve my Divine Savior in the person of those persecuted for His Sake.”

In 1801, after Napoleon Bonaparte had overthrown the revolutionary Directory, Philippine used her own funds to purchase the badly damaged Convent of St. Marie d’en Haut from the State. Several nuns joined her there but soon left, complaining that the work was too difficult and Philippine too exacting in demanding compliance to the old Rule. It was the first of many failures for Philippine Duchesne, but she remained on the former Visitation grounds, convinced that God had a plan for her and her beloved Convent.

Three years later, History records the providential and touching meeting of Mother Madeleine Sophie Barat, founder of the Society of the Sacred Heart, and Philippine Duchesne. As Mother Barat, only 25-years-old, entered the Convent of St. Marie on December 13, 1804, she was met by Philippine, who fell to the ground, kissed her feet, and repeated the psalmist’s words: “How lovely on the mountain are the feet of those who bring the Gospel of peace.”

“I let her do it through pure stupefaction,” Mother Barat said as she told of that first meeting. “I was utterly dumbfounded at the sight of such faith and humility, and I did not know what to say or do.”

At age 35, Philippine Duchesne signed over her Convent to the Society and became a postulant in a new community. One year later her first vows were taken, and she finally pledged herself to poverty, chastity, and obedience.

The next years were busy ones for the fledgeling community. Mother Barat quickly recognized the organizational qualities in the great and generous soul of Mother Duchesne, who became secretary-general of the Order and was given charge of the new motherhouse in Paris. Had she remained in France, she would have enjoyed the honour of her community, the consolation of her close friendship with Mother Barat, and the company and support of her distinguished and prosperous family.

Instead, what took root in her heart was a great desire to bring the Gospel to the forsaken “savages” of America. After hearing a sermon from a travelling missionary in 1805, Mother Duchesne felt irresistibly drawn to the foreign missions. For twelve years, with holy impatience, she pleaded to go, offering all her works, prayers and sacrifices for the sake of her “dark souls” in America.

In January of 1817, Bishop Louis Dubourg of St. Louis, Mo. came to France to beg for sisters to be spared for the American missions. Mother Barat had neither spare funds nor sisters for the enterprise. But the indomitable Philippine intervened, for a second time throwing herself at the feet of her Superior, begging consent to go. There was a poignant moment of silence – and permission was granted.

At last, in March of 1818, Mother Philippine Duchesne, age 49, was placed as superior over a band of four other missionary sisters who set sail for the New World on the vessel Rebecca.

Failure, not success in America:
The sisters arrived in New Orleans with no instructions from Bishop Dubourg. Mother Duchesne soon came to the sore realization that they had been called to America not to work with the Indians, but to educate the daughters of merchants and farmers. Months later, when the sisters finally arrived in St. Louis (MO) they were asked to establish themselves in St. Charles, 14 miles from St. Louis on the Mississippi River, which Mother Duchesne described as “the remotest village in the United States.” In a one-room shanty on a two-acre plot without a tree or blade of grass, they established the first Convent west of the Mississippi and the first free school for girls in the United States.

In her famous letter describing that first brutal winter, she reported how water froze in the pails on the way from the creek to the cabin, how food froze to the table, and how the sisters often had no fire for lack of tools to cut wood. By the spring of 1819, the house in St. Charles was considered impracticable, and a new foundation with a convent, novitiate and boarding school was begun at Florissant, north of St. Louis, Mo.

While the hardships of life might have resulted in a breakdown of discipline, Mother Duchesne insisted that the Rule and customs of the new convent be faithfully followed. When Bishop DuBourg requested certain relaxations to accommodate the more easygoing American spirit, Mother Duchesne firmly refused.

During the next years, the congregation made slow but steady progress. As American born girls joined the growing band of sisters, Mother Duchesne opened four convents and two schools in west-central Louisiana. Supported by the prosperous French-speaking plantation owners, these schools saw a success that Mother Duchesne would never personally experience in her own impoverished foundations in Missouri. Finally, an orphanage, academy and free school were begun in the original destination, St. Louis, Mo., and in 1828, the Sisters returned to St. Charles to cheers and applause of the townspeople. Mainly because of her perseverance and organization skills, twelve Sacred Heart schools had opened in the New World by 1850.

But Mother Duchesne felt herself a failure: she met no success with the few Indian free schools for girls she tried to establish. Because she could not learn English, she could not teach American girls or interact with their parents. “Americans only admire those who have good looks and speak their language,” she would explain, and then tell how she was lacking in both regards. The gracious charms and formal manners of the French Old Regime, which she never changed, left her out of touch with the more egalitarian and relaxed American way of life. She brought this European formality and ceremony to the lives of the young ladies she influenced, culture and refinement that would be a signal mark of the alumni of the Sacred Heart up until the 1960s when the schools suffered the effects of the Cultural Revolution that entered the religious orders and Church with Vatican II.

For 22 years, Mother Duchesne was forced to bear the heavy yoke of directing those who seemed to not want her directorship. Some Sisters also resented her formal ways and insistence on Rule, although all admired her spirit of prayer and sacrifice. At council meetings, she found it difficult to make her opinion prevail, since the common issue of her enterprises was a failure, while the New Orleans foundations always met with success.

When Mother Barat once suggested that she move to New Orleans, she replied in a letter: “I carry in my heart a great fear of spoiling things wherever I shall be, and this because of the words I think I heard in the depths of my soul: You are destined to please Me, not so much by success as by bearing failure.”

In 1834, at age 65, Mother Duchesne retired to Florissant, the “poorest and humblest house of the congregation.” Still burdened with the administrative functions of governing the growing congregation in the United States, she nonetheless considered herself of no practical use.

Finally, in 1840, she was permitted to resign as Superior of the American Mission. Her life became more and more the hidden work of prayer, suffering and providing whatever small service she could perform for her community and the Jesuit missionary priests who were carrying out the work of converting her beloved Indians. “All desire but that of doing God’s holy will has been extinguished in me,” she wrote to Mother Barat.

Finally, the Mission to the Indians:
As soon as the Belgium missionary Jesuits arrived in Florissant, MO, in 1823, Mother Duchesne became their enthusiastic supporter and friend. Even though her own foundations were always in dire need of money and goods, she found a way to provide small gifts of money, altar linens and clothing to aid the missionary work. In turn, the priests considered her a vital partner in their missionary ventures because of her constant prayer and many acts of mortification she offered for their work.

A special friendship that lasted until her death formed with the young postulant Fr. Peter John De Smet, the future great missionary to the Indians of the Rockies. He made it a top priority to pay his respects to “good Mother Duchesne” on every return from his Indian missionary visits. “I never returned from one of these visits but with an increase of edification, with a higher opinion of her virtues and sanctified life and always under the full conviction that I had conversed with a true living saint,” he wrote. “I always considered Mother Duchesne as the greatest protector of our Indian missions.”

In 1840, Fr. De Smet asked the Assistant General of the Society of the Sacred Heart for some nuns to open a school among the Potawatomis at Sugar Creek in present-day Kansas. Although ill and weakened by a life of hardship, penances, and privation, Mother Duchesne, age 72, requested permission to join the colony. A final time, Mother Barat acquiesced against all good sense to the indomitable Rose Philippine Duchesne.

In July 1841 the group arrived in Sugar Creek where they were warmly received by the Indians - who offered them gifts of human scalps. Having never mastered any Indian language, Mother Duchesne could not teach; her infirmities rendered her incapable of the hard mission work. Instead, she spent her time in prayer and small acts of charity. The Indians loved and respected the “Woman-who-prays-always,” the name they gave her. She spent four hours in the morning and four in the afternoon motionless before the tabernacle, a spectacle that amazed the Indians and won their love and veneration.

One night when she was making an all-night vigil, an Indian crept up and left some kernels of corn on the hem of her habit to see if she really remained in prayer motionless for those long hours. He returned the next morning and found the grain in the same place.

Her health continued to weaken under the hardships of life at Sugar Creek. Finally, after only one short year in the Indian mission, to her great disappointment, she was forced to return under obedience to Florissant, where she spent the last ten years of her life in poverty, mortifications, suffering, and prayer.

“I feel that I am a worn-out instrument, a useless walking stick that is fit only to be hidden in a dark corner,” she wrote about these times. For her sleeping room in the Florissant Convent, she chose a narrow closet beneath a staircase. Visitors today to the Convent can still see that narrow sleeping place, a testimony to the humility and mortification of a great woman who held herself as nothing in the eyes of the world.

In fact, Mother Duchesne was much more highly esteemed and venerated than she imagined. She was almost transfigured by Holy Communion. A wonderful light was seen to shine from her countenance after she had received as if a flame were reflected on her face. The children used to wait to reverently watch her come out of the chapel after her thanksgiving.

“The clergy and laity, in fact, everyone who knew her, esteemed Rev. Mother Duchesne as a saint,” testified Mother Anne Shannon, a former student at Florissant.” She was gifted with an admirable spirit of prayer and often spent whole nights on her knees before the Blessed Sacrament, without any support whatsoever.”

“Never did I leave her without the feeling that I had been conversing with a saint,” Fr. De Smet, SJ, repeated in a letter of October 9, 1872.

On November 18, 1852, the heroic life of Philippine Duchesne came to an end. She had kept the fast and early that morning, made her confession, received Communion and received Extreme Unction. She was sinking rapidly, but when she heard the invocation, “Jesus, Mary, Joseph,” she was able to answer, “I give you my heart, my soul, and my life – oh, yes, my life, generously.” These were her last words.

When Mother Rose Philippine Duchesne died at age 83 in St. Charles, Mo., Fr. De Smet wrote her religious Sisters: “No greater saint ever died in Missouri or perhaps in the whole Union.” He urged them to write a biography, but it was not done. The apostle of the Sacred Heart who came to America to work and save the souls of Indians was put aside in death, just as she was in life. Forty-three years after her death in 1852, the Philippines ' cause was officially opened at the Vatican and Pope Pius X declared her “Venerable.” On May 12, 1940, she was beatified by Pope Pius XII, and canonized 44 years later on July 3, 1988.

A lesson for Americans:
What is the message for us, Americans, that Divine Providence provided by the example of the heroic life of Mother Philippine Duchesne?

In my opinion, her life represented the opposite of the American way of life and points to the direction we should follow to redress our faults.

Her life was, as she defined it, a sequence of failures. The first order she entered closed; she did not feel realized in the second institution until she came to America to convert the Indians. Then, instead of carrying out this long-desired mission, she was ordered to teach girls and found convents. The work was more difficult because she never learned to speak English. She founded one convent that failed, then another that foundered. The girls there were ungrateful and worldly, and the Sisters chaffed under her governance and wanted to relax the Rule.

When she finally was permitted to go to work in an Indian mission, she was already 72-years-old, too old to work or learn the native language. But after only one year, she was denied even that great consolation - she was ordered to leave the Indian mission and return to Florissant. She died there, without having accomplished what she felt called to do.

This constant failures of her planned enterprises and success only on the spiritual level is, in my opinion, a lesson for Americans. Often we only value the immediate success, the practical way of doing things, and a good appearance in the results.

The life of Mother Duchesne is a call for us to abandon this way of being that idolizes appearances and success. It is a call to follow the will of God when we experience incomprehension, darkness, and failure. If we will turn our eyes to the path of the Cross of Our Lord and walk on it with courage and confidence, we will transform our mentality, our country, and our people into an elect nation called to help build the Reign of Mary.

17 November 2020

St. Alphaeus November 17

 St. Alphaeus


Feastday: November 17

Death: 303


Lector and martyr, a native of Eleutheropolis. He went to Caesarea, in modern Israel, where he became a lector in the parish church. When the persecutions conducted by Emperor Diocletian started, Alphaeus was arrested and tortured, with his companion, Zacchaeus, a deacon at Godara. The two were beheaded when they refused to deny Christ.

St. Valentine and Dubatatius November 17

 St. Valentine and Dubatatius


Feastday: November 17


Were executed for their faith at Carthage. Sts. Valentine and Dubatatius feast day is November 17th.

St. Roque Gonzalez de Santa Cruz November 17

 St. Roque Gonzalez de Santa Cruz


Feastday: November 17

Patron: of native traditions; Posadas, Argentina; Encarnaci�n, Paraguay

Birth: 1576

Death: 1628

Beatified: January 28, 1934 by Pope Pius XI

Canonized: Pope John Paul II




The earliest beatified martyrs of America are three Jesuits of Paraguay, and one of them was American-born.



Roque Gonzalez y de Santa-Cruz was the son of noble Spanish parents, and he came into this world at Asuncion, the capitol of Paraguay, in 1576. He was an unusually good and religious boy, and everybody took it for granted that young Roque would become a priest. He was in fact ordained, when he was twenty-three: but unwillingly, for he felt very strongly that he was unworthy of the priesthood. At once he began to take an interest in the Indians of Paraguay, seeking them out in remote places to preach to and instruct them in Christianity; and after ten years, to avoid ecclesiastical promotion and to get more opportunity for missionary work, he joined the Society of Jesus.


These were the days of the beginnings of the famous "reductions" of Paraguay, in the formation of which Father Roque Gonzalez played an important part. These remarkable institutions were settlements of Christian Indians run by the Jesuit missionaries, who looked on themselves, not like so many other Spaniards did as the conquerors and "bosses" of the Indians, but as the guardians and trustees of their welfare.


It was to bring about such a happy state of things that Father Roque labored for nearly twenty years, grappling patiently and without discouragement with hardships, dangers and reverses of all kinds, with intractable and fierce tribes and with the opposition of the European colonists. He threw himself heart and soul into the work. For three years he was in charge of the Reduction of St. Ignatius, the first of them, and then spent the rest of his life establishing others reductions, half a dozen in all, east of the Parana and Uruguay rivers; he was the first European known to have penetrated into some districts of South America.


In 1628, Father Roque was joined by two young Spanish Jesuits, Alonso (Alphonsus) Rodriguez and Juan (John)de Castillo, and together they founded a new reduction near the Ijuhi river, dedicated in honor of Our Lady's Assumption. Father Castillo was left in charge there, while the other two pushed on to Caaro (in the southern tip of what is now Brazil), where they established the All Saints' Reduction.


Here they were faced with the hostility of a powerful "medicine man", and at his instigation the Mission was soon attacked. Father Roque was getting ready to hang a small church bell when the raiding party arrived; one man stole up from behind and killed him with blows on the head from a tomahawk. Father Rodriguez heard the noise and, coming to the door of his hut to see what it was about, met the bloodstained savages who knocked him down. "What are you doing, my sons?" he exclaimed. But he was silenced by further blows. The wooden chapel was set on fire and the two bodies thrown into the flames. It was November 15, 1628. Two days later the Mission at Ijuhi was attacked; Father Castillo was seized and bound, barbarously beaten, and stoned to death.


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The first steps toward the beatification of these missionaries were taken within six months of their martyrdom, by the writing down of evidence about what had happened. But these precious documents were lost. Then copies of the originals turned up in the Argentine, and in 1934, Rogue Gonzalez, Alonso Rodrigues and Juan de Castillo were solemnly declared Blessed. They were canonized in 1988 by Pope John Paul II. Their feast day is November 17th.


Not to be mistaken for footballer Roque Santa Cruz.

Roque González de Santa Cruz, S.J. (17 November 1576 – 15 November 1628), was a Jesuit priest who was the first missionary among the Guarani people in Paraguay. He is honored as a martyr and saint by the Catholic Church.



Life

González was born in the City of Asunción, now part of Paraguay, on 17 November 1576.[1] He was the son of the Spanish colonists Bartolomé González y de Villaverde and María de Santa Cruz, who were both from noble families. Due to the large native population in the region, he spoke Guaraní fluently from an early age, as well as his native Spanish.


In 1598, at the age of 23, González was ordained a priest by Fernando Trexo y Senabria, O.F.M., the Bishop of Córdoba, to serve that diocese. In 1609 he became a member of the Society of Jesus, beginning his work as a missionary in what is now Brazil. He became the first European person to enter the region known today as the State of Rio Grande do Sul, extending the system of Jesuit reductions begun in Paraguay to that region.


González' arrival in the area happened only after his developing delicate relationships of trust with local indigenous leaders, some of whom feared that the priests were preparing the way for the arrival of masses of Spanish colonists in their land.


In 1613 González led the founding of the Reduction of San Ignacio Miní. In 1615 he founded Itapúa, which is now the City of Posadas in the Argentine Province of Misiones. Then he had to move the reduction to the other side of the river, now the site of the City of Encarnación. He also founded the reductions of Concepción de la Sierra Candelaria (1619), Candelaria (1627), San Javier, Yapeyú (now in the Province of Corrientes), San Nicolás, Asunción del Ijuí, and Caaró (now in Brazil).[2] In the region of Iyuí, he had difficulties with the local chieftain and sorcerer (cacique) Ñezú.


On 15 November 1628, while preparing to oversee the installation of a new bell for the church at the Mission of Todos los Santos de Caaró, González was struck down and killed with a tomahawk , along with his fellow Jesuit, Juan del Castillo, S.J., upon the orders of the local chieftain Nheçu who opposed the missions.[1] After their deaths, their bodies were dragged into the church, which was set ablaze. Two days later, their colleague, Alonso Rodríguez y Olmedo, S.J., was also murdered by followers of Ñezú.


Veneration

González was beatified by Pope Pius XI on 28 January 1934. He and his companions were later canonized by Pope John Paul II in Asunción, thus becoming the first native of Paraguay to be declared a saint by the Catholic Church.


González has been named the patron saint of the cities of Posadas, Argentina, and Encarnación, Paraguay. Liturgically he is commemorated on 16 November, along with the other "Martyrs of the Rio de la Plata".


González' heart and the weapon which killed him are in the Chapel of the Martyrs in his native city of Asunción.

St. Dionysius the Great of Alexandria Novrmber 17

 St. Dionysius the Great of Alexandria


Feastday: November 17

Birth: 190

Death: 265



Image of St. Dionysius the Great of AlexandriaDIONYSIUS of Alexandria, Born in 190 A.D. as Dionysius the Great, I was Archbishop of Alexandria. I died in 265 A.D., 17 Nov.


This article is about the Bishop and Pope of Alexandria. For the topographical poet (sometimes known as Dionysius of Alexandria), see Dionysius Periegetes.

Saint Dionysius the Great was the 14th Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria from 28 December 248 until his death on 22 March 264. Most information known about him comes from his large surviving correspondence. Only one original letter survives to this day; the remaining letters are excerpted in the works of Eusebius.


Called "the Great" by Eusebius, Basil of Caesarea and others, he was characterized by the Catholic Encyclopedia as "undoubtedly, after St. Cyprian, the most eminent bishop of the third century... like St. Cyprian, less a great theologian than a great administrator."[2]



Early life

Dionysius was born to a wealthy polytheistic family sometime in the late 2nd, or early 3rd century. He spent most of his life reading books and carefully studying the traditions of polytheists. He converted to Christianity at a mature age and discussed his conversion experience with Philemon, a presbyter of Pope Sixtus II.[2] Dionysius converted to Christianity when he received a vision sent from God; in it he was commanded to vigorously study the heresies facing the Christian Church so that he could refute them through doctrinal study. After his conversion, he joined the Catechetical School of Alexandria and was a student of Origen and Pope Heraclas. He eventually became leader of the school and presbyter of the Christian church, succeeding Pope Heraclas in 231. Later he became Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria & Patriarch of the See of St. Mark in 248 after the death of Pope Heraclas.[2]


Work as Bishop of Alexandria

Dionysius was more an able administrator than a great theologian.[2] Information on his work as Bishop of Alexandria is found in Dionysius' correspondence with other bishops and clergymen of the third century Christian Church. Dionysius’ correspondences included interpretations on the Gospel of Luke, the Gospel of John and the Book of Revelation.


During 249, a major persecution was carried out in Alexandria by a polytheist mob, and hundreds were assaulted, stoned, burned or cut down on account of their refusal to deny their faith. Dionysius managed to survive this persecution and the civil war that followed. In January 250 the new emperor Decius issued a decree of legal persecution. Out of fear many Christians denied their faith by offering a token polytheist sacrifice, while others attempted to obtain false documents affirming their sacrifice. Others who refused to sacrifice faced public ridicule and shame among their family and friends, and, if found by the authorities, brutal torture and execution. Many fled from the city into the desert, where most succumbed to exposure, hunger, thirst, or attacks by bandits or wild animals.[3]


Dionysius himself was pursued by the prefect Aurelius Appius Sabinus, who had sent out an assassin to murder him on sight. Dionysius spent three days in hiding before departing on the fourth night of the Decian decree with his servants and other loyal brethren. After a brush with a group of soldiers, he managed to escape with two of his followers, and set up a residence in the Libyan desert until the end of the persecution the following year.[3]


He supported Pope Cornelius in the controversy of 251, arising when Novatian, a learned presbyter of the Church at Rome, set up a schismatic church with a rigorist position on the readmittance of Christians who had apostasized during the persecution. In opposition to Novatian's teaching, Dionysius ordered that the Eucharist should be refused to no one who asked it at the hour of death, even those who had previously lapsed.[4]


In 252 an outbreak of plague ravaged Alexandria, and Dionysius, along with other priests and deacons, took it upon themselves to assist the sick and dying.[3]


The persecutions subsided somewhat under Trebonianus Gallus, but were renewed under Valerian who replaced Gallus. Dionysius was imprisoned and then exiled. When Gallienus, took over the empire he released all the believers who were in prison and brought back those in exile. Gallienus wrote to Dionysius and the bishops a letter to assure their safety in opening the churches.[5]


Prophetic exegesis

About AD 255 a dispute arose concerning the millennialist views taught in Refutation of Allegorists by Nepos, a bishop in Egypt, which insisted on the interpretation of Revelation Chapter 20 as denoting a literal "millennium of bodily luxury" on earth. Because he was taught by Origen, Dionysius succeeded through his oral and written efforts in checking this Egyptian revival of millennialism. He offered some critical grounds to reject the Book of Revelation, such as an alleged difference in style and diction from John's Gospel and Epistles. Dionysius main position was to claim it was not written by John: " 'I could not venture to reject the book, as many brethren hold it in high esteem,' " yet he ascribed it to another John - some "holy and inspired man" - but not the apostle John.[6]


His impact was felt in later years concerning the canonicity of the Apocalypse, causing much dialogue in the church, lingering in the East for several centuries. Thus it was that certain leaders began to retreat from millennialism in precisely the same quantity as philosophical theology became influential.[7]


Legacy

Basil of Caesarea writes to Pope Damasus I about aid sent by Dionysius, to the church at Caesarea. This correspondence is cited by Pope Pius IX in his encyclical Praedecessores Nostros (On Aid For Ireland) of 25 March 1847.[8]

Martyred in the Spanish Civil War November 17

 Martyred in the Spanish Civil War

Thousands of people were murdered in the anti-Catholic persecutions of the Spanish Civil War from 1934 to 1939. I have pages on each of them, but in most cases I have only found very minimal information. They are available on the CatholicSaints.Info site through these links:


• Blessed Eusebio Roldán Vielva

• Blessed Josefa Gironés Arteta

• Blessed Lorenza Díaz Bolaños


Saint Alphaeus of Palestine November 17

 Saint Alphaeus of Palestine

Profile

Tortured and martyred in the persecutions of Diocletian.


Died

beheaded c.302 in Palestine

Saint Zacchaeus of Palestine November 17

 Saint Zacchaeus of Palestine

Profile

Tortured and martyred in the persecutions of Diocletian.


Died

beheaded c.302 in Palestine

Saint Namasius of Vienne November 17

Saint Namasius of Vienne

Also known as

Naamat, Namaise, Namacio, Namat, Namatius


Profile

Bishop of Vienne, France.


Died

c.599


Saint Eugene of Florence November 17

 Saint Eugene of Florence

Profile

Spiritual student of Saint Ambrose of Milan. Deacon in Florence, Italy, working with Saint Zenobius of Florence.


Died

422

Saint Hugh of Novara November 17

 Saint Hugh of Novara

Also known as

• Hugo of Nucaria

• Hugo of Noaria

• Ugo, Hugh


Additional Memorial

16 August in Novara, Sicily


Profile

Cistercian Benedictine monk. Spiritual student of Saint Bernard of Clairvaux. Served as first abbot at the abbey in Novara, Sicily.


Born

French


Died

c.1170 of natural causes


Patronage

Bovara, Sicily

Saint Thomas Hioji Nishi Rokuzaemon Novmeber 17

 Saint Thomas Hioji Nishi Rokuzaemon

Also known as

Father Thomas of Saint Hyacinth


Profile

Dominican missionary priest, first Formosa and then Japan. Tortured and martyred in the persecutions of Tokugawa Yemitsu.


Born

1590 in Hirado, Nagasaki, Japan


Died

17 November 1634 in Nishizaka, Nagasaki, Japan


Canonized

18 October 1987 by Pope John Paul II

Saint Lazarus Zographos November 17

 Saint Lazarus Zographos

Also known as

Lazarus the Painter


Profile

Monk at Constantinople. Skilled painter of icons. Opposed the Iconoclasts under emperor Theophilus. He defended sacred images, and restored those that were defaced by Iconoclasts. For his work he was arrested and tortured. When the Iconoclasts fell from power, Lazarus was released and given a prominent place in the new regime, eventually becoming ambassador to Rome.


Died

867 of natural causes


Name Meaning

the painter = zographos

Saint Victoria of Cordoba November 17

 Saint Victoria of Cordoba



Profile

Sister of Saint Acisclus. Martyred in the persecutions of Diocletian. After their deaths, their home was turned into a church. They have an office in the Mozabic Liturgy, and devotion to them is widespread throughout Spain and France.


Born

at Cordoba, Spain


Died

shot with arrows in 304


Representation

• crowned with roses

• in the company of Saint Acisclus


Patronage

Cordoba, Spain

Saint Acisclus November 17

 Saint Acisclus


Also known as

Aciscle, Acisclo, Ascylus, Iscle, Ocysellus



Profile

Brother of Saint Victoria of Cordoba. Martyred in the persecutions of Diocletian. After their deaths, their home was turned into a church. They have an office in the Mozabic Liturgy, and devotion to them is widespread throughout Spain and France.


Born

at Cordoba, Spain


Died

beheaded in 304


Patronage

Cordoba, Spain


Representation

• with Saint Victoria

• wearing a crown of roses