St. Wulfstan
#புனித_வுல்ஃப்ஸ்டன் (1008-1095)
ஜனவரி 19
இவர் (#StWulfstanOfWorcester) இங்கிலாந்து நாட்டைச் சார்ந்தவர். மறைமாவட்டத்திற்காகக் குருவாக அருள்பொழிவு செய்யப்பட்ட இவர், அதன்பிறகு புனித பெனடிக்ட் சபையில் சேர்ந்தார்.
தொடக்கத்தில் அச்சபையில் சிறுசிறு பணிகளைச் செய்து வந்த இவர், அதன் பிறகு அச்சபையின் பொருளராகவும், தலைவராகவும், இறுதியில் 1062 ஆம் ஆண்டு வோர்செஸ்டர் மறைமாவட்டத்தின் ஆயராகவும் உயர்ந்தார்.
இவர் ஆயராகத் திருநிலைப்படுத்தப்பட்டபொழுது நார்மன் என்ற குழுவினரின் தாக்கம் மிகுதியாகவே இருந்தது. அவர்களை இவர் தனது வல்லமைமிக்க போதனையாலும் இறைவேண்டலாலும் முறியடித்தார். மறைமாவட்டத்தின் முதன்மைக் கோயில் உட்பட பல கோயில்களைக் கட்டியெழுப்பிய இவர், ஏழைகள் மீது மிகுந்த கரிசனையோடு இருந்தார்.
ஏறக்குறைய முப்பது ஆண்டுகள் மறைமாவட்டத்தைச் சிறந்த விதமாய் வழிநடத்தி வந்த இவர் 1095 ஆம் ஆண்டு இறையடி சேர்ந்தார்.
Feastday: January 19
Patron: of vegetarians and dieters
Death: 1095
Wulfstan (1008-1095) + Bishop and reformer, also called Wulstan and Wolstan. Born at Long-Itch ington, Warwickshire, England, he studied at the abbeys of Evesham and Peterborough, received ordination, and joined the Benedictines at Worcester. Wulfstan served as treasurer of the church at Worcester, was prior of the monastery, and finally was named bishop of Worcester in 1062. After overcoming initial doubts about his ability to hold the office of bishop, he demonstrated such skill after the Norman Conquest that he was the lone bishop to be kept in his post by William the Conqueror (r. l066-l087). For the next three decades, Wulfstan rebuilt his cathedral, cared for the poor, and struggled to alleviate the harsh decrees of the Normans upon the vanquished Saxons. He was canonized in 1203. Feast day: January 19.
For other uses, see Wulfstan (disambiguation).
Wulfstan[a] (c. 1008 – 20 January 1095) was Bishop of Worcester from 1062 to 1095. He was the last surviving pre-Conquest bishop and the only English-born bishop after 1075. Wulfstan is a Christian saint.
Denomination
His denomination as Wulfstan II is to indicate that he is the second Bishop Wulfstan of Worcester. This, however, does not prevent confusion, since the first Bishop Wulfstan is also called Wulfstan II to denote that he was the second Archbishop of York called Wulfstan. Wulfstan II, Archbishop of York, was the maternal uncle of Wulfstan II, Bishop of Worcester.[1]
Life
See also: History of Worcestershire § Medieval, and Anglican Diocese of Worcester § History
Wulfstan was born about 1008 at Long Itchington in the English county of Warwickshire.[2] His family lost their lands around the time King Cnut of England came to the throne.[3] He was probably named after his uncle, Wulfstan II, Archbishop of York. Through his uncle's influence, he studied at monasteries in Evesham and Peterborough, before becoming a clerk at Worcester. During this time, his superiors, noting his reputation for dedication and chastity, urged him to join the priesthood. Wulfstan was ordained shortly thereafter, in 1038, and soon joined a monastery of Benedictines at Worcester.
Wulfstan served as treasurer and prior of Worcester.[4] When Ealdred, the bishop of Worcester as well as the Archbishop of York, was required to relinquish Worcester by Pope Nicholas, Ealdred decided to have Wulfstan appointed to Worcester. In addition, Ealdred continued to hold a number of the manors of the diocese.[5] Wulfstan was consecrated Bishop of Worcester on 8 September 1062,[6] by Ealdred. It would have been more proper for him to have been consecrated by the Archbishop of Canterbury, whose province Worcester was in.[5] Wulfstan had deliberately avoided consecration by the current archbishop of Canterbury, Stigand, since Stigand's own consecration had been uncanonical. Wulfstan still acknowledged that the see of Worcester was a suffragan of Canterbury. He made no profession of obedience to Ealdred, instead offering a profession of obedience to Stigand's successor Lanfranc.[7]
Wulfstan was a confidant of Harold Godwinson, who helped secure the bishopric for him.[8]
A social reformer, Wulfstan struggled to bridge the gap between the old and new regimes, and to alleviate the suffering of the poor. He was a strong opponent of the slave trade, and together with Lanfranc, was mainly responsible for ending the trade from Bristol.[9]
After the Norman conquest of England, Wulfstan was the only English-born bishop to retain his diocese for any significant time after the Conquest (all others had been replaced or succeeded by Normans by 1075).[10][11] William noted that pastoral care of his diocese was Wulfstan's principal interest.
In 1072 Wulfstan signed the Accord of Winchester. In 1075, Wulfstan and the Worcestershire fyrd militia countered the Revolt of the Earls, when various magnates attempted a rebellion against William the Conqueror.
Wulfstan founded the Great Malvern Priory, and undertook much large-scale rebuilding work, including Worcester Cathedral, Hereford Cathedral, Tewkesbury Abbey, and many other churches in the Worcester, Hereford and Gloucester areas.[citation needed] After the Norman Conquest, he claimed that the Oswaldslow, a "triple hundred" administered by the bishops of Worcester, was free of interference by the local sheriff. This right to exclude the sheriff was recorded in the Domesday Book in 1086. Wulfstan also administered the diocese of Lichfield when it was vacant between 1071 and 1072.[12]
As bishop, he often assisted the archbishops of York with consecrations, as they had few suffragan bishops. In 1073 Wulfstan helped Thomas of Bayeux consecrate Radulf as Bishop of Orkney, and in 1081 helped consecrate William de St-Calais as Bishop of Durham.[5]
Wulfstan was responsible for the compilation by Hemming of the second cartulary of Worcester.[13] He was close friends with Robert Losinga, the Bishop of Hereford, who was well known as a mathematician and astronomer.[12]
Wulfstan died 20 January 1095 after a protracted illness, the last surviving pre-Conquest bishop.[14] After his death, an altar was dedicated to him in Great Malvern Priory, next to those of Thomas Cantilupe and King Edward the Confessor.
At Easter of 1158, Henry II and his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine visited Worcester Cathedral and placed their crowns on the shrine of Wulfstan, vowing not to wear them again. Their son King John is buried at Worcester Cathedral.
Soon after Wulfstan's death, a hagiography, or saint's life, was written about him in English by his former chancellor Colman. It was translated into Latin by the medieval chronicler and historian William of Malmesbury.[15] Wulfstan was canonized on 14 May 1203 by Pope Innocent III.[4] One of the miracles attributed to Wulfstan was the curing of King Harold's daughter. The recently founded Victorine priory in Celbridge, Ireland (paid for by Adam de Hereford) was named St. Wolstan's Priory in his honour
St. Beshada (Abshadius, Psote)
Feastday: January 19
Kemetian Bishop
St. Canute IV
† இன்றைய புனிதர் †
(ஜனவரி 19)
✠ டென்மார்க் புனிதர் நான்காம் கனூட் ✠
(St. Canute IV of Denmark)
டென்மார்க் மன்னர்:
(King of Denmark)
ஆட்சி காலம்: கி.பி 1080-1086
இவருக்கு முன் ஆண்டவர்: அரசன் மூன்றாம் ஹெரால்ட்
(King Harald III)
இவருக்குப் பின் ஆண்டவர்: அரசன் முதலாம் ஓலாஃப்
(King Olaf I)
பிறப்பு: கி.பி 1042
இறப்பு: ஜூலை 10, 1086
செயின்ட் அல்பன்ஸ் பிரியரி, ஓடென்ஸ்
(St. Alban's Priory, Odense)
ஏற்கும் சமயம்:
ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை
(Roman Catholic Church)
புனிதர் பட்டம்: ஏப்ரல் 19, 1101
திருத்தந்தை இரண்டாம் பாஸ்ச்சால்
(Pope Paschal II)
முக்கிய திருத்தலம்: தூய கானூட் பேராலயம்
(St. Canute's Cathedral)
நினைவுத் திருநாள்: ஜனவரி 19
பாதுகாவல்: டென்மார்க்
(Denmark)
"தூய கனூட்" (Canute the Holy) என்றும், "புனிதர் கனூட்" (Saint Canute) என்றும் அறியப்படும் "நான்காம் கனூட்" (Canute IV), "டென்மார்க்" (Denmark) நாட்டின் அரசன் ஆவார். இவர், டென்மார்க் நாட்டை கி.பி. 1080 முதல், 1086ம் ஆண்டுவரை ஆண்டார். கானுட், "டேனிஷ் முடியாட்சியை" (Danish monarchy) வலுப்படுத்த முயன்ற ஒரு லட்சிய மன்னர் ஆவார். ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபையை பக்தியுடன் ஆதரித்த இவர், ஆங்கில சிம்மாசனத்தில் வடிவமைப்புகளைக் கொண்டிருந்தார். இவர், கி.பி. 1086ம் ஆண்டு, கிளர்ச்சியாளர்களால் கொல்லப்பட்டார். புனிதராக அருட்பொழிவு செய்யப்பெற்ற முதல் "டேனிஷ் அரசரும்" (Danish king) இவரேயாவார். ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபையால் கி.பி. 1101ம் ஆண்டு, டென்மார்க்கின் பாதுகாவலராக அவர் அங்கீகரிக்கப்பட்டார்.
டென்மார்க் அரசனான, "இரண்டாம் ஸ்வீன் எஸ்டிரிட்ஸன்" (Denmark King Sweyn II Estridsson) என்பவரின் பல மகன்களில் ஒருவராக, கி.பி. 1042ம் ஆண்டு கானூட் பிறந்தார். கி.பி. 1069ம் ஆண்டு, இங்கிலாந்து நாட்டின் மீது நடத்தப்பட்ட ஸ்வீனின் முற்றுகையில் (Sweyn's Raid of England) உறுப்பினராக அவர் முதன்முதலில் குறிப்பிடப்படுகிறார். மேலும், கி.பி. 1075ம் ஆண்டு, இங்கிலாந்துக்கு எதிரான மற்றொரு தாக்குதலின் தலைவர்களில் ஒருவராக கானுட் இருந்ததாக "ஆங்கிலோ-சாக்சன் குரோனிக்கிள்" (Anglo-Saxon Chronicle) தெரிவித்துள்ளது. 1075ம் ஆண்டு, இங்கிலாந்திலிருந்து திரும்பியபோது, டேனிஷ் படைகள், "ஃப்ளாண்டர்ஸ் கவுண்டியில்" (County of Flanders) நிறுத்தப்பட்டது. இங்கிலாந்தின் அரசன் "முதலாம் வில்லியம்" (William I of England) மீதான விரோதப் போக்கு காரணமாக, ஃபிளாண்டர்ஸ் (Flanders), டேன்ஸுக்கு இயற்கையான நட்பு நாடாக இருந்தது. "ஸ்கால்ட் கோல்ஃப் மெனாசன்" (Skald Kálfr Mánason) எனும் சரித்திரவியலாளரின் கூற்றுப்படி, அவர் செம்பர் மற்றும் எஸ்டருக்கு (Sember and Ester) வெற்றிகரமான பிரச்சாரங்களை வழிநடத்தினார்.
அரசர் ஸ்வீன் (King Sweyn) இறந்தபோது, கானூட்டின் சகோதரர் "மூன்றாம் ஹரால்ட்" (Harald III) அரசனாக தேர்ந்தெடுக்கப்பட்டார். மேலும், கனூட் ஸ்வீடனுக்கு (Sweden) நாடுகடத்தப்பட்டார். அவர் ஹரால்டுக்கு எதிரான தீவிர எதிர்ப்பில் ஈடுபட்டிருந்தார். கி.பி. 1080ம் ஆண்டு, ஏப்ரல் மாதம், 17ம் தேதி, ஹரால்ட் இறந்ததும், கானூட் டென்மார்க்கின் அரியணைக்கு வந்தார். அவர் ஆட்சிப் பொறுப்புக்கு வந்ததும், ஃபிளாண்டர்ஸின் பிரபுவான, "முதலாம் ராபர்ட்" (Count Robert I of Flanders) என்பவரின் மகள் அடீலாவை மணந்தார். இவர்களுக்கு, கி.பி. 1084ம் ஆண்டு, "அருளாளர் சார்லஸ்" (Blessed Charles the Good) மகனாகப் பிறந்தார். கி.பி. 1085/86ல், "செசிலியா" (Cecilia Knutsdatter), மற்றும் "இங்கேகர்ட்" (Ingegerd Knutsdatter) ஆகிய இரட்டை பெண் குழந்தைகள் பிறந்தன. இவ்விரு இரட்டைக் குழந்தைகள் பிறந்த சிறிது காலத்திலேயே அரசன் கானூட் இறந்துபோனார்.
கானுட், தன்னை ஒரு லட்சியவாதி என்றும், மிகவும் பக்தியுள்ள அரசன் என்றும் நிரூபித்தார். அவர் திருச்சபையின் அதிகாரத்தை மேம்படுத்தினார். அத்துடன், திருச்சபையின் விடுமுறை நாட்களைக் கடுமையாகக் கண்காணிக்கக் கோரினார். டால்பி (Dalby), ஓடென்ஸ் (Odense), ரோஸ்கில்ட் (Roskilde) மற்றும் விபோர்க் (Viborg) ஆகிய இடங்களிலுள்ள தேவாலயங்களுக்கும், மறைமாவட்டங்களுக்கும், குறிப்பாக லண்ட் (Lund) நகருக்கு, பெரிய பரிசுகளை வழங்கினார். திருச்சபையின் முதன்மையானவரான அவர், தசமபாகங்களின் தொகுப்பைச் செயல்படுத்த முயன்றார். திருச்சபையின் செல்வாக்கினை அவர் வளர்த்த விதம், ஒரு சிநேக முறையான இராஜ்ஜியத்தை உருவாக்க முடிந்தது. அதனால், கானூட்டின் அதிகார நிலையினை அது ஆதரித்தது.
கி.பி. 1085ம் ஆண்டு, மே மாதம், கானூட் கட்டுமான பணிகளில் இருந்த இருந்த "லண்ட் கதீட்ரலுக்கு" (Lund Cathedral) நன்கொடை கடிதம் ஒன்றை எழுதினார். இது ஸ்கேனியா (Scania), சீலாந்து (Zealand), மற்றும் அமேஜர் (Amager) ஆகிய இடங்களில், பெரிய நிலங்களை வழங்கியது. அவர் அதே நேரத்தில் லண்ட் கதீட்ரல் (Lund Cathedral School) பள்ளியை நிறுவினார். சட்டங்களுக்கு அப்பாற்பட்டு, குடிமக்களின் நலன்களுக்காக அநேக நிலங்களை சேகரித்தார். லண்டில் (Lund) உள்ள மதகுருக்கள் நிலத்தின் நீட்டிக்கப்பட்ட உரிமைகளைப் பெற்றனர். அங்குள்ள விவசாயிகளுக்கு வரி விதிக்கவும் அபராதம் விதிக்கவும் அவர்களால் முடிந்தது. எவ்வாறாயினும், சட்டவிரோதமான குடிமக்களுக்கு மன்னிப்பு வழங்குவதற்கான தனது உலகளாவிய அரச உரிமைகளை கானுட் வைத்திருந்தார். போருக்கு அவர் அழைப்பு விடுத்ததற்கு பதிலளிக்கத் தவறிய நாடுகளுக்கு சிறந்த , மற்றும் அவரது மறுபிரவேசத்திற்கான போக்குவரத்தை கோரினார்.
அவரது ஆட்சி, டென்மார்க்கில் அரச அதிகாரத்தை அதிகரிப்பதற்கான தீவிர முயற்சிகளால் குறிக்கப்பட்டது. பிரபுக்களைத் திணறடித்து அவர்களை சட்டத்தின் வார்த்தைக்கு உட்படுத்தினார். பொதுவான நிலத்தின் உரிமையையும், கப்பல் விபத்துகளிலிருந்து பொருட்களுக்கான உரிமையையும், வெளிநாட்டவர்கள் மற்றும் உறவினர்கள் இல்லாதவர்களின் உடைமைகளைப் பெறுவதற்கான உரிமையையும் தனக்குத் தானே ஆணைகளை கானூட் வெளியிட்டார். விடுவிக்கப்பட்ட அடிமைகள், வெளிநாட்டு மதகுருக்கள் மற்றும் வணிகர்களைப் பாதுகாக்க அவர் சட்டங்களை இயற்றி வெளியிட்டார். இந்த கொள்கைகள் அவரது குடிமக்களிடையே அதிருப்திக்கு வழிவகுத்தன. அத்தகைய அதிகாரங்களைக் கோருவதும், அவர்களின் அன்றாட வாழ்க்கையில் தலையிடுவதும் தமது அரசனுக்கு பழக்கமில்லாத செயல்களாக பார்த்தார்கள்.
கைவிடப்பட்ட இங்கிலாந்து மீதான முயற்சிகள்:
ஆனால் கானூட்டின் அபிலாஷைகள் முற்றிலும் உள்நாட்டைச் சார்ந்ததல்ல. கி.பி. 1035ம் ஆண்டுவரை இங்கிலாந்து (England), டென்மார்க் (Denmark), மற்றும் நோர்வே (Norway) ஆகிய நாடுகளை அரசாண்ட, "கானுட் தி கிரேட்" (Canute the Great) என்பவரின் பேரன் என்ற முறையில், கானுட் இங்கிலாந்தின் கிரீடத்தை தனது உரிமையாகக் கருதினார். எனவே இங்கிலாந்தின் அரசன், "முதலாம் வில்லியம்" (William I of England) ஒரு அபகரிப்பார் என அவர் கருதினார். கி.பி. 1085ம் ஆண்டில், அவரது மாமனார் "பிரபு ராபர்ட்" (Count Robert) மற்றும் "நோர்வேயின் அரசன் மூன்றாம் ஓலாஃப்" (Olaf III of Norway) ஆகியோரின் ஆதரவோடு, கானூட் இங்கிலாந்தின் மீது படையெடுப்பைத் திட்டமிட்டார். மேலும் லிம்ப்ஜோர்டில் முற்றுகையிடுவதற்காக தமது படைகளை அழைத்தார். ஆனால், டென்மார்க் (Denmark) மற்றும் "ஃபிளாண்டர்ஸ்" (Flanders) நாடுகளின் நட்புறவு இல்லாத "தூய ரோமானிய பேரரசர்" (Holy Roman Emperor) நான்காம் ஹென்றியின் (Henry IV) அச்சுறுத்தல் காரணமாக, "ஷெல்ஸ்விக்" (Schleswig) நகரில் கானுட் தம்மை மறந்து ஆழ்ந்திருந்த காரணத்தால், அவரது படைகள் ஒருபோதும் பயணம் செய்யவில்லை. தூய ரோமானிய பேரரசரின் எதிரியான "ஸ்வாபியா" நாட்டின் பிரபுவான (Duke of Swabia ) "ரைன்ஃபெல்டனின் ருடால்ப்" (Rudolf of Rheinfelden) டென்மார்க்கில் தஞ்சம் அடைந்திருந்த காரணத்தால், நான்காம் ஹென்றி தம் நாட்டின்மீது படையெடுப்பார் என கானுட் அஞ்சினார்.
பெரும்பாலான கடற்படையின் வீரர்கள், அறுவடை காலத்திற்கு வீட்டிலேயே இருக்க வேண்டிய விவசாயிகளால் ஆனவர்கள். அவர்கள், காத்திருப்பதில் சோர்வடைந்து, தங்கள் வழக்கை வாதிடுவதற்கு, கானூட்டின் சகோதரர் ஓலாஃப்பை (Olaf) (பின்னாள் டென்மார்க்கின் அரசன் முதலாம் ஓலாஃப்" (Olaf I of Denmark) தேர்ந்தெடுத்தனர். இது கானுட்டின் சந்தேகத்தை எழுப்பியது. இதன் காரணமாக, ஓலாஃப் கைது செய்யப்பட்டு ஃபிளாண்டர்ஸுக்கு அனுப்பப்பட்டார். படையெடுப்பு இறுதியில் சிதறடிக்கப்பட்டது. மற்றும் விவசாயிகள் தங்கள் அறுவடைகளுக்கு முனைந்தனர். ஆனால் கானூட் ஒரு வருடத்திற்குள் படைகளை மீண்டும் ஒன்றிணைக்க விரும்பினார்.
கடற்படை மீண்டும் ஒன்றிணைவதற்கு முன்பு, 1086ம் ஆண்டின் ஆரம்பத்தில் கானுட் தங்கியிருந்த, வட டென்மார்க்கின் பாரம்பரிய மாவட்டமான, வென்ட்ஸிசலில் (Vendsyssel) ஒரு விவசாயிகள் கிளர்ச்சி வெடித்தது. கானுட் முதலில் ஷெல்ஸ்விக்கிற்கும் (Schleswig), இறுதியில் ஓடென்ஸ் (Odense) நகருக்கும் ஓடினார். கி.பி. 1086ம் ஆண்டு, ஜூலை மாதம், 10ம் தேதி, கானுட்டும் அவரது ஆட்களும் ஓடென்ஸில் (Odense) உள்ள மரத்தாலான "செயின்ட் அல்பன்ஸ்" துறவியர் மடத்துக்குள் (St. Alban's Priory) தஞ்சம் புகுந்தனர். கிளர்ச்சியாளர்கள் தேவாலயத்திற்குள் நுழைந்து கானுட்டையும், அவரது சகோதரர் பெனடிக்ட் (Benedict) மற்றும் அவர்களைப் ஆதரவாளர்ர்களில் பதினேழு பேர்களையும் பலிபீடத்தின் முன் கொன்றனர். கேன்டர்பரியின் ஆல்னோத் என்ற வரலாற்றாசிரியரின் கூற்றுப்படி, கானுட் விலா எலும்புகளுக்கும் இடுப்புக்கும் இடையில் வெட்டப்பட்டு இறந்தார். அவருக்குப் பிறகு, டென்மார்க்கின் அரசனாக, அவரது சகோதரர் ஓலாஃப் நியமிக்கப்பட்டார். அவர் முதலாம் ஓலாஃப் (Olaf I of Denmark) என்றழைக்கப்பட்டார்.
அவரது மறைசாட்சியம், மற்றும் திருச்சபையின் பரிந்துரைகள் காரணமாக, கானுட் விரைவில் ஒரு புனிதராக கருதப்படத் தொடங்கினார். ஓலாஃப் ஆட்சியின் கீழ், டென்மார்க் பயிர்கள் விளைச்சலின்றி அவதிப்பட்டார். இது கானூட்டைக் கொல்லப்பட்டதற்கு தெய்வீக பழிவாங்கலாகக் கருதப்பட்டது. அவரது கல்லறையில் அற்புதங்கள் நடப்பதாக விரைவில் அறிவிக்கப்பட்டது. மற்றும் ஓலாஃப் ஆட்சியின் போதே அவருக்கு புனிதர் பட்டம் கோரப்பட்டது.
கி.பி. 1101ம் ஆண்டு, ஏப்ரல் மாதம், 19ம் நாளன்று, டென்மார்க்கின் அரசன் முதலாம் எரிக் (Eric I of Denmark) என்பவரது தூதர்களால் தூண்டப்பட்டு, திருத்தந்தை இரண்டாம் பாஸ்ச்சால் (Pope Paschal II) "கானூட் வழிபாட்டை" உறுதிப்படுத்தினார். மேலும் அரசன் நான்காம் கானூட் ஒரு புனிதராக அருட்பொழிவு செய்விக்கப்பட்டார்.
Feastday: January 19
Patron: of Denmark
Birth: 1042
Death: 1086
Martyred king of Denmark, sometimes called Knud. The illegitimate son of King Sven II Estridson of Denmark, Canute succeeded his brother Harald III Hen in 1081. After marrying Adela, the sister of Count Robert of Flanders, Canute built churches and monasteries. In 1085, he planned an invasion of England, but the nobles of the court rebelled against him and forced him to flee to the isle of Funen. There, Canute, his brother Benedict, and seventeen companions were slain in the church of St. Alban. Pope Paschal II authorized Canute's cult in 1101.
Not to be confused with Canute Lavard.
Canute IV (c. 1042 – 10 July 1086), later known as Canute the Holy (Danish: Knud IV den Hellige) or Saint Canute (Sankt Knud), was King of Denmark from 1080 until 1086. Canute was an ambitious king who sought to strengthen the Danish monarchy, devotedly supported the Roman Catholic Church, and had designs on the English throne. Slain by rebels in 1086, he was the first Danish king to be canonized. He was recognized by the Roman Catholic Church as patron saint of Denmark in 1101.
Life
Canute was born c. 1042, one of the many sons of Sweyn II Estridsson.[1] He is first noted as a member of Sweyn's 1069 raid of England,[2] and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reports that Canute was one of the leaders of another raid against England in 1075. When returning from England in 1075, the Danish fleet stopped in the County of Flanders.[3] Because of its hostility towards William I of England, Flanders was a natural ally for the Danes. He also led successful campaigns to Sember and Ester, according to skald Kálfr Mánason.[2]
When Sweyn died, Canute's brother Harald III was elected king, and as Canute went into exile in Sweden,[2] he was possibly involved in the active opposition to Harald.[3] On 17 April 1080, Harald died;[4] and Canute succeeded him to the throne of Denmark.[when?] On his accession, he married Adela, daughter of Count Robert I of Flanders. She bore him one son, Charles in 1084, and twin daughters Cæcilia (who married Erik Jarl) and Ingerid (who married Folke the Fat), born shortly before his death (ca. 1085/86).[2][5] Ingerid's descendants, the House of Bjelbo, would ascend to the throne of Sweden and Norway and Canute IV's blood returned to the Danish throne in the person of first Olaf II of Denmark.
King of Denmark
Canute quickly proved himself to be a highly ambitious king as well as a devout one. He enhanced the authority of the church, and demanded austere observation of church holidays.[2] He gave large gifts to the churches in Dalby, Odense, Roskilde, and Viborg, and especially to Lund.[2] Ever a champion of the Church, he sought to enforce the collection of tithes.[1] His aggrandizement of the church served to create a powerful ally, who in turn supported Canute's power position.[2]
In May 1085, Canute wrote a letter of donation to Lund Cathedral which was under construction, granting it large tracts of lands in Scania, Zealand, and Amager.[6] He founded Lund Cathedral School at the same time.[2] Canute had gathered the land largely as pay for the pardon of outlawed subjects. The clerics at Lund got extended prerogatives of the land, being able to tax and fine the peasantry there. However, Canute kept his universal royal rights to pardon the outlaws, fine subjects who failed to answer his leding call to war, and demand transportation for his retinue.[6]
His reign was marked by vigorous attempts to increase royal power in Denmark, by stifling the nobles and keeping them to the word of the law.[2] Canute issued edicts arrogating to himself the ownership of common land, the right to the goods from shipwrecks, and the right to inherit the possessions of foreigners and kinless folk. He also issued laws to protect freed thralls as well as foreign clerics and merchants.[1] These policies led to discontent among his subjects, who were unaccustomed to a king claiming such powers and interfering in their daily lives.[2]
Aborted attempt on England
However, Canute's ambitions were not purely domestic. As the grandnephew of Canute the Great, who had ruled England, Denmark and Norway until 1035, Canute considered the crown of England to be rightfully his and regarded William I of England as a usurper. In 1085, with the support of his father-in-law, Count Robert, and Olaf III of Norway, Canute planned an invasion of England and called his fleet in leding at the Limfjord.[2] The fleet never set sail, as Canute was preoccupied in Schleswig by the potential threat of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor with whom both Denmark and Flanders were on unfriendly terms. Canute feared the invasion of Henry, whose enemy Rudolf of Rheinfelden had sought refuge in Denmark.[2]
The warriors of the fleet, mostly made up of peasants who needed to be home for the harvest season, got weary of waiting and elected Canute's brother Olaf (the later Olaf I of Denmark) to argue their case. That raised the suspicion of Canute, who had Olaf arrested and sent to Flanders. The leding was eventually dispersed, and the peasants tended to their harvests,[2] but Canute intended to reassemble within a year.[citation needed]
Death
Before the fleet could reassemble, a peasant revolt broke out in Vendsyssel,[1] where Canute was staying, in early 1086. Canute first fled to Schleswig and eventually to Odense. On 10 July 1086, Canute and his men took refuge inside the wooden St. Alban's Priory, in Odense. The rebels stormed into the church and slew Canute, along with his brother Benedict and seventeen of their followers, before the altar.[1] According to the chronicler Ælnoth of Canterbury, Canute died following a lance thrust in the flank.[7] He was succeeded by Olaf as Olaf I of Denmark.
Canonization
Because of his martyrdom and advocacy of the Church, Canute quickly began to be considered a saint. Under the reign of Olaf, Denmark suffered from crop failure, which was seen as divine retribution for the sacrilege killing of Canute. Miracles were soon reported as taking place at his grave,[8] and his canonization was already being sought during the reign of Olaf.[1]
On 19 April 1101, persuaded by the envoys from Eric I of Denmark, Pope Paschal II confirmed the "cult of Canute" that had arisen, and King Canute IV was canonized as a saint under the name San Canuto.[6] He was the first Dane to be canonized.[1] 10 July is recognised by the Catholic Church as his feast day. In Sweden and Finland he is historically, however, partially associated with St. Knut's Day, which in reality was celebrated in the memory of the death of his nephew, Canute Lavard.[9][10]
In 1300, his remains and those of his brother Benedict were interred in Saint Canute's Cathedral, built in his honour, where his remains are on display.[1]
Legacy
Murder of Canute the Holy by Christian Albrecht von Benzon, 1843
The reign of Canute has been interpreted differently through the times; from a violent king who tyrannized his subjects, to a strict but fair ruler who devotedly supported the Roman Catholic Church and fought for justice without regard to his own person.[3] He was never a thoroughly popular saint in Denmark, but his sainthood granted the Danish monarchy an aura of divine legitimacy.[1] The cause of the rebellion which killed Canute is unknown, but has been speculated as originating in fines issued to the peasants breaking the leding of 1085 as specified in the Chronicon Roskildense, or as a result of his vigorous tithe policy.[3]
The document of his donation to Lund Cathedral was the oldest comprehensive text from Denmark, and provided broad insights into Danish post-Viking Age society.[6] The donation might have had the aim of establishing the Danish Archdiocese of Lund according to Sweyn II Estridsson's wishes,[2] which was finally achieved in 1104. Canute's son Carl became Count of Flanders from 1119 to 1127, ruling as Charles the Good. Like his father, Charles was martyred in a church by rebels (in Bruges, 1127), and later beatified.[2] According to Niels Lund, Lecturer in Medieval History at the University of Copenhagen, Canute's abortive invasion of England "marked the end of the Viking Age."[citation needed]
In 2008, an X-ray computed tomography was taken of Canute, which showed that he was right-handed and of a slender build. It also specified his cause of death as a thrust to the sacrum through the abdomen, negating Ælnoth's account. He had no injuries indicating he fought against multiple enemies, which can be seen as supporting an account saying he faced his death without a struggle.[7]
In Spain, Canute's feast day has become a tongue-in-cheek "holiday" for the marijuana legalization movement, appropriating the Spanish version of his name, Canuto, which coincidentally is also the word for a marijuana cigarette.
St. Henry
Feastday: January 19
Patron: of the Catholic Cathedral of Helsinki
Death: 1156
The Englishman Henry was consecrated bishop of Uppsala, Sweden in 1152. When Sweden's king, Saint Eric, embarked upon a crusade against the pagan pirates of Finland, Henry accompanied him. Eric was victorious, and Henry remained in Finland to exercise his zeal for the conversion of the Finns to Christianity. A convert who resented a penance that Henry imposed upon him after the convert had committed murder turned his wrath upon the bishop himself, slaughtering him. Henry has been venerated as the patron saint of Finland, where from 1300 until 1720 his body rested in the cathedral of Turku.
Bl. Nathalan
Feastday: January 19
Hermit and bishop of Tullicht, best known for his miracles. A Scot born to a noble family near Aberdeen, he became a hermit and performed miracles during a famine. Later he became a bishop, and during one visit to Rome was consecrated by the Holy Father. He returned to Tullicht, where he built churches and conducted missionary activities.
St. Paul, Gerontius and Companions
Feastday: January 19
Death: 2nd century
Martyrs during he Roman persecutions. Paul and Gerontius were put to death with Pia, Germana, Januarius, Saturninus, Successus, Catus, and Julius in Numidia, one of the Roman provinces of Africa.
St. Pontianus
Feastday: January 19
Patron: of Spoleto, Italy Utrecht, Netherlands
Death: 169
St. Pontianus (English for Pontian) is very brief due to the date. Died in 169 a martyr. He was put to death at Spoleto, It during the reign of Marcus Aurelius. Feast day Jan 19th.
For others called Pontianus, see Pontianus. For others called Pontian, see Pontian.
Pontianus (Latin: Pontianus, Italian: Ponziano) (alternatively anglicized as Pontian) was a second century Christian martyr. He was martyred during the reign of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius. He is honored as a saint and martyr by the Catholic Church, the Old Catholic Church, and the Eastern Orthodox Church. In Spoleto, Italy, he is invoked for protection against earthquakes.
Life
According to a Passio preserved in the Cathedral of Spoleto,[1] Pontianus was a young man from a local noble family of Spoleto, 18 years of age, who had been denounced as a Christian to the Roman authorities. Brought before a judge named Flavian, he chose torture and death rather than renounce his faith. He was condemned to death and beheaded on 14 January 175.[2]
Veneration
Basilica of San Ponziano
Pontianus' body was buried in the local cemetery, called di Sincleta, outside the city walls. The Basilica of San Ponziano was eventually built over his grave as a shrine to his memory.[2] He has become the patron saint of that city.[3] A monastery was built attached to the basilica for a community of Bendictine monks to administer it. Over the centuries, the monks were replaced by nuns of the same order. The monastery was suppressed in 1810 during the occupation of Italy by Napoleonic forces.[4]
Every year a festival is held in the city to honor Pontianus, its patron. Various services are held starting on the eve of the feast, which culminate in a procession through the streets of the city. Pontianus' skull, preserved in the basilica, is processed for veneration by the people of the city.[1]
Today the complex of basilica and monastery is operated by a community of Canonesses Regular of the Lateran.[5] The canonesses operate the ancient monastery as a religious guesthouse, open to all.[6]
Patron saint of Utrecht
Devotion to Pontianus grew throughout the region. In 966, Bishop Balderic of Utrecht travelled to Rome to present an account of his administration, as required by Church law. He took the opportunity to tour various churches and monasteries, from which he obtained numerous relics of the saints for the churches of his diocese. In the course of this journey, he obtained one of Pontianus' arms, which he had enshrined in his cathedral. As a result, Pontianus was named a co-patron of the diocese.
At the time that the Protestant Reformation took hold in Utrecht, Calvinist mobs attacked the Catholic cathedral there. Members of the Old Catholic Church, headquartered in that city, sought to protect his relics, which they were given and then preserved.
In 1994 the Primate of the Old Catholic Church returned this relic in a solemn manner to the abbess of the monastery which administers the basilica.[7]
Protection against earthquakes
In Spoleto, Pontianus is invoked for protection against earthquakes. This developed from an ancient tradition that, before his death, the young martyr had predicted that "Spoleto will shake but not will collapse".
In 1703, the first of a series of devastating earthquakes occurred on his feast day. It affected the entire region of Italy, lasting nearly three weeks. While thousands of people died as a result, there were no deaths in Spoleto.
St. Tomasso da Cori
Feastday: January 19
Birth: 1655
Death: 1729
Beatified: Pope John Paul II
Canonized: Pope John Paul II
Born in Cori (Latina) on June 4, 1655, Thomas knew a childhood marked by the premature loss first of his mother and then of his father, thus being left alone at the age of 14 to look after his younger sister. Shepherding sheep, he learned wisdom from the simplest things. Once his sister was married, the youth was free to follow the inspiration that for some years he had kept in the silence of his heart: to belong completely to God in the Religious Life of a Franciscan. He had been able to get to know the Friars Minor in his own village at St. Francis convent. Once his two sisters were settled in good marriages and he was rendered free of all other preoccupations, he was received into the Order and sent to Orvieto (PG) to fulfill his novitiate year. After professing his vows according to the Rule of St. Francis and completing his theological studies, he was ordained to the priesthood in 1683. He was immediately nominated vice master of novices at Holy Trinity convent in Orvieto, since his superior recognized at once his gifts.
After a short time, Fr. Thomas heard of the hermitages that were beginning to bloom in the Order and the intention of the superiors of the Roman Province to inaugurate one at the convent at Civitella (today Bellegra). His request was accepted, and the young friar thus knocked at the door of the poor convent in 1684, saying, "I am Fr. Thomas of Cori, and I come here to become holy!" In speech perhaps distant from ours, he expressed his anxiousness to live the Gospel radically, after the spirit of Saint Francis.
From then, Fr. Thomas lived at Bellegra until death, with the exception of six years in which he was Guardian at the convent of Palombara, where he initiated the Hermitage modeled after the one at Bellegra. He wrote the Rule first for one and then for the other, observing it scrupulously aid consolidating by word and example the new institution of the two Hermitages.
The long years spent at Saint Francis of Bellegra can be summed up in three points:
St. Thomas of Cori was surely - as is said of St. Francis - not so much a man who prayed as a man who became prayer. This dimension animated the entire life of the founder of the Hermitage. The most evident aspect of his spiritual life was undoubtedly the centrality of the Eucharist, as attested by St. Thomas in his celebration of the Eucharist, which was intense and attentive, and in the silent prayer of adoration during the long nights at the Hermitage after the Divine Office, celebrated at midnight. His life of prayer was marked by a persistent aridity of spirit. The total absence of sensible consolation in prayer and in his life of union with God was protracted for a good 40 years, finding him always serene and total in living the primacy of God. Truly, his prayer was configured as a remembrance of God that made concretely possible a unity of life, notwithstanding his manifold activities.
St. Thomas did not close himself up in the Hermitage, forgetting the good of his brothers and sisters, and the heart of the Franciscan vocation, which is apostolic. He was called with good reason the Apostle of Sublacense (the Subiaco region), having crossed the territory and its villages with the indefatigable proclamation of the Gospel, in the administration of the sacraments and the flowering of miracles at his passage, a sign of the presence and nearness of the Kingdom. His preaching was clear and simple, convincing and strong. He did not climb the most illustrious pulpits of his time; his personality was able to give its best in an ambit restricted to our territory, living his Franciscan vocation in littleness and in the concrete choice of the poorest.
St. Thomas of Cori was to his brothers a very gentle father. In face of the resistance of some brothers before his will to reform and his radicality in living the Franciscan ideal, the Saint knew how to respond with patience and humility, even finding himself alone to mind the convent. He had understood well that every true reform initiates itself.
The considerable correspondence that is here annexed demonstrates St. Thomas' attention to the smallest expectations and needs of his Friars, and of numerous friends, penitents and Friars who turned to him for his counsel. In the convent, he demonstrated his spirit of charity in his availability for every necessity, even the most humble.
Rich in merits, he fell asleep in the Lord on January 11, 1729. St. Thomas of Cori shines among us and in Rome, of which he is the co-patron, above all in his thirst for a Christian and Franciscan ideal that is pure and lived in its essentials. A provocation for all of us not to take lightly the Gospel and its all-encompassing exigencies.
St. Absadah
Feastday: January 19
Absadah was a Christian priest and martyr.
Life
Absadah was born near Behnesa, Egypt, c. 300. He was a priest to a small congregation in his village. Upon the start of the Diocletian Persecution, Absadah barricaded himself in his home, planning to hide from persecution. Later, he recounted a vision of Jesus appearing before him. He voluntarily came before the court, and was sent to Alexandria.[1]
Absadah was sentenced to be burnt alive; however, he was beheaded outside the walls of the city. He was buried at Cairo.
Sainthood
The Catholic Church commemorates Absadah as a saint, with a feast day of January 19.
St. Arcontius
Feastday: January 19
Death: 8th or 9th century
Bishop and martyr of Viviers, France. A mob of people in Viviers killed Arcontius for having defended the rights of the Church in a local matter.
Blessed Marcelo Spínola y Maestre
Also known as
Marcelo Rafael José María de los Dolores Hilario
Profile
Son of Juan Spínola y Osorno, marquis of Spínola, and Antonia Maestre y Osorno. Educated at the University of Granada, University of Valencia, and University of Seville. Received degrees in civil and canon law on 29 June 1856. Lawyer in Helva, Spain, working for the poor for free. Lawyer in Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain. Sub-deacon on 20 September 1863. Ordained on 2 May 1864 in Seville, Spain. Chaplain of the church de la Merced, Sanlúcar de Barrameda from 1864 to 1869. Canon of the cathedral chapter of Cádiz from 1869 to 1871. Parish priest of San Lorenzo from 17 March 1871 to 28 May 1879. Penitentiary canon of the cathedral chapter of Seville from 1879 to 1880. Titular bishop of Milos and auxiliary bishop of Seville on 16 December 1880. Bishop of Coria, Spain on 10 November 1884. Founded the Order of Slaves of the Divine Heart in 1885. Bishop of Málaga, Spain on 10 June 1886. Senator of the Spanish kingdom from 1891 to 1894. Archbishop of Seville on 2 December 1895. Senator of Spanish the kingdom again, this time from 1898 until his death. Created cardinal-priest on 11 December 1905 but died before his formal installation.
Born
14 January 1835 on the Isle of San Fernando, diocese of Cadiz, Spain as Marcelo Rafael José María de los Dolores Hilario
Died
• 20 January 1906 at Seville, Spain of natural causes
• buried in the metropolian cathedral in Seville
Beatified
29 March 1987 by Pope John Paul II at Vatican City
Saint Fillan
Also known as
Fhaolain, Filan, Foelan, Foellan, Foilan, Foillan, Fulan
Additional Memorial
9 January (Ireland)
Profile
Son of Feriach and Saint Kentigerna, and related to Saint Comgan. Became a monk in his youth, taking the habit at Saint Fintan Munnu monastery. Accompanied Kentigerna and Comgan to Scotland in the 8th century. Hermit, living most of his life in prayer at Ptiienweem near the Saint Andrew monastery. Abbot of Saint Andrews; his bell and staff survive to today. Hermit at Glendochart, Perthshire, where he built a church.
Legends and large tales naturally grew up around Fillan. For example, a wolf is reported to have killed the ox Fillan employed to work at the church construction site at Glendochart; when the wolf realized whose ox it was, it took the ox's place. For centuries after his death, the mentally ill were reported miraculously cured by being dipped in a fountain in the church, tied up, and left overnight near Fillan's relics; those whose bonds were loosed in the night were cured of their disorders. The victory of Robert the Bruce at Bannockburn was attributed to the presence of Fillan's relics at the battlefield.
Born
Ireland
Died
• c.777 of natural causes
• buried at Strath Fillan, Perthshire, Scotland
Saint Liberata of Como
Profile
Born to the wealthy, Italian nobility; sister of Saint Faustina of Como. Their mother died when the girls were very small, and they were raised by a guardian. Their father tried to arrange marriages for them, but both girls were drawn to religious life and fled their homes for Como, Italy, where they became Benedictine nuns. They founded the Santa Margarita convent in Como; it lasted over 1,000 years.
In Como the sisters came across a woman dying on a cross, having been crucified by her husband for unknown reasons; Liberata took her down from the cross and miraculously healed her wounds by praying over her.
Born
Rocca d'Olgisio, Italy
Died
• 580 of natural causes
• buried at the cemetery of the convent of Santa Margarita at Como, Italy
• relics in the cathedral of Como
Patronage
babies
Saint Lomer of Corbion
Also known as
Laumer, Laudomarus, Launomar, Launomaro
Profile
Born to a poor family, as a boy he worked as a shepherd near Chartres, France. Priest. Treasurer of the cathedral chapter of Chatres, France. Hermit near Chartres in the forest of Perche, France. His reputation for holiness spread, disciples gathers, and Lomer founded the monastery of Corbion to house them, and served as its first abbot. He lived to be over a hundred.
Born
Neuville-la-Mare, Diocese of Chartres, France
Died
• January 593 of natural causes
• buried in the church of Saint-Martin-du-Val
• re-interred at Corbion Abbey in 595
• some relics transferred to Avranches, France
• some relics transferred to Le Mans, France
• some relics transferred to Moissac, France in 912
• relics at Corbion Abbey burned by Huguenots in 1567
Saint Ponziano of Spoleto
Also known as
Pontian, Pontianus
Additional Memorial
14 January (Spoleto, Italy)
Profile
Beaten and executed in the persecutions of Emperor Marcus Aurelius. Martyr.
Died
• stabbed with a sword or beheaded (sources vary) in 169 - 175 (sources vary) at Spoleto, Italy
• legend says that a healing spring emerged where his head landed
• buried outside the city walls of Spoleto
• a church and monastery was later built over his tomb
• some relics taken to Utrecht, Netherlands in 968
• all relics re-gathered at the monastery at Spoleto, Italy in 1994
• Pontian is one of the saints on the collonades in Saint Peter's Square in the Vatican
Patronage
• against earthquakes
• Spoleto, Italy
• Utrecht, Netherlands
Saint Bassian of Lodi
Also known as
Bassiano, Bassianus
Profile
Son of Servius, prefect of Syracuse, Sicily. Student in Rome, Italy. Convert to Christianity. His family opposed the conversion, and when Bassian was ordered back to Syracuse, he fled to Ravenna, Italy. Bishop of Lodi, Italy c.373. Attended the Council of Aquileia in 381. Friend of Saint Felix of Como and of Saint Ambrose of Milan; Bassian was at the deathbed of Saint Ambrose.
Born
c.320 in Syracuse, Sicily
Died
• 413 in Lodi, Italy of natural causes
• following a military defeat of Lodi by Milan in 1158, Bassian's relics were taken to Milan
• relics returned to Lodi in 1163
Patronage
• Bassano del Grappa, Italy
• Lodi, Italy
• San Bassano, Italy
Saint Germanicus of Smyrna
Also known as
Germanico
Profile
Spiritual student of Saint Polycarp of Smyrna. Martyr. The manner of with which he met his death gained the admiration of the locals, and the story of his bravery was recorded by Saint Polycarp.
Born
at Smyrna (in modern Turkey)
Died
• torn apart by animals in 156 during public games in Smyrna (in modern Turkey)
• at first the animals ignored him, but Germanicus provoked them, just to get it over with
Saint Contentius of Bayeux
Also known as
Contestus
Profile
Bishop of Bayeux, Normandy, France, from 480 until his death. He was so zealous in his preaching the proper way to live that he angered many powerful local people, and occasionally had to withdraw to live as a hermit for his own safety.
Died
• c.510 in Normandy, France of natural causes
• buried in the church of Saint Exuperius
• relics transferred to Fécamp Abbey on 11 April 1162
• some relics transfered to Saint Vigor Abbey in Bayeux, France in 1682
Saint Audifax of Persia
Additional Memorial
16 January (Jerusalem martyrology)
Profile
Born to the nobility. Son of Saint Maris and Saint Martha, brother of Saint Abachum. Convert. Martyred with his whole family in the persecutions of Aurelian as they made a pilgrimage to the tombs of the Apostles.
Born
Persia
Died
• beheaded in 270 at Saint Ninfa, 13 miles from Rome
• relics discovered in Rome in 1590
Patronage
Caselette, Italy
Saint Maris of Persia
Additional Memorial
16 January (Jerusalem martyrology)
Profile
Born to the nobility. Husband of Saint Martha, father of Saint Audifax and Saint Abachum. Convert who gave his fortune to the poor. Martyred with his whole family in the persecutions of Aurelian.
Born
Persia
Died
• beheaded in 270 at Saint Ninfa 13 miles from Rome, Italy
• relics discovered in Rome in 1590
Patronage
Caselette, Italy
Saint Abachum of Persia
Additional Memorial
Abacum
Additional Memorial
16 January (Jerusalem martyrology)
Profile
Born to the nobility. Son of Saint Maris and Saint Martha, brother of Saint Audifax. Convert. Martyred with his whole family in the persecutions of Aurelian.
Born
in Persia
Died
• beheaded in 270 at Saint Ninfa, 13 miles from Rome, Italy
• relics discovered in Rome in 1590
Patronage
Caselette, Italy
Saint Martha of Persia
Additional Memorial
16 January (Jerusalem martyrology)
Profile
Born to the nobility. Wife of Saint Maris, mother of Saint Audifax and Saint Abachum. Convert. Martyred with her whole family in the persecutions of Aurelian.
Born
Persia
Died
• drowned in 270 at Saint Ninfa 13 miles from Rome, Italy
• relics discovered in Rome in 1590
Patronage
Caselette, Italy
Saint Branwallader of Jersey
Also known as
Boladre, Bralatr, Brangualadrus, Branwalader, Branwalator, Branwalatr, Branwalatre, Branwallanus, Branwallator, Brelade, Brevala, Brevalaer, Brevalaire, Brevalan, Brevalazr, Brevaler, Brevara, Brewalan, Brewalatr, Breward, Brolade, Broladre
Profile
Bishop of Jersey, England.
Died
• 6th century of natural causes
• some of his relics were translated by King Athelstan in 935
Blessed Elisabetta Berti
Profile
Married. Widow. Mercedarian, donating all her wealth to the ransoming of Christians enslaved by invading Muslims. With Blessed Eulalia de Pinos, Blessed Mary Requesens and Blessed Maria de Cervellon she helped form the first Mercedarian community. Worked with the sick and recently released slaves.
Died
Barcelona, Spain
Saint Catellus of Castellammare
Profile
Friend of Saint Antoninus of Sorrento. Bishop of Castellammare di Stabia, Italy. Spent part of his life as a hermit on nearby Mount Aureo.
Died
9th century
Canonized
• Pre-Congregation
• 13 September 1729 (cultus confirmed)
Saint Faustina of Como
Profile
Sister of Saint Liberata of Como. Founder of Santa Margarita convent in Como, Italy.
Born
Como, Italy
Died
• c.580 of natural causes
• relics in the cathedral of Como, Italy
Saint Arsenius of Corfu
Profile
Convert from Judaism. First bishop of Corfu, Greece.
Born
Constantinople
Died
959 of natural causes
Patronage
Corfu, Greece
Blessed Beatrix of Lens
Profile
Founded the Benedictine Cistercian monastery of Epinklieu near Mons, Belgium and lived the rest of her life as a nun there.
Born
Lens, diocese of Arras, France
Died
after 1216 of natural causes
Saint Macarius of Alexandria
Also known as
Macarius the Alexandrian
Profile
Monk. Priest. Bishop. Abbot of a community in the mountains of Scete, Egypt.
Died
c.390
Saint John of Ravenna
Profile
Bishop of Ravenna, Italy during a period when the area of devastated by war with the Lombards.
Died
595
Saint Remigius of Rouen
Profile
Son of Charles Martel. Bishop of Rouen, France in 755. Worked for the use of the Roman rite in the Gallic Church.
Died
772
Saint Appiano of Sagona
Also known as
Appiano of Sagone
Profile
Early bishop of Sagona, Corsica (part of modern France). Martyr.
Saint Godone di Novalesa
Profile
Eighth-century monk. First abbot of the San Novalesa Abbey of Susa Valley, France.
Saint Firminus of Gabales
Profile
Third bishop of Gabales, France.
Martyrs of Numidia
Profile
A group of Christians martryred together for their faith. The only details to survive are nine of their names - Catus, Germana, Gerontius, Januarius, Julius, Paul, Pia, Saturninus and Successus.
Died
2nd century Numidia in North Africa
Martyrs of Carthage
Profile
39 Christians martyred together in Carthage, date unknown. We have no information about them except 9 of the names – Catus, Germana, Gerontius, Januarius, Julius, Paul, Pia, Saturninus and Successus.
Died
Carthage, North Africa (modern Tunis, Tunisia)
டிரியர் மறைமாவட்ட ஆயர் அக்ரிடியஸ் Agritius von Trier
பிறப்பு
260
இறப்பு
332,
டிரியர், ஜெர்மனி
மிக பழமைவாய்ந்த கிறிஸ்தவ மறைமாவட்டமான டிரியரிலுள்ள புனித மத்தியாஸ் ஆலயத்தில் அக்ரிடியஸ்சின் உடல் புதைக்கப்பட்டது. 4 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டிற்கு பிறகு அவ்வாலயம் இரண்டாக பிரிக்கப்பட்டது. 1107 ஆம் ஆண்டு அரசி ஹெலேனா Helena இவர் பெயரில் தனியொரு பேராலயம் ஒன்றைக் கட்டினார் அக்ரிடியஸ் தான், புனித மத்தியாசின் உடலை டிரியருக்கு கொண்டு வந்தார் என்று கூறப்படுகின்றது. இவர் டிரியர் மறைமாவட்டம் முழுவதையும் கிறிஸ்தவ ஆலயங்களாலும் கிறிஸ்துவ நிறுவனங்களாலும் நிரப்பினார் என்று இவரின் வரலாறு கூறுகின்றது.
இவர் பல துன்பங்களை அடைந்து கிறிஸ்துவத்தை டிரியரில் பரப்பினார். என்று கூறப்படுகின்றது. 314 ஆம் ஆண்டு உரோமில் நடைப்பெற்ற பொதுசங்கத்தில் பங்கெடுத்து ஜெர்மனி நாட்டில் கிறிஸ்துவத்தை வளர்த்தெடுக்க பரிந்து பேசினார் என்றும் கூறப்படுகின்றது. இவர் இன்னும் பல பொதுக்கூட்டங்களை கூட்டி கிறிஸ்துவ மறையை பரப்பியுள்ளார். இவரின் கல்லறையின் மேல் தற்போது புனித மாக்சிமின் என்ற ஆலயம் அமைந்துள்ளது.
