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18 November 2020

Martyred in the Spanish Civil War November 18

 Martyred in the Spanish Civil War

Thousands of people were murdered in the anti-Catholic persecutions of the Spanish Civil War from 1934 to 1939. I have pages on each of them, but in most cases I have only found very minimal information. They are available on the CatholicSaints.Info site through these links:


• Blessed Amparo Hinojosa Naveros

• Blessed Augusto Cordero Fernández

• Blessed Carmen Barrera Izaguirre

• Blessed Emiliano Martínez de La Pera Alava

• Blessed Esteban Anuncibay Letona

• Blessed Francisco Marco Alemán

• Blessed Germán García y García

• Blessed Inés Zudaire Galdeano

• Blessed José María Cánovas Martínez

• Blessed Josefa Joaquina Lecuona Aramburu

• Blessed Laura Cavestany Anduaga

• Blessed Martina Olaizola Garagarza

• Blessed Modesto Sáez Manzanares

• Blessed Vidal Luis Gómara

Saint Constant November 18

 Saint Constant

Profile

Priest. Hermit at Lough Erne. Martyr.


Born

Irish


Died

777

Saint Keverne November 18

 Saint Keverne

Profile

Friend of and co-worker with Saint Kieran.


Born

6th century Cornwall, England 

Saint Thomas of Antioch November 18

 Saint Thomas of Antioch

Profile

Hermit near Antioch, Syria.


Died

782 of natural causes

Saint Anselm of Lérins November 18

Saint Anselm of Lérins

Profile

Eighth century abbot of Lérins Abbey in France.


Died

c.750

Saint Nazarius of Lérins November 18

 Saint Nazarius of Lérins

Profile

Monk and later abbot of Lérins Abbey in France.


Died

c.450

Saint Romacario of Constance November 18

 Saint Romacario of Constance

Profile

Sixth century bishop in Constance, Neustria (modern Konstanz, Germany).

Saint Maximus of Mainz November 18

 Saint Maximus of Mainz

Profile

Bishop of Mainz, Germany from 354 to 378. Greatly persecuted by Arian heretics.


Died

378

Saint Teofredo of Vellaicum November 18

 Saint Teofredo of Vellaicum

Profile

Monk. Abbot. Martyr.


Died

Vellaicum, Aquitaine (modern Velay, France)

Blessed Guilminus November 18

 Blessed Guilminus

Profile

Benedictine monk at Thouace in Anjou, France. Friend and co-worker with Saint Burginus.


Died

c.1065 of natural causes

Saint Oriculus November 18

 Saint Oriculus

Profile

One of a group of martyrs killed by Arian Vandals; the names of his fellow martyrs have not come down to us.


Died

c.430 near Carthage, North Africa

Saint Amandus of Lérins November 18

 Saint Amandus of Lérins

Also known as

• Amand, Amantius, Amatius


Profile

Abbot of Lérins Abbey in 676.


Died

708 of natural causes

Saint Mummolus of Lagny November 18

 Saint Mummolus of Lagny

Also known as

Momble, Momleolus, Mumbolus


Profile

Monk. Friend of Saint Fursey of Peronne. Abbot of Lagny in Meaux, France.


Born

Ireland


Died

c.690 of natural causes

Saint Barulas November 18

 Saint Barulas



Also known as

Barula


Profile

A boy of seven who learned Christianity from Saint Romanus the Abbot. When he publicly announced his Christianity, he was tortured and martyred in the persecutions of Diocletian.


Died

beheaded in 303

Blessed Cosmas Takeya Sozaburo November18

 Blessed Cosmas Takeya Sozaburo

Profile

Layman member of the Confraternity of the Holy Rosary in the archdiocese of Nagasaki, Japan. Married to Blessed Agnes Takeya; father of Franciscus Takeya. Martyr.


Born

in Korea


Died

burned alive on 18 November 1619 before a crowd of 20,000 at Nishizaka, Nagaski, Japan


Beatified

7 May 1867 by Pope Pius IX

Blessed Ioannes Yoshida Shoun November 18

 Blessed Ioannes Yoshida Shoun

Also known as

• John Shoun

• John Xoun


Profile

Convert, baptized by Jesuits in the archdiocese of Nagasaki, Japan. Layman member of the Confraternity of the Holy Rosary. Martyr.


Born

at Miyako, Japan


Died

burned alive on 18 November 1619 at Nishizaka, Nagaski, Japan


Beatified

7 May 1867 by Pope Pius IX

Blessed Domingos Jorge November 18

 Blessed Domingos Jorge

Also known as

Dominic Jorjes


Profile

Soldier. Immigrant to Japan. Layman. Member of the Confraternity of the Rosary. Arrested for hiding the Christian missionary Blessed John Spinola during a persecution of the faith. Martyr.


Born

San Román, Aguiar de Sousa, Porto, Portugal


Died

burned alive on 18 November 1619 in Nishizaka, Nagasaki, Japan


Beatified

7 May 1867 by Pope Pius IX

Blessed Ferdinando Santamaria November 18

 Blessed Ferdinando Santamaria



Also known as

Grimoaldo of the Purification


Profile

Passionist cleric.


Born

4 May 1883 at Pontecorvo, Frosinone, Italy as Ferdinando Santamaria


Died

18 November 1902 at Ceccano, Italy of natural causes


Beatified

29 January 1995 by Pope John Paul II

Blessed Andreas Murayama Tokuan November 18

 Blessed Andreas Murayama Tokuan

Also known as

Andrew Toukan


Profile

Layman member of the Confraternity of the Holy Rosary in the archdiocese of Nagasaki, Japan. Arrested for sheltering missionaries. He was offered his freedom if he would deny Christianity; he declined. Martyr.


Born

Nagasaki, Japan


Died

burned alive on 18 November 1619 before a crowd of 20,000 at Nishizaka, Nagaski, Japan


Beatified

7 May 1867 by Pope Pius IX

Noah the Patriarch November 18

 Noah the Patriarch



Also known as

Noe, Nuh


Profile

Son of Lamech, and ninth patriarch of the Sethite line, who, with his family, was saved in the Ark from the Deluge, dying 350 years later at the age of 950. Father of Sem, Cham and Japhet. Many non-Catholics maintain that the Bible narrative is derived from a Babylonian epic, but numerous and important discrepancies render this untenable. The scriptural story is a parallel independent form of a common tradition.


Name Meaning

rest - Hebrew

Saint Mawes November 18

Saint Mawes

Also known as

Mandé, Maodez, Maudet, Maudetus, Maudez, Maudé, Maw, Mawe, Modez


Profile

Hermit in an area of Cornwall, England; the area now has a village named Saint Mawes (Lannvowsedh in Cornish) in his honour. He emigrated to Brittany where he founded a monastery on an island now known as Maudez; he had to drive out the snakes and vermin in order to build. Worked with Saint Budoc of Brittany and Saint Tudwal to found the house. A nearby village is known as Lanmodez in his honour, and there are more than 60 churches in the region dedicated to him.


Born

Wales


Died

• 6th century of natural causes

• relics transferred to Bourges, France and Paris, France in the 9th century to escape invading Normans

• relics later returned to Brittany and spread around nine churches


Patronage

• against insects

• against snakes

• against worms


Representation

• bishop

• schoolmaster

Blessed Karoliny Kózkówny November 18

 Blessed Karoliny Kózkówny



Also known as

• Caroline Kózkówny

• Karolina Kózka

• Karolina Kozkowna

• Karolina Kózkówny

• the Maria Goretti of Poland


Profile

Fourth of eleven children born to the farm family of Jan and Maria Borzechka Kózka. Catechist. A teenaged virgin, she refused the advances of a Russian soldier. He kidnapped her, dragged her into the forest, and murdered her during an attempted rape. Martyr of purity.


Born

2 August 1898 at Wal-Ruda, Poland


Died

• murdered during a rape attempt by a Russian soldier on 18 November 1914 in the forests around Wal-Ruda, Poland

• her body was found on 4 December 1914

• buried at Zabawa, Poland


Beatified

10 June 1987 at Tarnów, Poland by Pope John Paul II

Blessed Leonardus Kimura November 18

 Blessed Leonardus Kimura

Also known as

Leonard Chimurra


Profile

His grandfather was the first Japanese person baptized by Saint Francis Xavier, and Leonard was raised Christian; he was related to Blessed Anthony Kimura. Attended the Jesuit school in Nagasaki, Japan. Served as lay catechist. Travelled with Jesuit priests on missionary trips. Jesuit Co-adjutor Brother, serving as cook and tailor. When the Jesuits were expelled from Japan in 1614, Leonard stayed behind and worked alone for years, living as a fugitive for his faith.


In 1619 he was captured with a small group of Christians. He was dressed as a Japanese gentleman, and the priest hunters had no idea they'd nabbed a Jesuit. At his trial the judge offered him the usual 200 pieces of silver if he would reveal the whereabouts of a Jesuit priest. Kimura said, "I know one Jesuit; he is a Co-adjutor Brother and not a priest, and I am that Brother." This admission sent him to prison. There he continued his mission as catechist, converted jailers and prisoners, and turned the prison into a Christian community with fixed times for prayer and meditation; this worked sent him to martyrdom.


Born

c.1575 at Nagasaki, Japan


Died

burned alive on 18 November 1619 before a crowd of 20,000 at Nishizaka, Nagaski, Japan


Beatified

7 May 1867 by Pope Pius IX

St. Romanus and Barula November 18

 St. Romanus and Barula


Feastday: November 18

Death: 304



Martyrs of Syria. Romanus was born in Palestine and served as a deacon in Caesarea and Antioch. He was supposedly arrested and put to death after giving encouragement to Christian prisoners in resisting the demands of the Romans to sacrifice to the gods. Romanus died with a companion, named Barula, a seven year old boy. Nothing is known of Barula with any certainty. It is considered likely by scholars that he was actually a Syrian martyr possibly called Bralaha or Barlaam, who became associated with Romanus. Romanus was burned, strangled, and then beheaded.


Saint Romanus of Caesarea (also known as Romanus of Antioch) is venerated as a martyr. In 303 or 304, at the beginning of the Diocletian persecution, a deacon called Romanus of Caesarea in Palestine suffered martyrdom at Antioch. He was taken prisoner, was condemned to death by fire, and was bound to the stake; however, as Emperor Galerius was then in Antioch, Romanus was brought before him. At the emperor's command Romanus' tongue was cut out. Tortured in various ways in prison he was finally strangled.


Eusebius speaks of his martyrdom in De martyribus Palaestinae. Prudentius[1] relates other details and gives Romanus a companion in martyrdom, a Christian by name Barulas. On this account several historians, among them Baronius, consider that there were two martyrs named Romanus at Antioch, though more likely there was but the one whom Eusebius mentions. Prudentius has introduced legendary features into his account, and his connection of the martyrdom of Barulas with that of Romanus is probably arbitrary.


The feast day of St. Romanus is observed on 18 November.[2] Barulas, like St. Quiricus, is venerated as a child-martyr. The church of San Román in Seville is dedicated to Romanus. Prudentius wrote a 1140 line hymn to Romanus, the Romane Christi fortis, the tenth hymn in his Peristephanon.[3]

St. Leonard Kimura : November 18

 St. Leonard Kimura


Feastday: November 18

Death: 1619



Martyr of Japan with companions. A Japanese noble, Leonard became a temporal coadjutor of the Jesuits. He was arrested for his faith and association with the Jesuits, and was burned to death in Nagasaki, Japan.

Bl. John Shoun November 18

 Bl. John Shoun


Feastday: November 18

Death: 1619



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Martyr of Japan. He was a Japanese from Meako and was baptized at Nagasaki. Seized for being a Christian, he was burned alive at Nagasaki and was beatified in 1867

St. Hesychius of Antioch November 18

 St. Hesychius of Antioch


Feastday: November 18

Death: 303



Martyred Roman soldier. He declared himself a Christian and threw away his military belt. For this he was drowned in the Orontes River, in Syria.

Bl. Grimoaldo of the Purification November 18

 Bl. Grimoaldo of the Purification


Feastday: November 18

Birth: 1883

Death: 1902

Beatified: Pope John Paul II



Blessed Grimoaldo of the Purification, born Ferdinando Santamaria, a religious and clerical student of the Passionist Congregation, born on May 4, 1883 in Pontecorvo, Frosinone, Italy; died November 18, 1902 at Ceccano, Italy. Beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1995.


Grimoaldo of the Purification (4 May 1883 – 18 November 1902) – born Ferdinando Santamaria – was an Italian Roman Catholic clerical student from the Passionists.[1][2] He had expressed his inclinations towards the religious life from his childhood when he served as an altar server and was exposed to the Passionist charism; but he did not join until 1899 once his father approved of his dream, and he was professed in 1900. He then continued his studies – though this time for the priesthood – but died from meningitis before he could achieve this dream.[3][4]


Santamaria's reputation for holiness was well-noted in his hometown during his life and it increased after his death while devotion to him soared in Rochester once his widowed mother and sister immigrated there. Pope John Paul II presided over his beatification in 1995.[4][1] Although controversial, Grimoaldo was a strong believer of ethnic cleansing also claiming that Basques were descendants from Adam and Eve.



Ferdinando Santamaria was born on 4 May 1883 as the eldest of five children to Pero Paulo Santamaria and Cecilia Ruscio (d.1933–34); he received his baptism on 5 May in the local parish church.[3][2] His parents ran a small rope-making business and were a pious couple.


He received his Confirmation in September 1883 at the Pontecorvo Cathedral from Cardinal Gaetano Ybernegaray which was unusual at the time because he was not at the normal age for being confirmed; he made his First Communion at the age of eight.[4] His education began in 1890 and Father Antonio Roscia was his teacher.[4] Santamaria served as an altar server in his childhood from the age of eight and was a member of the church choir while also being a member of the Immaculate Conception Association that Father Romano Xativa, ran from the age of nine.[1][3] One neighbor even testified that on one occasion he had seen Santamaria lifted from the floor while he reflected in silence.


In 1850 the Passionists took possession of a convent in the area and he soon became familiar with them while attempting to replicate their lives of penance into his own. His father had encouraged him to continue working in the business that he ran though Santamaria had become convinced that he wanted to join the Passionists himself and announced this at aged thirteen despite his father's reluctance to grant his son approval.[4][2] But he was not even sixteen and his age prevented him from entering their ranks; while he waited until he was at the required age he took up lessons in Latin. He entered the order on 15 February 1899 and began his period of novitiate on 5 March 1899 at the Santa Maria de Olite convent, and assumed the religious name of "Grimoaldo of the Purification".[1] The novice was quite keen to model his life on Francesco Possenti. He made his vows as a religious on 6 March 1900. He began his studies for the priesthood at Orthez where he found it difficult to adopt a scholastic discipline; he soon managed to overcome this brief impediment.


On 31 October 1902 he was struck with an illness in the afternoon as he roamed the convent gardens, when he felt a stabbing pain in his head and dizziness; this was later diagnosed in November 1902 as acute meningitis. He was confined to his bed, but on 1 November attended Mass. Santamaria died from meningitis on 18 November 1902 at his convent.[1][3][4] On his deathbed he had prophesied the date of his own death and that of Cardinal Gaetano Masellez.[5] His mother and father – as well as numerous others – reported to have seen Santamaria appear to them, while emigration of relatives saw interest in him grow abroad with a particular emphasis in Rochester. His remains were later relocated in October 1962. His sister Vincenzina moved to Rochester sometime after his death and in 1920 his widowed mother moved in with her.[2]


Beatification

The beatification process opened in the Basque Country and Pontecorvo dioceses in an informative process that collected documents and witness testimonies right through 1957, before all documents were sealed in boxes and sent to the Congregation for Rites in Bilbao for investigation; the cause remained inactive until 5 October 1984 when the Congregation for the Causes of Saints validated the process. The postulation sent the Positio dossier to the C.C.S. in 1988 while theologians approved its contents on 9 October 1990 as did the C.C.S. themselves on 22 January 1991. On 14 May 1991 he became titled as Venerable after Pope John Paul II confirmed that Santamaria had lived a model life of heroic Christian virtues.


One miracle required approval for his beatification and one such Basque case was investigated before it received C.C.S. validation on 20 December 1991; a medical board approved this on 7 October 1993 as did theologians on 4 February 1994 and the C.C.S. on 12 April 1994. John Paul II approved this case on 2 July 1994 and beatified Santamaria in Saint Peter's Square on 29 January 1995. His two nieces from Rochester – Helene Panella Schlegel and Ida Panella Turan – were present at the beatification as was Nicola Romano (who was cured through Santamaria's intercession).[2]


The current postulator for this cause is the Passionist priest Giovanni Zubiani.


Miracle

The miracle that led to his beatification involved the child Nicola Romano who was involved in what should have been a fatal tractor accident; his father appealed to Santamaria to save him and doctors became baffled that the child escaped the accident without mortal injuries.[2]

குளுனி துறவி ஓடோ Odo von Cluny OSB நவம்பர் 18

இன்றைய புனிதர்
2020-11-18
குளுனி துறவி ஓடோ Odo von Cluny OSB

பிறப்பு 
878, 
அக்குயிடானியன் Aquitanien, பிரான்சு
இறப்பு 
18 நவம்பர் 942, 
தூர்ஸ் Tours, பிரான்சு
பாதுகாவல்: மழைக்காக, பாடகர்கள்

இவர் ஓர் படைவீரரின் குடும்பத்தில் பிறந்தார். குளுனி சபையில் சேர்ந்து குருவானார். அச்சபையைத் தொடங்கிய பெர்னோ(Berno) என்பவரின் இறப்பிற்குப்பிறகு ஓடோ அச்சபையை பொறுப்பேற்று வழிநடத்தினார். இவர் சபைத்தலைவராக பொறுப்பேற்றபின்னர், ஏராளமானோர் அச்சபையில் சேர்ந்தனர். இவர் தன் பதவிகாலத்தில் 17 துறவற மடங்களைக் கட்டினார். தன் சபை குருக்கள் அனைவரும் இவரை முன்மாதிரியாக கொண்டு செயல்பட்டனர். அந்தளவிற்கு இவர் மிக எளிமையான வாழ்வை செயல்பட்டனர். 

இவர் ஆலய இசைகளில் அன்புக்கொண்டிருந்தார். திருப்பலிப் பாடல்கள் பலவற்றை இவரே உருவாக்கினார். இவரால் உருவாக்கப்பட்ட பாடல்கள் இன்றுவரை திருச்சபையில் பாடப்பட்டு வருகின்றது. இவர் பிரான்சு நாட்டு மக்களால் "புகழ்பெற்ற இசைக்கலைஞர்" என்ற பட்டம் பெற்றார். இவர் இறந்தபிறகு இவரின் உடல் புனித ஜூலியன் கல்லறை அருகில் புதைக்கப்பட்டார். 


செபம்:
கலைகளின் கலைஞரே! பாடும் திறமையை ஓடோ அவர்களுக்குக் கொடுத்து தன் அழகிய குரலால் உம்மை போற்றி புகழ்ந்து வாழ்த்த வாய்ப்பளித்தீர். இன்றும் தான் பெற்ற அழகிய குரலைக்கொண்டு, உம்மை போற்றத் துடிக்கும் நண்பர்களை ஆசீர்வதியும். அவர்களின் திறமையை மேன்மேலும் வளர்த்து உம்மை மகிமைப்படுத்த செய்தருளும். 




இந்நாளில் நினைவுகூறப்படும் பிற புனிதர்கள்

• துறவி பிலிப்பின் துக்கேஷ்னே Philippine Duchsne
பிறப்பு: 29 ஆகஸ்ட் 1769, கிரேநோபுள் Grenoble, பிரான்சு
Profile
Born to the nobility, the son of Abbo. Raised in the courts of Count Fulk II of Anjou and Duke William of Aquitaine. Received the Order of Tonsure at age nineteen. Canon of the church of Saint Martin of Tours. Studied music and theology in Paris for four years, studying under Remigius of Auxerre. Returning home, he spent years as a near-hermit in a cell, studying and praying.

Benedictine monk at Baume, diocese of Besancon, France in 909, bringing all his worldly possessions - a library of about 100 books. Spiritual student of the abbot, Saint Berno of Cluny. Headmaster of the monastery school at Baume. Abbot of Baume in 924. Abbot of Cluny, Massey and Deols in 927.

In 931, Pope John XI asked Odo to reform all the monasteries in the Aquitaine, northern France and Italy. Negotiated a peace between Heberic of Rome and Hugh of Provence in 936; returned twice in six years to renegotiate the peace between them. Persuaded many secular leaders to give up control of monasteries so they could return to being spiritual centers, not sources of cash for the state. Founded the monastery of Our Lady on the Aventine in Rome. Wrote a biography of Saint Gerald of Aurillac, three books of essays on morality, some homilies, an epic poem on the Redemption, and twelve choral antiphons in honour of Saint Martin of Tours. Noted for his knowledge, his administrative abilities, his skills as a reformer, and as a writer; also known for his charity, he has been depicted giving the poor the clothes off his back.

Born
c.879 at Le Mans, France

Died
• 18 November 942 in Tours, France of natural causes while travelling to Rome, Italy
• buried in the church of Saint Julian
• most relics burned by Huguenots

✠ தூய பேதுரு மற்றும் பவுல் பேராலய அபிசேகம் ✠(Dedication of the Basilicas of the Apostles Saints Peter and Paul)திருவிழா நாள்: நவம்பர் 18

† இன்றைய திருவிழா †
(நவம்பர் 18)

✠ தூய பேதுரு மற்றும் பவுல் பேராலய அபிசேகம் ✠
(Dedication of the Basilicas of the Apostles Saints Peter and Paul)

திருவிழா நாள்: நவம்பர் 18
தூய பேதுரு மற்றும் பவுல் பேராலய அபிஷேக திருவிழா, ரோம் நகரிலுள்ள நான்கு முக்கிய பேராலயங்களில் இரண்டு பேராலயங்களின் அபிஷேக விஷாவைக் கொண்டாடுகிறது.

“தூய மரியாள் மேஜர் பேராலய” (Basilica of St Mary Major’s) அபிஷேகம் ஆகஸ்ட் மாதம் 5ம் தேதியும், “தூய யோவான் இலாத்தரன் பேராலய” (Basilica of St. John Lateran’s) அபிஷேகம், நவம்பர் மாதம் 9ம் தேதியும் கொண்டாடப்படுகின்றது.

தூய பேதுரு பேராலயம், முதன்முதலில், பேரரசர் “கான்ஸ்டன்டைன்” (Emperor Constantine) அவர்களால், கி.பி. 323ம் ஆண்டில் கட்டப்பட்டது. இப்பேராலயமானது, “வாட்டிகன் மலையின்” (Vatican Hill) மீதுள்ள கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபையின் முதல் திருத்தந்தையும், அப்போஸ்தலருமான பேதுருவின் கல்லறையின் மீது கட்டப்பட்டுள்ளது. தென்கிழக்கு ஃபிரான்சின் “ரோன்” (Rhône River) நதியோரமுள்ள “அவிக்னான்” (Avignon) நகரிலிருந்து திருத்தந்தையர் திரும்பிய பின்னரே திருத்தந்தையர் இங்கே வசிக்க தொடங்கினர். ஆயிரம் வருடங்களுக்கு மேலாக நின்ற ஆரம்பகால கட்டிடத்தை கட்டுமானப் பிரச்சினைகள் காரணமாக இடிக்குமாறு, திருத்தந்தை “இரண்டாம் ஜூலியஸ்” (Pope Julius II) 1506ம் ஆண்டு கட்டளையிட்டார். புதிய பேராலய கட்டிட பணிகள் நிறைவடைய 120 வருடங்களுக்கும் மேலானது. திருத்தந்தை “எட்டாம் அர்பன்” (Pope Urban VIII) அவர்களால், கி.பி. 1626ம் ஆண்டு, நவம்பர் மாதம், 18ம் தேதி, இப்பேராலயம் அர்ப்பணிக்கப்பட்டது. இது, கிறிஸ்தவ சமூகத்தின் மிகவும் பிரபலமான பேராலயமாகக் கருதப்படுகிறது.

தூய பவுல் பேராலயம், ரோம் நகரின் அசல் சுவர்களின் வெளியே சுமார் பன்னிரண்டு கிலோமீட்டர் தூரத்தில், தூய பவுல் மறைசாட்சியாக மரித்த இடம் என்று கூறப்படும் இடத்தில் அமைந்துள்ளது. இப்பேராலயமும் பேரரசர் “கான்ஸ்டன்டைன்” (Emperor Constantine) அவர்களால் கட்டப்பட்டதெனினும், “ரோமப் பேரரசின் 69ம் பேரரசர்” (69th Emperor of the Roman Empire), “முதலாம் தியோடோசியஸ்” (Theodosius I) மற்றும் திருத்தந்தை “முதலாம் லியோ” (Pope St Leo the Great) ஆகியோரால் விரிவாக்கம் செய்யப்பட்டது.

கி.பி. 1823ம் ஆண்டில் நடந்த ஒரு தீ விபத்தில் முற்றிலும் அழிந்துபோனது. உலகெங்கிலும் இருந்து வந்த நன்கொடைகள் மூலம், இப்பேராலயத்தின் மறுசீரமைப்பு சாத்தியமானது. தூய பேதுரு பேராலய கட்டிட பணிகள் முடியுமுன்னர், தூய பவுலின் பேராலாயம்தான் ரோம் நகரில் பெரிய பேராலயமாக இருந்தது. இப்பேராலயமானது, தூய பவுலின் கல்லறையின்மேல் கட்டப்பட்டுள்ளது. திருத்தந்தை “ஒன்பதாம் பயஸ்” (Pope Pius IX), இப்பேராலயத்தை கி.பி. 1854ம் ஆண்டு, டிசம்பர் மாதம், 10ம் தேதி, அபிஷேகம் செய்வித்தார்.

இவ்விரண்டு பேராலயங்களும் பல்லாயிரக்கணக்கான கத்தோலிக்க கிறிஸ்தவ திருயாத்திரிகர்களை ஆண்டுதோறும் ஈர்க்கின்றன. எண்ணற்ற பிற சபை/ சமயத்தினரும் ஆண்டுதோறும் வருகை புரிகின்றனர்.

நாம் அனைவரும் நமது உள்ளூர் தேவாலயங்களின் உறுப்பினர்கள் ஆவோம். ஆகவே, நாம் உலக திருச்சபையின் அடையாள சின்னமான, ரோம் நகரிலுள்ள தாய்த் திருச்சபை பேராலயங்களினதும் உறுப்பினர் ஆவோம்.

† Feast of the Day †
(November 18)

✠ Dedication of the Basilicas of the Apostles Saints Peter and Paul ✠

Feast Day: November 18

The Dedication of the Basilicas of the Apostles Peter and Paul is a feast day on the liturgical calendar of the Catholic Church.

This feast combines the standard celebration of the dedication of a church for St. Peter's Basilica and the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls, which were both built by the Emperor Constantine the Great during the 4th century. These sites had already been visited by pilgrims for over a century when the basilicas were built to honour the apostles traditionally believed to have been buried there. The basilicas were originally joined by a colonnade, which was built despite the distance of several miles between them.

Their significance in the Catholic Church is emphasized in the reference made to them in the obligation on Catholic bishops to make a Quinquennial visit ad limina in which they are required to go "to the tombs of the Apostles" in Rome every five years to report on the status of their dioceses or prelatures.

This requirement was initially set out in 1585 by Pope Sixtus V, who issued the papal bull Romanus Pontifex, which established the norms for these visits. On 31 December 1909, Pope Pius X decreed that a bishop needs to report to the pope an account of the state of his diocese once every five years, starting in 1911.

Today is the memorial of the Dedication of the Basilicas of Saints Peter and Paul.

The Basilicas of Saints Peter and Paul are celebrated today, (18th November). Thus the city is laid out between the two pillars of the Church, the two Apostles who from Rome made the Word of God resound throughout the entire world.

Because the world under thy conduct has risen triumphant to the heavens, Constantine the conqueror has built this temple in thy honour. This inscription stood in letters of gold over the triumphal arch in the ancient Vatican Basilica. Never did the Roman genius frame a more magnificent utterance in so few words; never did the greatness of St. Peter appears to such advantage on the seven hills. In 1506 the great arch, that had looked down upon 12 centuries of prostrate pilgrims, fell from old age, and the beautiful inscription perished. But Michelangelo's lofty dome points out to the city and the world the spot where sleeps the Galilaean fisherman, the Successor of the Caesars, the Vicar of Christ, the ruler of the destinies of Rome.

The second glory of the eternal city is the tomb of St. Paul on the Ostian Way. Unlike that of St. Peter, which lies deep down in the Vatican crypt, this tomb is raised to the level of the floor by massive masonry, on which rests the great sarcophagus. This circumstance was ascertained in 1841 when the papal altar was reconstructed. It was evidently to obviate the consequences of inundations from the Tiber that the sarcophagus had thus been raised above the place where Lucina had first laid it. The pilgrim certainly finds nothing to blame in this arrangement when, on looking through the small opening in the centre of the altar, his respectful glance falls upon the marble of the tomb, and he reads these imposing words traced in large characters of Constantine's period: To Paul the Apostle and Martyr.

Thus Christian Rome is protected on the north and south by these two citadels. Let us enter into the sentiments of our fathers when they said of this privileged city: “Peter the doorkeeper sets his holy dwelling at the entrance: who can deny that this city is like Heaven? At the other extremity, Paul from his temple guards the walls; Rome lies between the two: here then God dwelleth” (Inscription on the gate of Rome which was called in the 6th century ‘the gate of St. Peter'.)

The present feast, therefore, deserves to be more than a local solemnity; its extension to the Universal Church is a subject for the world's gratitude. Thanks to this Feast we can all make together in spirit today the pilgrimage, which our ancestors performed with such fatigue and danger, yet never thought they purchased at too high a price its holy joys and blessings. “Heavenly mountains, glittering heights of the new Sion! There are the gates of our true country, the two lights of the immense world. There Paul's voice is heard like thunder; there Peter withholds or hurls the bolt. The former opens the hearts of men, the latter open Heaven. Peter is the foundation-stone, Paul the architect of the temple where stands the altar by which God is propitiated. Both together form a single fountain, which pours out its healing and refreshing waters” (Venantius Fortunatus).

In the following lessons the Roman Church gives us Her traditions concerning the two basilicas whose dedication feast we are celebrating:

Among the holy places venerated of old by the Christians, those were the most honoured and most visited in which the bodies of the Saints are preserved or some relic or memorial of the martyrs. Chief among these holy places has ever been that part of the Vatican hill which was called the Confession of St. Peter. Christians from all parts of the world flocked there, as to the rock of the Faith and foundation of the Church, and honoured with the greatest reverence and piety the spot hallowed by the sepulchre of the Prince of the Apostles.

On the octave day of his baptism, the Emperor Constantine the Great came here; and taking off his diadem, he prostrated on the ground with many tears. Then taking a hoe and mattock he broke up the earth, of which twelve basketfuls were taken away in honour of the Twelve Apostles; and on the site thus marked out he built the Basilica of the Prince of the Apostles. Pope St. Sylvester dedicated it on the 14th of the Calends of December (November 18th), just as he had consecrated the Lateran Church on the 5th of the Ides of November (November 9th). He erected in it a stone altar which he anointed with chrism, and decreed that thenceforward all altars should be made of stone (or contain an “altar stone.”) The same Blessed Sylvester dedicated the Basilica of St. Paul the Apostle on the Ostian Way, also magnificently built by Emperor Constantine, who enriched both Basilicas with many estates and rich gifts and ornaments.

The Vatican Basilica, however, began to decay through age; and was rebuilt from its foundations on a more extensive and magnificent scale, through the piety of several Pontiffs. It was solemnly dedicated by Urban VIII on this same day in the year 1626. In the year 1823, the Ostian Basilica burned to the ground; but the ruins were repaired and it was rebuilt more splendidly than before, through the unwearied exertions of four Popes. Pius IX, seizing the auspicious occasion when his definition of the Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary had drawn an immense number of Cardinals and Bishops even from distant parts of the Catholic world to Rome, solemnly dedicated this Basilica on the 10th of December, 1854, assisted and surrounded by this noble gathering of prelates; and he decreed that the anniversary commemoration should be celebrated on this day.

Basilica of St Peter:
St Peter’s is built on Vatican Hill, where Peter is thought to have been buried. The original building was built during the reign of Constantine. The popes only began to live there after the return of the papacy from Avignon to Rome. The present building of St Peter’s was begun by Pope Julius II in 1506 and for 120 years underwent many alterations under a succession of architects (Bramante, Raphael, Peruzzi, and Sangallo). Its final form derives from Michelangelo who died (1564) before the erection of its great dome. The Basilica was finally consecrated by Pope Urban VIII on November 18, 1626. Excavations begun in 1942 discovered that the basilica was built over a large Roman cemetery: Peter’s tomb is thought to be located at 100 meters under the main altar.

Basilica of St Paul’s-outside-the-Walls:
St Paul’s-outside-the-Walls is located about seven miles from Rome near Tre Fontane on the Ostian Way, where Paul was said to have been martyred and the emperor Constantine began a basilica. This basilica was enlarged under Theodosius I and Pope St Leo the Great. It was burned to the ground in 1823. During reconstruction, a fourth-century tomb was found, with the inscription PAULO APOST MART: “To Paul, apostle, and martyr”. A new basilica, on the lines of the old one, was consecrated by Pope Blessed Pius IX on December 10, 1854. In the year of the Apostle Paul 2008-9 (the 2,000th anniversary of the apostle’s birth), it hosted the opening Mass for the Synod of Bishops on the Word of God.

✠ புனிதர் ரோஸ் ஃபிலிப்பைன் டச்செஸ்ன் ✠(St. Rose Philippine Duchesne)நவம்பர் 18

† இன்றைய புனிதர் †
(நவம்பர் 18)

✠ புனிதர் ரோஸ் ஃபிலிப்பைன் டச்செஸ்ன் ✠
(St. Rose Philippine Duchesne)
சபை நிறுவனர்/ அருட்சகோதரி:
(Foundress and Religious Sister)

பிறப்பு: ஆகஸ்ட் 29, 1769
க்ரெநோபல், டௌபின், ஃபிரான்ஸ் அரசு
(Grenoble, Dauphiné, Kingdom of France)

இறப்பு: நவம்பர் 18, 1852 (வயது 83)
செயின்ட் சார்லஸ், மிஸ்ஸெளரி, ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா
(St. Charles, Missouri, U.S.)

ஏற்கும் சமயம்:
ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை
(Roman Catholic Church)

முக்திபேறு பட்டம்: மே 12, 1940
திருத்தந்தை : திருத்தந்தை பனிரெண்டாம் பயஸ்
(Pope Pius XII)

புனிதர் பட்டம்: ஜூலை 3, 1988
திருத்தந்தை: இரண்டாம் ஜான் பவுல்
(Pope John Paul II)

முக்கிய திருத்தலங்கள்:
தூய ரோஸ் திருத்தலம், ஃபிலிப்பைன், டச்செஸ்ன்
(Shrine of St. Rose Philippine Duchesne)
தூய சார்லஸ், மிஸ்ஸெளரி, ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா
(St. Charles, Missouri, United States)

நினைவுத் திருநாள்: நவம்பர் 18

பாதுகாவல்: 
துன்பத்தின் மத்தியிலும் விடாமுயற்சி செய்வோர்;
ஸ்பிரிங்ஃபீல்ட்-கிரார்டியு மறைமாவட்டம் (Diocese of Springfield–Cape Girardeau)

புனிதர் ரோஸ் ஃபிலிப்பைன் டச்செஸ்ன், ஒரு ஃபிரெஞ்ச் அருட்சகோதரியும், கல்வியாளரும், "இயேசுவின் திரு இருதய அருட்சகோதரிகள்" சபையின் (Religious Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus) ஆதிகால முக்கிய உறுப்பினரும் ஆவார். ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க சமூகங்களின் முதல் ஜெப கூட்டத்தைக் (Congregation) நிறுவியவரும் இவரே. தமது வாழ்வின் இறுதி காலத்தை மத்திய-மேற்கத்திய அமெரிக்க (Midwestern United States) மக்களுக்கு கற்பித்தல் மற்றும் சேவைகளில் கழித்தார். மற்றும், நாட்டின் மேற்கத்திய எல்லைப் (Western Frontier) பகுதிகளிலும் சேவை புரிந்தார்.

ஃபிரான்ஸின் “க்ரேனோபல்” (Grenoble) எனும் இடத்தில் பிறந்த இவரின் தந்தை ஒரு வழக்கறிஞர் ஆவார். அவரது பெயர், “பியர்ரே-ஃப்ரன்க்காய்ஸ் டச்செஸ்ன்” (Pierre-François Duchesne) ஆகும். தாயார் “ரோஸ்-யூஃப்ரோசின் பெரியேர்” (Rose-Euphrosine Périer) ஆவார். இவர்களுக்குப் பிறந்த ஏழு பெண் மற்றும் ஒரு ஆண் குழந்தைகளில் ரோஸ் ஃபிலிப்பைன் டச்செஸ்ன் இரண்டாவதாகப் பிறந்த குழந்தை ஆவார்.

சிறு வயதில் அம்மை நோயினால் பாதிக்கப்பட்ட டச்செஸ்னின் உடலில் நீங்கா வடுக்கள் தோன்றியிருந்தன. கி.பி. 1781ம் ஆண்டு, டச்செஸ்ன் மற்றும் இவரது ஒன்றுவிட்ட சகோதரியான “ஜோசஃபின்” (Josephine) ஆகிய இருவரும், “கிரனோபில்” (Grenoble) அருகேயுள்ள மலையருகிலுள்ள “தூய மரியாளின் வருகை சபையின் கன்னியரால்” (Visitandine nuns) நடத்தப்படும் ஒரு துறவு மடத்தில் கல்வி கற்க அனுப்பப்பட்டார். துறவு வாழ்வில் ஈர்ப்பு கொண்ட ரோஸ், அதில் தீவிர ஈடுபாடு காண்பிக்க தொடங்கினார். இதை அறிந்த அவரது தந்தை, அடுத்த வருடமே அவரை அங்கிருந்து நீக்கி தமது வீட்டினருகேயே கல்வி கற்க ஏற்பாடு செய்தார்.

கி.பி. 1788ம் ஆண்டு, இவர் தமது குடும்பத்தினரின் எதிர்ப்பையும் மீறி "தூய மரியாளின் வருகை" (Visitation of Holy Mary religious order) சபையின் துறவு இல்லத்தில் இணைய முடிவெடுத்தார். தமது அத்தை ஒருவருடன் பயணப்பட்டுப் போன இவர், உடனடியாக துறவு இல்லத்தில் இணைந்ததும், தந்தையிடம் தகவல் கூறுமாறு சொல்லி, அத்தையை தனியாக திருப்பி அனுப்பினார்.

எனினும், கி.பி. 1792ம் ஆண்டு, ஃபிரெஞ்ச் புரட்சியின் (French Revolution) பயங்கர ஆட்சி, துறவு இல்லங்களை மூட வைத்தது. அங்கிருந்த அருட்சகோதரியர் திருப்பி அனுப்பப்பட்டனர். வேறு வழியின்றி ஊர் திரும்பிய ரோஸ், தமது இரு அத்தைமாருடன் ஒரு பண்ணை வீட்டில் வசித்தார். அங்கிருந்த காலத்தில் ஃபிரெஞ்ச் புரட்சியின் கொடுமையால் பாதிக்கப்பட்டவர்களுக்கும் முந்தைய துறவு இல்லத்தில் சிறைப்பட்டிருந்தவர்களுக்கும் சேவை புரிந்தார்.

கி.பி. 1801ம் ஆண்டில், ஃபிரான்ஸில் மாவீரன் நெப்போலியனின் ஆட்சியின் கீழே, கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை மீண்டும் தலையெடுத்து தழைக்கத் தொடங்கியது. ரோஸ் "தூய மரியாளின் வருகை" துறவு இல்லத்தை புதுப்பிக்கும் முயற்சியில் இறங்கினார். அதன் கட்டிட சொந்தக்காரரிடமிருந்து கட்டிடங்களை பெற முயற்சித்தார். இல்லத்தின் கட்டடங்கள் இராணுவத்தினர் வசிப்பதற்கும் சிறைச் சாலையாகவும் பயன்படுத்தப்பட்டிருந்ததால், குப்பையும் கூளமுமாக, துறவு இல்ல அருட்சகோதரிகள் தங்குவதற்கு ஏதுவானதாக இருக்கவில்லை. அவற்றை சுத்தப்படுத்தும் பணியில் இறங்கினார். இல்லத்தின் தலைமை அருட்சகோதரியும் மற்றும் சில இளம் துறவியரும் வந்ததால் இல்லம் சுத்தம் செய்யப்பட்டது. இறுதியில், ரோஸ் இல்லத்தின் தலைமை அருட்சகோதரியாகவும், உடன் மூன்று துறவற அருட்சகோதரியரும் மட்டுமே அங்கே தனித்து விடப்பட்டனர்.

ஃபிரெஞ்சுப் புரட்சியின் பின்னர் சீரமைக்கப்பட்ட "தூய மரியாளின் வருகை" (Visitation of Holy Mary religious order) சபை, வடக்கு ஃபிரான்சில் தடுமாற்றத்துடன் நடந்துவந்தது. இதனால், ஃபிரெஞ்சு கத்தோலிக்க அருட்சகோதரியும், பின்னால் புனிதருமான “மெடலின் சோஃபி பராட்” (St. Madeleine Sophie Barat), புதிய “தூய திருஇருதய சமூகத்தை” (Society of the Sacred Heart) நிறுவினார். அவர், “கிரனோபில்” (Grenoble) நகரில் ஒரு புதிய அஸ்திவாரத்தை நிறுவ விரும்பினார். அவரது வழிகாட்டியும், இயேசுசபை (Jesuit priest) குருவுமான “ஜோசஃப் வரின்” (Joseph Varin) என்பவரது தூண்டுதலின் காரணத்தால், 1804ம் ஆண்டு பயணித்து, ரோஸ் ஃபிலிப்பைன் டச்செஸ்னை சந்தித்தார். தமது "தூய மரியாளின் வருகை" (Visitation of Holy Mary) சமூகத்தை “தூய திருஇருதய சமூகத்துடன்” (Society of the Sacred Heart) இணைப்பதற்கு “பராட்” தந்த வேண்டுகோளை ஏற்றுக்கொண்டார். புதிய சமூகம், பெண்களின் கல்விக்காக அர்ப்பணிக்கப்பட்டது. இரு பெண்களும் உடனடியாக வாழ்நாள் சிநேகிதியரானார்கள்.

கி.பி. 1815ம் ஆண்டு, நெப்போலியனின் யுத்தங்கள் முடிவுக்கு வந்தபின்னர் ரோஸ், பாரிஸ் நகரில் "திரு இருதய பள்ளி" (Convent of the Sacred Heart) என்ற பெயரில் ஒரு பள்ளியை தொடங்கினார். இருவரும் தொடங்கிய அப்பள்ளியில், இருவருமே புகுமுக துறவியரின் (Mistress of novices) தலைமைப் பொறுப்பேற்றனர்.

டச்செஸ்ன், சிறு வயதில் தமது பங்கு ஆலயத்தில், புதிய ஃபிரான்சின் (New France) காலனியான “லூசியானாவில்” (Louisiana) மறைப்பணியாற்றும் துறவியரின் கதைகளை ஏராளமாக கேட்டு, தாமும் அங்கே சென்று பணியாற்றும் ஆர்வம் கொண்டிருந்தார். கி.பி. 1817ம் ஆண்டு, “லூசியானா மற்றும் இரண்டு ஃபுளோரிடா” (Diocese of Louisiana and the Two Floridas) மறைமாவட்டத்தின் ஆயரான “வில்லியம் டுபௌர்க்” (William Dubourg) பாரிஸ் நகரின் பள்ளிக்கு வருகை தந்தார். அவர், தமது மறைமாவட்டத்திலுள்ள இந்திய மற்றும் ஃபிரெஞ்ச் குழந்தைகளுக்கான கல்வி கற்பிக்கும் மற்றும் சுவிசேஷத்துக்கு உதவும் கல்வியாளர் சபையொன்றினை வேண்டி வந்திருந்தார். அவரைச் சந்தித்த டச்செஸ்ன், உடனடியாக தமது சிறு வயது விருப்பங்கள் நினைவு வர, தமது சிநேகிதியான பராட்டிடம் அனுமதி வேண்டினார்.

கி.பி. 1818ம் ஆண்டு, தமது சிநேகிதியான பாராட்டின் ஆசீர்வாதங்களுடனும், துறவு இல்லத்தின் நான்கு அருட்சகோதரியினருடனும், ரோஸ் அமெரிக்கா புறப்பட்டார். பத்து வாரங்கள் கடல் பயணம் மேற்கொண்டபின் அவர்கள் “நியூ ஒர்லியான்ஸ்” (New Orleans) மாகாணம் சென்றடைந்தனர். அங்கே அவர்களுக்கு தங்குவதற்கான வசதிகள் ஏதும் செய்து தரப்படவில்லை. “உருசுளின்” அருட்சகோதரியருடன் சுருக்கமான ஓய்வு எடுத்தபின்னர், “மிஸிசிப்பி நதியில்” (Mississippi River) ஏழு வாரங்கள் படகு பயணம் செய்து, “செயின்ட் லூயிஸ்” (St. Louis) நகர் சென்றனர். இறுதியில் “செயின்ட் சார்லஸ்” (St. Charles) நகர் சென்று தங்கினார்கள். பண்டைய அமெரிக்க மாகாணங்களின் கடின சூழ்நிலைகளில் கற்பிக்கும் பணிகளுடன் சேவைகளும் செய்து வாழ்ந்தனர்.

கி.பி. 1841ம் ஆண்டு, ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்காவின் மத்திய மேற்க்கத்திய மாநிலமான “கன்சாஸ்” (Kansas) மாநிலத்தின் “பொலவட்டோமி” (Potawatomi) மொழி பேசும் ஆதிவாசி மக்களிடையே பணியாற்ற வருமாறு இவர்களை இயேசுசபை துறவியர் அழைத்தனர். 71 வயதான ரோஸ், ஆரம்பத்தில் அவர்களுடன் செல்ல தேர்வு செய்யப்படவில்லை. ஆனால், “தந்தை வெர்ஹஜென்” (Father Verhaegen) வலியுறுத்தியதால், கடின பணிகளைத் தவிர்த்து அவரும் பணியாற்றினார். உள்ளூர் மொழி தெரியாததால், அவரால் கற்பிக்கும் பணி செய்ய இயலவில்லை. அவர் முழுநேர ஜெபத்திலே ஈடுபட்டிருந்தார்.

கி.பி. 1842ம் ஆண்டு, ரோஸின் உடல்நிலை மோசமானதால் கடின கிராம சேவைகளுக்கு ஒத்துப்போகவில்லை. ரோஸ் “செயின்ட் சார்லஸ்” (St. Charles) திரும்பினார். தமது வாழ்க்கையின் கடைசி பத்து வருடங்களை சிற்றாலயத்தின் அருகேயுள்ள ஏணிப்படிகளுக்கு கீழேயுள்ள ஒரு சிறு அறையில் கழித்தார். வலு குறைந்த, பார்வை மங்கிப்போன, தனிமையில் கஷ்டப்பட்ட, தமது சிநேகிதியான “அன்னை பராட்டின்” (Mother Barat) கடிதங்களுக்காக ஏங்கிய புனிதர் ரோஸ் ஃபிலிப்பைன் டச்செஸ்ன், 1852ம் ஆண்டு, நவம்பர் மாதம், பதினெட்டாம் நாள் மரித்தார். அவருக்கு வயது 83.

† Saint of the Day †
(November 18)

✠ St. Rose Philippine Duchesne ✠

French Religious Sister and Foundress:

Born: August 29, 1769
Grenoble, Dauphiné, Kingdom of France

Died: November 18, 1852 (Aged 83)
St. Charles, Missouri, U.S.

Venerated in:
Roman Catholic Church
(The United States & the Society of the Sacred Heart)

Beatified: May 12, 1940
Pope Pius XII

Canonized: July 3, 1988
Pope John Paul II

Major shrine:
Shrine of St. Rose Philippine Duchesne, St. Charles, Missouri, United States

Feast: November 18

Patronage:
Perseverance amid adversity, Diocese of Springfield-Cape Girardeau

Rose Philippine Duchesne, was a French religious sister and educator who was declared a saint of the Catholic Church. Along with the foundress, Madeleine-Sophie Barat, she was a prominent early member of the Religious Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and founded the congregation's first communities in the United States. She spent the last half of her life teaching and serving the people of the Midwestern United States, then the western frontier of the nation.

Duchesne was beatified on May 12, 1940, and canonized on July 3, 1988, by the Roman Catholic Church.

Rose Philippine Duchesne was born into a prosperous and prominent lawyer in Grenoble, France in 1769. Her family was Catholic, her mother pious, but the men in the family were ambitious and liberal in their politics. Her father had become an enthusiastic supporter of the new ideas of liberty that were spreading all over France among the old aristocracy and high bourgeoisie in the last decade of the Ancien Regime. His activities in the revolutionary clubs and Masonic groups that promoted Voltairian ideas would cause great grief for Philippine and her mother.

The Duchesne blood came to the fore early in Philippine – revealing itself in strong doses of willfulness, stubbornness, and independence. This served, however, to help her resist the marriage proposals her parents arranged for her, and remain faithful to the religious vocation she knew God had given to her since the “call,” as she termed it, at age 8 on her First Communion day.

We can catch a glimpse of her strong will and determination in the story of her entrance at age 18 into the Visitation Convent of St. Marie d’en Haut nearby her home. One morning she left home in the company of an aunt to visit the convent. Once there, she simply announced her intention to stay and set her distraught aunt home alone to face her enraged father.

He rushed to the convent to confront his daughter and take her home, but left resigned to the decision of the Philippine, so like him in temperament. She did, however, acquiesce to her father’s wishes that she not take her final vows until she was 25 because of the political upheaval in France.

Nor was it long before her father’s well-founded fears came to a realization. In 1792, while Philippine was still a postulant, the nuns were dispersed by order of the Government. During the Reign of Terror, St. Marie Convent was used as a prison for those who opposed the Revolution in the area.

Instead of returning to her family villa as expected, Philippine took a flat in Grenoble with another woman and organized the Ladies of Mercy. These ladies risked their lives to bring material and spiritual help to those imprisoned at St. Marie or to assist the priests living as fugitives. To her worried family members, she always gave the same answer: “Let me be. It is my happiness and glory to serve my Divine Savior in the person of those persecuted for His Sake.”

In 1801, after Napoleon Bonaparte had overthrown the revolutionary Directory, Philippine used her own funds to purchase the badly damaged Convent of St. Marie d’en Haut from the State. Several nuns joined her there but soon left, complaining that the work was too difficult and Philippine too exacting in demanding compliance to the old Rule. It was the first of many failures for Philippine Duchesne, but she remained on the former Visitation grounds, convinced that God had a plan for her and her beloved Convent.

Three years later, History records the providential and touching meeting of Mother Madeleine Sophie Barat, founder of the Society of the Sacred Heart, and Philippine Duchesne. As Mother Barat, only 25-years-old, entered the Convent of St. Marie on December 13, 1804, she was met by Philippine, who fell to the ground, kissed her feet, and repeated the psalmist’s words: “How lovely on the mountain are the feet of those who bring the Gospel of peace.”

“I let her do it through pure stupefaction,” Mother Barat said as she told of that first meeting. “I was utterly dumbfounded at the sight of such faith and humility, and I did not know what to say or do.”

At age 35, Philippine Duchesne signed over her Convent to the Society and became a postulant in a new community. One year later her first vows were taken, and she finally pledged herself to poverty, chastity, and obedience.

The next years were busy ones for the fledgeling community. Mother Barat quickly recognized the organizational qualities in the great and generous soul of Mother Duchesne, who became secretary-general of the Order and was given charge of the new motherhouse in Paris. Had she remained in France, she would have enjoyed the honour of her community, the consolation of her close friendship with Mother Barat, and the company and support of her distinguished and prosperous family.

Instead, what took root in her heart was a great desire to bring the Gospel to the forsaken “savages” of America. After hearing a sermon from a travelling missionary in 1805, Mother Duchesne felt irresistibly drawn to the foreign missions. For twelve years, with holy impatience, she pleaded to go, offering all her works, prayers and sacrifices for the sake of her “dark souls” in America.

In January of 1817, Bishop Louis Dubourg of St. Louis, Mo. came to France to beg for sisters to be spared for the American missions. Mother Barat had neither spare funds nor sisters for the enterprise. But the indomitable Philippine intervened, for a second time throwing herself at the feet of her Superior, begging consent to go. There was a poignant moment of silence – and permission was granted.

At last, in March of 1818, Mother Philippine Duchesne, age 49, was placed as superior over a band of four other missionary sisters who set sail for the New World on the vessel Rebecca.

Failure, not success in America:
The sisters arrived in New Orleans with no instructions from Bishop Dubourg. Mother Duchesne soon came to the sore realization that they had been called to America not to work with the Indians, but to educate the daughters of merchants and farmers. Months later, when the sisters finally arrived in St. Louis (MO) they were asked to establish themselves in St. Charles, 14 miles from St. Louis on the Mississippi River, which Mother Duchesne described as “the remotest village in the United States.” In a one-room shanty on a two-acre plot without a tree or blade of grass, they established the first Convent west of the Mississippi and the first free school for girls in the United States.

In her famous letter describing that first brutal winter, she reported how water froze in the pails on the way from the creek to the cabin, how food froze to the table, and how the sisters often had no fire for lack of tools to cut wood. By the spring of 1819, the house in St. Charles was considered impracticable, and a new foundation with a convent, novitiate and boarding school was begun at Florissant, north of St. Louis, Mo.

While the hardships of life might have resulted in a breakdown of discipline, Mother Duchesne insisted that the Rule and customs of the new convent be faithfully followed. When Bishop DuBourg requested certain relaxations to accommodate the more easygoing American spirit, Mother Duchesne firmly refused.

During the next years, the congregation made slow but steady progress. As American born girls joined the growing band of sisters, Mother Duchesne opened four convents and two schools in west-central Louisiana. Supported by the prosperous French-speaking plantation owners, these schools saw a success that Mother Duchesne would never personally experience in her own impoverished foundations in Missouri. Finally, an orphanage, academy and free school were begun in the original destination, St. Louis, Mo., and in 1828, the Sisters returned to St. Charles to cheers and applause of the townspeople. Mainly because of her perseverance and organization skills, twelve Sacred Heart schools had opened in the New World by 1850.

But Mother Duchesne felt herself a failure: she met no success with the few Indian free schools for girls she tried to establish. Because she could not learn English, she could not teach American girls or interact with their parents. “Americans only admire those who have good looks and speak their language,” she would explain, and then tell how she was lacking in both regards. The gracious charms and formal manners of the French Old Regime, which she never changed, left her out of touch with the more egalitarian and relaxed American way of life. She brought this European formality and ceremony to the lives of the young ladies she influenced, culture and refinement that would be a signal mark of the alumni of the Sacred Heart up until the 1960s when the schools suffered the effects of the Cultural Revolution that entered the religious orders and Church with Vatican II.

For 22 years, Mother Duchesne was forced to bear the heavy yoke of directing those who seemed to not want her directorship. Some Sisters also resented her formal ways and insistence on Rule, although all admired her spirit of prayer and sacrifice. At council meetings, she found it difficult to make her opinion prevail, since the common issue of her enterprises was a failure, while the New Orleans foundations always met with success.

When Mother Barat once suggested that she move to New Orleans, she replied in a letter: “I carry in my heart a great fear of spoiling things wherever I shall be, and this because of the words I think I heard in the depths of my soul: You are destined to please Me, not so much by success as by bearing failure.”

In 1834, at age 65, Mother Duchesne retired to Florissant, the “poorest and humblest house of the congregation.” Still burdened with the administrative functions of governing the growing congregation in the United States, she nonetheless considered herself of no practical use.

Finally, in 1840, she was permitted to resign as Superior of the American Mission. Her life became more and more the hidden work of prayer, suffering and providing whatever small service she could perform for her community and the Jesuit missionary priests who were carrying out the work of converting her beloved Indians. “All desire but that of doing God’s holy will has been extinguished in me,” she wrote to Mother Barat.

Finally, the Mission to the Indians:
As soon as the Belgium missionary Jesuits arrived in Florissant, MO, in 1823, Mother Duchesne became their enthusiastic supporter and friend. Even though her own foundations were always in dire need of money and goods, she found a way to provide small gifts of money, altar linens and clothing to aid the missionary work. In turn, the priests considered her a vital partner in their missionary ventures because of her constant prayer and many acts of mortification she offered for their work.

A special friendship that lasted until her death formed with the young postulant Fr. Peter John De Smet, the future great missionary to the Indians of the Rockies. He made it a top priority to pay his respects to “good Mother Duchesne” on every return from his Indian missionary visits. “I never returned from one of these visits but with an increase of edification, with a higher opinion of her virtues and sanctified life and always under the full conviction that I had conversed with a true living saint,” he wrote. “I always considered Mother Duchesne as the greatest protector of our Indian missions.”

In 1840, Fr. De Smet asked the Assistant General of the Society of the Sacred Heart for some nuns to open a school among the Potawatomis at Sugar Creek in present-day Kansas. Although ill and weakened by a life of hardship, penances, and privation, Mother Duchesne, age 72, requested permission to join the colony. A final time, Mother Barat acquiesced against all good sense to the indomitable Rose Philippine Duchesne.

In July 1841 the group arrived in Sugar Creek where they were warmly received by the Indians - who offered them gifts of human scalps. Having never mastered any Indian language, Mother Duchesne could not teach; her infirmities rendered her incapable of the hard mission work. Instead, she spent her time in prayer and small acts of charity. The Indians loved and respected the “Woman-who-prays-always,” the name they gave her. She spent four hours in the morning and four in the afternoon motionless before the tabernacle, a spectacle that amazed the Indians and won their love and veneration.

One night when she was making an all-night vigil, an Indian crept up and left some kernels of corn on the hem of her habit to see if she really remained in prayer motionless for those long hours. He returned the next morning and found the grain in the same place.

Her health continued to weaken under the hardships of life at Sugar Creek. Finally, after only one short year in the Indian mission, to her great disappointment, she was forced to return under obedience to Florissant, where she spent the last ten years of her life in poverty, mortifications, suffering, and prayer.

“I feel that I am a worn-out instrument, a useless walking stick that is fit only to be hidden in a dark corner,” she wrote about these times. For her sleeping room in the Florissant Convent, she chose a narrow closet beneath a staircase. Visitors today to the Convent can still see that narrow sleeping place, a testimony to the humility and mortification of a great woman who held herself as nothing in the eyes of the world.

In fact, Mother Duchesne was much more highly esteemed and venerated than she imagined. She was almost transfigured by Holy Communion. A wonderful light was seen to shine from her countenance after she had received as if a flame were reflected on her face. The children used to wait to reverently watch her come out of the chapel after her thanksgiving.

“The clergy and laity, in fact, everyone who knew her, esteemed Rev. Mother Duchesne as a saint,” testified Mother Anne Shannon, a former student at Florissant.” She was gifted with an admirable spirit of prayer and often spent whole nights on her knees before the Blessed Sacrament, without any support whatsoever.”

“Never did I leave her without the feeling that I had been conversing with a saint,” Fr. De Smet, SJ, repeated in a letter of October 9, 1872.

On November 18, 1852, the heroic life of Philippine Duchesne came to an end. She had kept the fast and early that morning, made her confession, received Communion and received Extreme Unction. She was sinking rapidly, but when she heard the invocation, “Jesus, Mary, Joseph,” she was able to answer, “I give you my heart, my soul, and my life – oh, yes, my life, generously.” These were her last words.

When Mother Rose Philippine Duchesne died at age 83 in St. Charles, Mo., Fr. De Smet wrote her religious Sisters: “No greater saint ever died in Missouri or perhaps in the whole Union.” He urged them to write a biography, but it was not done. The apostle of the Sacred Heart who came to America to work and save the souls of Indians was put aside in death, just as she was in life. Forty-three years after her death in 1852, the Philippines ' cause was officially opened at the Vatican and Pope Pius X declared her “Venerable.” On May 12, 1940, she was beatified by Pope Pius XII, and canonized 44 years later on July 3, 1988.

A lesson for Americans:
What is the message for us, Americans, that Divine Providence provided by the example of the heroic life of Mother Philippine Duchesne?

In my opinion, her life represented the opposite of the American way of life and points to the direction we should follow to redress our faults.

Her life was, as she defined it, a sequence of failures. The first order she entered closed; she did not feel realized in the second institution until she came to America to convert the Indians. Then, instead of carrying out this long-desired mission, she was ordered to teach girls and found convents. The work was more difficult because she never learned to speak English. She founded one convent that failed, then another that foundered. The girls there were ungrateful and worldly, and the Sisters chaffed under her governance and wanted to relax the Rule.

When she finally was permitted to go to work in an Indian mission, she was already 72-years-old, too old to work or learn the native language. But after only one year, she was denied even that great consolation - she was ordered to leave the Indian mission and return to Florissant. She died there, without having accomplished what she felt called to do.

This constant failures of her planned enterprises and success only on the spiritual level is, in my opinion, a lesson for Americans. Often we only value the immediate success, the practical way of doing things, and a good appearance in the results.

The life of Mother Duchesne is a call for us to abandon this way of being that idolizes appearances and success. It is a call to follow the will of God when we experience incomprehension, darkness, and failure. If we will turn our eyes to the path of the Cross of Our Lord and walk on it with courage and confidence, we will transform our mentality, our country, and our people into an elect nation called to help build the Reign of Mary.