St. Tation
Feastday: August 24
Death: 304
Martyr. He was beheaded in Bithynia, under Emperor Diocletian.
St. Yrchard
Feastday: August 24
Yrchard (d. fifth century) + Scottish bishop and disciple of St. Ternan, also called Yardcard. Yrchard served as a missionary among the Picts. Feast day: August 24.
St. Bartholomew
✠ புனிதர் பர்த்தலமேயு ✠
(St. Bartholomew)
திருத்தூதர், மறைசாட்சி:
(Apostle and martyr)
பிறப்பு: கி.பி. முதலாம் நூற்றாண்டு
கானா, யூதேயா, ரோமப் பேரரசு
(Cana, Judaea, Roman Empire)
இறப்பு: கி.பி. முதலாம் நூற்றாண்டு
அல்பனோபோலிஸ், ஆர்மேனியா
(Albanopolis, Armenia)
ஆர்மேனியாவில் தோல் உரிக்கப்பட்டு சிலுவையில் அறையப்பட்டார்
ஏற்கும் சமயம்:
கிழக்கு அசிரிய திருச்சபை
(Assyrian Church of the East)
ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை
(Roman Catholic Church)
மரோனைட் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை
(Maronite Catholic Church)
கிழக்கு மரபுவழி திருச்சபை
(Eastern Orthodox Church)
ஓரியண்டல் மரபுவழி திருச்சபை
(Oriental Orthodoxy)
ஆங்கிலிகன் சமூகம்
(Anglican Communion)
லூதரன் திருச்சபை
(Lutheran Church)
இஸ்லாமியம்
(Islam)
முக்கிய திருத்தலங்கள்:
புனித பர்த்தலமேயு மடம், ஆர்மேனியா
நினைவுத் திருவிழா: ஆகஸ்டு 24
சித்தரிக்கப்படும் வகை:
கத்தி, அவரது உரிக்கப்பட்ட தோல்
பாதுகாவல்:
இறைச்சி வெட்டுநர், புத்தகம் தைப்பவர்கள், மால்ட்டா, ஆர்மேனியா, நரம்பியல் நோய்கள், செருப்பு தைப்பவர்
புனிதர் பர்த்தலமேயு முதலாம் நூற்றாண்டில் வாழ்ந்தவர் ஆவார். யோவான் எழுதிய நற்செய்தியின் முதலாம் அதிகாரத்திலும், 21ம் அதிகாரத்திலும் நத்தனியேல் (Nathanael) என்று அடையாளம் காணப்படும் இவர், பிலிப்புவால் கிறிஸ்து இயேசுவுக்கு அறிமுகம் செய்விக்கப்படுகிறார். இவர், இயேசுவின் பன்னிரு திருத்தூதர்களுள் (அப்போஸ்தலர்களுள்) ஒருவர் ஆவார். இவரின் பெயர் "டாலமியின் (Ptolemy) மகன்" எனவும், "உழுசால் மகன்" எனவும் பொருள்படும். எனவே இது குடும்பப் பெயர் என்பர்.
இவரது நினைவுத் திருவிழா நாள் ஆகஸ்டு 24.
யோவான் நற்செய்தியின் முதல் அதிகாரத்தில் இவர் நத்தனியேல் என அழைக்கப்படுகிறார். அந்நற்செய்தியில் நத்தனியேல் தம்மிடம் வருவதை இயேசு கண்டு, 'இவர் உண்மையான இஸ்ரயேலர், கபடற்றவர்' என்று இவரைக் குறித்துக் கூறினார்.
மேலும் மத்தேயு, மாற்கு, லூக்கா நற்செய்திகளில் திருத்தூதர்கள் பட்டியலில் இவர் இடம் பெறுகிறார். திருத்தூதர் பணிகள் நூலில் இயேசுவின் விண்ணேற்பைக் கண்டவர்களுள் இவரும் ஒருவர்.
தூய ஆவியின் வருகைக்குப் பிறகு ஆர்மீனியா, இந்தியா மற்றும் பல இடங்களில் மறைப்பணி புரிந்தார் என்பது மரபுச் செய்தி. இந்தியாவில் இவர் மறைப்பணியாற்றினார் என்பதற்கான இரண்டு பண்டைய சாட்சியங்கள் உள்ளன. நான்காம் நூற்றாண்டின் தொடக்க காலத்திலிருந்த சரித்திர ஆசிரியரும், ஆயரும், இறையியலாளருமான “யூசேபியஸ்” (Eusebius of Caesarea) ஒருவர் ஆவார். அதன்பின்னர், நான்காம் நூற்றாண்டின் இறுதியில், துறவியும், திருச்சபையின் மறை வல்லுனருமான புனிதர் “ஜெரோம்” (Saint Jerome) ஆவார்.
பண்டைய நகரமான கல்யாண் (Kalyan) என்று அறியப்பட்ட கொங்கன் கடலோரப் (Konkan coast) பகுதியில் உள்ள பம்பாய் (Bombay) பகுதியே புனிதர் பர்த்தலோமின் மறைப்பணிக்கான துறை என்று அருட்தந்தை: (பெருமலில்” (Fr.C. Perumalil SJ) மற்றும் “மோராசெஸ்” (Moraes) கூறுகிறார்கள்.
பாரம்பரியபடி, இவர் ஆர்மேனியாவில் (Armenia) உள்ள “அல்பநோபிளிஸ்” (Albanopolis) எனுமிடத்தில் உயிரோடு தோலுரிக்கப்பட்டு, தலைகீழாக சிலுவையில் அறையப்பட்டு கொல்லப்பட்டதாக கூறப்படுகிறது. இவர், ஆர்மேனிய அரசனான “போலிமியஸ்” (Polymius) என்பவனை கிறிஸ்தவ மறைக்கு மனம் மாற்றியதாகவும், இதனால் ஆத்திரமடைந்த அரசனது சகோதரனான “அஸ்ட்யாஜெஸ்” (Astyages) பர்த்தலமேயுவின் மரண தண்டனைக்கு உத்தரவிட்டதாகவும் கூறப்படுகிறது.
பதின்மூன்றாம் நூற்றாண்டில், இவர் மறைசாட்சியாக மரித்த இடத்தில், பெரிய ஆர்மேனியாவின் “வஸ்புரகன்” (Vaspurakan Province) பிராந்தியத்தில் புனித பர்த்தலமேயு (Saint Bartholomew Monastery) துறவு மடம் கட்டப்பட்டது. இது தற்போது தென்கிழக்கு துருக்கியில் (Southeastern Turkey) உள்ளது.
Feastday: August 24
Author and Publisher - Catholic Online
St. Bartholomew, 1st. century, one of the 12.
All that is known of him with certainty is that he is mentioned in the synoptic gospels and Acts as one of the twelve apostles. His name, a patronymic, means "son of Tolomai" and scholars believe he is the same as Nathanael mentioned in John, who says he is from Cana and that Jesus called him an "Israelite...incapable of deceit." The Roman Martyrology says he preached in India and Greater Armenia, where he was flayed and beheaded by King Astyages. Tradition has the place as Abanopolis on the west coast of the Caspian Sea and that he also preached in Mesopotamia, Persia, and Egypt. The Gospel of Bartholomew is apochryphal and was condemned in the decree of Pseudo-Gelasius. Feast Day August 24.
"Bartholomew" redirects here. For other uses, see Bartholomew (disambiguation).
Bartholomew (Aramaic: ܒܪ ܬܘܠܡܝ; Ancient Greek: Βαρθολομαῖος, romanized: Bartholomaîos; Latin: Bartholomaeus; Armenian: Բարթողիմէոս; Coptic: ⲃⲁⲣⲑⲟⲗⲟⲙⲉⲟⲥ; Hebrew: בר-תולמי, romanized: bar-Tôlmay; Arabic: بَرثُولَماوُس, romanized: Barthulmāwus) was one of the twelve apostles of Jesus according to the New Testament. He is said to have been martyred for having converted Polymius, King of Armenia, to Christianity. He has also been identified as Nathanael or Nathaniel,[1] who appears in the Gospel of John when introduced to Jesus by Philip (who also became an apostle; John 1:43–51), although many modern commentators reject the identification of Nathanael with Bartholomew.[2]
According to the Synaxarium of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, Bartholomew's martyrdom is commemorated on the first day of the Coptic calendar (i.e., the first day of the month of Thout), which currently falls on September 11 (corresponding to August 29 in the Julian calendar). Eastern Christianity honours him on June 11 and the Catholic Church honours him on August 24.
Bartholomew the Apostle is remembered in the Church of England with a Festival on 24 August.[3][4]
The Armenian Apostolic Church honours Saint Bartholomew along with Saint Thaddeus as its patron saints. Bartholomew is English for Bar Talmai (Greek: Βαρθολομαῖος, transliterated Bartholomaios in Greek) comes from the Aramaic: בר-תולמי bar-Tolmay native to Hebrew "son of Talmai", or farmer, "son of the furrows".[5] Bartholomew is listed among the Twelve Apostles of Jesus in the three synoptic gospels: Matthew,[10:1–4] Mark,[3:13–19] and Luke,[6:12–16] and also appears as one of the witnesses of the Ascension;[Acts 1:4, 12, 13] on each occasion, however, he is named in the company of Philip. He is not mentioned by the name "Bartholomew" in the Gospel of John, nor are there any early acta,[a] the earliest being written by a pseudepigraphical writer, Pseudo-Abdias, who assumed the identity of Abdias of Babylon and to whom is attributed the Saint-Thierry (Reims, Bibl. mun., ms 142) and Pseudo-Abdias manuscripts.[6][7]
In art Bartholomew is most commonly depicted with a beard and curly hair at the time of his martyrdom. According to legends, he was skinned alive and beheaded so is often depicted holding his flayed skin or the curved flensing knife with which he was skinned; thus, he is remembered and approved as saint of leather makers. [8]
New Testament references
In the East, where Bartholomew's evangelical labours were expended, he was identified as "Nathanael", in works by Abdisho bar Berika (often known as "Ebedjesu" in the West), the 14th century Nestorian metropolitan of Soba, and Elias, the bishop of Damascus.[b] Nathanael is mentioned only in the Gospel of John. In the Synoptic Gospels, Philip and Bartholomew are always mentioned together, while Nathanael is never mentioned. In John's gospel, however, Philip and Nathanael are similarly mentioned together. Giuseppe Simone Assemani specifically remarks, "the Chaldeans confound Bartholomew with Nathaniel".[c] Some Biblical scholars reject this identification, however.[9][d]
Tradition
Eusebius of Caesarea's Ecclesiastical History (5:10) states that after the Ascension, Bartholomew went on a missionary tour to India, where he left behind a copy of the Gospel of Matthew. Other traditions record him as serving as a missionary in Ethiopia, Mesopotamia, Parthia, and Lycaonia.[10] Popular traditions and legends say that Bartholomew preached the Gospel in India, then went to Greater Armenia.[5]
Mission to India
Two ancient testimonies exist about the mission of Saint Bartholomew in India. These are of Eusebius of Caesarea (early 4th century) and of Saint Jerome (late 4th century). Both of these refer to this tradition while speaking of the reported visit of Pantaenus to India in the 2nd century.[11] The studies of Fr A.C. Perumalil SJ and Moraes hold that the Bombay region on the Konkan coast, a region which may have been known as the ancient city Kalyan, was the field of Saint Bartholomew's missionary activities. Previously the consensus among scholars was against the apostolate of Saint Bartholomew the Apostle in India. Majority of the scholars are skeptical about the mission of Saint Bartholomew the Apostle in India. Stililingus (1703), Neande (1853), Hunter (1886), Rae (1892), Zaleski (1915) are the authors who supported the Apostolate of Saint Bartholomew in India. Scholars such as Sollerius (1669), Carpentier (1822), Harnack (1903), Medlycott (1905), Mingana (1926), Thurston (1933), Attwater (1935) etc do not support this hypothesis. The main argument is that the India, Eusebius and Jerome refers here should be Ethiopia or Arabia Felix.[11]
In Armenia
Saint Bartholomew Monastery at the site of the Apostle's martyrdom in historical Armenia, now ruinous
Along with his fellow apostle Jude "Thaddeus", Bartholomew is reputed to have brought Christianity to Armenia in the 1st century. Thus, both saints are considered the patron saints of the Armenian Apostolic Church.[citation needed]
One tradition has it that Apostle Bartholomew was executed in Albanopolis in Armenia. According to popular hagiography, the apostle was flayed alive and beheaded. According to other accounts he was crucified upside down (head downward) like St. Peter. He is said to have been martyred for having converted Polymius, the king of Armenia, to Christianity. Enraged by the monarch's conversion, and fearing a Roman backlash, King Polymius's brother, Prince Astyages, ordered Bartholomew's torture and execution, which Bartholomew endured. However, there are no records of any Armenian king of the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia with the name "Polymius". Current scholarship indicates that Bartholomew is more likely to have died in Kalyan in India, where there was an official named "Polymius".[12][13]
The 13th-century Saint Bartholomew Monastery was a prominent Armenian monastery constructed at the site of the martyrdom of Apostle Bartholomew in Vaspurakan, Greater Armenia (now in southeastern Turkey).[14]
Relics
Altar of San Bartolomeo Basilica in Benevento, containing the relics of Bartholomew
The 6th-century writer in Constantinople, Theodorus Lector, averred that in about 507, the Byzantine emperor Anastasius I Dicorus gave the body of Bartholomew to the city of Daras, in Mesopotamia, which he had recently refounded.[15] The existence of relics at Lipari, a small island off the coast of Sicily, in the part of Italy controlled from Constantinople, was explained by Gregory of Tours[16] by his body having miraculously washed up there: a large piece of his skin and many bones that were kept in the Cathedral of St Bartholomew the Apostle, Lipari, were translated to Benevento in 838, where they are still kept now in the Basilica San Bartolomeo. A portion of the relics was given in 983 by Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor, to Rome, where it is conserved at San Bartolomeo all'Isola, which was founded on the temple of Asclepius, an important Roman medical centre. This association with medicine in course of time caused Bartholomew's name to become associated with medicine and hospitals.[17] Some of Bartholomew's alleged skull was transferred to the Frankfurt Cathedral, while an arm was venerated in Canterbury Cathedral.[citation needed]
Miracles
The Martyrdom of Saint Bartholomew by Jusepe de Ribera (1634)
Of the many miracles claimed to have been performed by Bartholomew before and after his death, two are known by the townsfolk of the small Italian island of Lipari.
The people of Lipari celebrated his feast day annually. The tradition of the people was to take the solid silver and gold statue from inside the Cathedral of St Bartholomew and carry it through the town. On one occasion, when taking the statue down the hill towards the town, it suddenly became very heavy and had to be set down. When the men carrying the statue regained their strength, they lifted it a second time. After another few seconds, it got even heavier. They set it down and attempted once more to pick it up. They managed to lift it but had to put it down one last time. Within seconds, walls further downhill collapsed. If the statue had been able to be lifted, all the townspeople would have been killed.[4]
During World War II, the fascist regime looked for ways to finance their activities. The order was given to take the silver statue of Saint Bartholomew and melt it down. The statue was weighed, and it was found to be only a few grams. It was returned to its place in the Cathedral of Lipari. In reality, the statue is made from many kilograms of silver and it is considered a miracle that it was not melted down.[18]
Saint Bartholomew is credited with many other miracles having to do with the weight of objects.[citation needed]
Art and literature
The appearance of the saint is described in detail in the Golden Legend: "His hair is black and crisped, his skin fair, his eyes wide, his nose even and straight, his beard thick and with few grey hairs; he is of medium stature..."[19] Christian tradition has three stories about Bartholomew's death: "One speaks of his being kidnapped, beaten unconscious, and cast into the sea to drown. Another account states that he was crucified upside down, and another says that he was skinned alive and beheaded in Albac or Albanopolis", near Başkale, Turkey.[20]
St Bartholomew Manuscript Leaf with the Martyrdom of Saint Bartholomew, from a ‘Laudario’, by Pacino di Bonaguida c.1340 Florence
St Bartholomew is the most prominent flayed Christian martyr.[21] During the 16th century, images of the flaying of Bartholomew were so popular that it came to signify the saint in works of art.[22] Consequently, Saint Bartholomew is most often represented being skinned alive.[23] Symbols associated with the saint include knives (alluding to the knife used to skin the saint alive) and his skin, which Bartholomew holds or drapes around his body.[22] Similarly, the ancient herald of Bartholomew is known by "flaying knives with silver blades and gold handles, on a red field."[24] As in Michelangelo’s Last Judgement, the saint is often depicted with both the knife and his skin.[23] Representations of Bartholomew with a chained demon are common in Spanish painting.[22]
Saint Bartholomew is often depicted in lavish medieval manuscripts.[25] Manuscripts, which are literally made from flayed and manipulated skin, hold a strong visual and cognitive association with the saint during the medieval period and can also be seen as depicting book production.[25] Florentine artist Pacino di Bonaguida, depicts his martyrdom in a complex and striking composition in his Laudario of Sant’Agnese, a book of Italian Hymns produced for the Compagnia di Sant’Agnese c. 1340.[21] In the five scene, narrative based image three torturers flay Bartholomew's legs and arms as he is immobilised and chained to a gate. On the right, the saint wears his own flesh tied around his neck while he kneels in prayer before a rock, his severed head fallen to the ground. Another example includes the Flaying of St. Bartholomew in the Luttrell Psalter c.1325–1340. Bartholomew is depicted on a surgical table, surrounded by tormentors while he is flayed with golden knives.[26]
Martyrdoms of St. Francis, St. Claire, St. Bartholomew, and St. Catherine of Alexandria
Reliquary shutters with the Martyrdoms of St. Francis, St. Claire, St. Bartholomew, and St. Catherine of Alexandria by Guido da Siena
Due to the nature of his martyrdom, Bartholomew is the patron saint of tanners, plasterers, tailors, leatherworkers, bookbinders, farmers, housepainters, butchers, and glove makers.[22] In works of art the saint has been depicted being skinned by tanners, as in Guido da Siena's reliquary shutters with the Martyrdoms of St. Francis, St. Claire, St. Bartholomew, and St. Catherine of Alexandria.[27] Popular in Florence and other areas in Tuscany, the saint also came to be associated with salt, oil, and cheese merchants.[28]
Although Bartholomew's death is commonly depicted in artworks of a religious nature, his story has also been used to represent anatomical depictions of the human body devoid of flesh. An example of this can be seen in Marco d'Agrate's St Bartholomew Flayed (1562) where Bartholomew is depicted wrapped in his own skin with every muscle, vein and tendon clearly visible, acting as a clear description of the muscles and structure of the human body.[29]
The Martyrdom of Saint Bartholomew (1634) by Jusepe de Ribera depicts Bartholomew's final moments before being flayed alive. The viewer is meant to empathize with Bartholomew, whose body seemingly bursts through the surface of the canvas, and whose outstretched arms embrace a mystical light that illuminates his flesh. His piercing eyes, open mouth, and petitioning left hand bespeak an intense communion with the divine; yet this same hand draws our attention to the instruments of his torture, symbolically positioned in the shape of a cross. Transfixed by Bartholomew's active faith, the executioner seems to have stopped short in his actions, and his furrowed brow and partially illuminated face suggest a moment of doubt, with the possibility of conversion.[30] The representation of Bartholomew's demise in the National Gallery painting differs significantly from all other depictions by Ribera. By limiting the number of participants to the main protagonists of the story—the saint, his executioner, one of the priests who condemned him, and one of the soldiers who captured him—and presenting them halflength and filling the picture space, the artist rejected an active, movemented composition for one of intense psychological drama. The cusping along all four edges shows that the painting has not been cut down: Ribera intended the composition to be just such a tight, restricted presentation, with the figures cut off and pressed together.[31]
The idea of using the story of Bartholomew being skinned alive to create an artwork depicting an anatomical study of a human is still common amongst contemporary artists with Gunther Von Hagens's The Skin Man (2002) and Damien Hirst's Exquisite Pain (2006). Within Gunther Von Hagens's body of work called Body Worlds a figure reminiscent of Bartholomew holds up his skin. This figure is depicted in actual human tissues (made possible by Hagens's plastination process) to educate the public about the inner workings of the human body and to show the effects of healthy and unhealthy lifestyles.[32] In Exquisite Pain 2006, Damien Hirst depicts St Bartholomew with a high level of anatomical detail with his flayed skin draped over his right arm, a scalpel in one hand and a pair of scissors in the other. The inclusion of scissors was inspired by Tim Burton's film Edward Scissorhands (1990).[33]
Bartholomew plays a part in Francis Bacon's Utopian tale New Atlantis, about a mythical isolated land, Bensalem, populated by a people dedicated to reason and natural philosophy. Some twenty years after the ascension of Christ the people of Bensalem found an ark floating off their shore. The ark contained a letter as well as the books of the Old and New Testaments. The letter was from Bartholomew the Apostle and declared that an angel told him to set the ark and its contents afloat. Thus the scientists of Bensalem received the revelation of the Word of God.[34]
Saint Bartholomew displaying his flayed skin in Michelangelo's The Last Judgment.
St Bartholomew Flayed, by Marco d'Agrate, 1562 (Duomo di Milano)
Statue of Bartholomew at the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran by Pierre Le Gros the Younger.
Shield showing three flaying knives, symbol of St. Bartholomew, at the Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania)
The Martyrdom of St. Bartolomew or the Double Martydom Aris Kalaizis, 2015
Culture
The festival in August has been a traditional occasion for markets and fairs, such as the Bartholomew Fair which was held in Smithfield, London, from the Middle Ages,[35] and which served as the scene for Ben Jonson's 1614 homonymous comedy.[citation needed]
St Bartholomew's Street Fair is held in Crewkerne, Somerset, annually at the start of September.[36] The fair dates back to Saxon times and the major traders' market was recorded in the Domesday Book. St Bartholomew's Street Fair, Crewkerne is reputed to have been granted its charter in the time of Henry III (1207–1272). The earliest surviving court record was made in 1280, which can be found in the British Library.[citation needed]
In Islam
The Qur’anic account of the disciples of Jesus does not include their names, numbers, or any detailed accounts of their lives. Muslim exegesis, however, more or less agrees with the New Testament list and holds that the disciples included Peter, Philip, Thomas, Bartholomew, Matthew, Andrew, James, Jude, John and Simon the Zealot.
St. Massa Candida
Feastday: August 24
Death: 260
A group of martyrs who suffered in Utica, in northern Africa. The name, translated as "the White Mass," was believed to denote the fact that these martyrs were thrown into a lime pit, and their remains became one great white mass. Now it is believed that Massa Candida was an actual site near Utica in modem North Africa. Some 153 martyrs suffered there under Emperors Valerian and Gallienus.
The Massa Candida were 300 early Christian martyrs from Utica who chose death rather than offering incense to Roman Gods, in approximately 253-60 AD.[1] They were put to death by Galerius Maximus, the governor of the province of Africa. The title "Massa Candida" or "White Mass or Lump" refers to their manner of death. The Catholic Encyclopedia reports that they were hurled into a pit of burning lime and thus reduced to a mass of white powder. They are commemorated on August 24.
St. Aurea
Feastday: August 24
Patron: of Ostia, Italy
Death: 270
Martyr, probably at Ostia, in Italy. No reliable details survive of her death, but her shrine at Ostia attests to her martyrdom.
Saint Aurea of Ostia (or Aura; in Greek, Chryse; both names mean “golden girl”) is venerated as the patron saint of Ostia.[3] According to one scholar, “[a]lthough the acta of Saint Aurea are pious fiction, she was a genuine martyr with a very early cultus at Ostia.”[1]
According to tradition, she was martyred sometime during the mid-third century, either during the reign of Roman Emperor Claudius Gothicus or Trebonianus Gallus.[3] Said to have been of royal or noble blood,[3] Aurea was exiled from Rome to Ostia because she was a Christian.[3] In Ostia, she lived on an estate outside of the city walls and maintained contact with local Christians, including the bishop of Ostia, Cyriacus (Quiriacus).[3]
Miracles associated with Aurea while she was in Ostia relate how a Christian prisoner named Censorinus had his chains miraculously loosened after he had been comforted by Aurea.[3] Seventeen soldiers[4] converted to Christianity as a result of this miracle, and were later beheaded near Ostia's Arch of Caracalla.[3] Another legend states that Aurea and her friends also brought back to life the dead son of a shoemaker.[3] Ulpius Romulus executed Aurea’s friends and tortured Aurea. When she refused to sacrifice to the Roman gods, she was thrown into the sea with a stone tied around her neck.[3]
Veneration
According to tradition, Aurea was buried on her estate in Ostia.[3] The church of Santa Aurea grew around her tomb. The church was rebuilt in the 15th century. A fragment of a Christian inscription that refers to Aurea was rediscovered near Santa Aurea in 1981 and later relocated to the castle of Ostia.[3] It reads: CHRYSE HIC DORM[IT] ("Chryse sleeps here"). "It may be her original funerary inscription," one scholar states, "but it may also have been added later to the tomb."[3] A marble column from perhaps the 5th century[3] was discovered in 1950 near the same church. It reads S.AVR.
Saint Emily de Vialar
Also known as
• Anne Marguerite Adelaide Emily de Vialar
• Emilie de Vialar
• Emilie de Vialard
Profile
Born to an aristocratic family, the eldest of three children, and only daughter of Baron James Augustine and Antoinette de Vialar. Because of the anti-Church sentiment of the years following the French Revolution, Emily was baptized in secret, and was taught religion at home by her mother. Sent at age 7 to Paris, France for her education. Her mother died when Emily was 15, and the girl returned home. She managed her father's house until she was 35 years old, privately devoting herself to a life of celibacy and prayer, and occasionally arguing with her father over her desire to enter religious life.
Upon receiving a large inheritance from her grandfather, Emily and three other women founded the Sisters of Saint Joseph of the Apparition on Christmas Day in 1832; the Apparition refers to the appearance of Gabriel to Joseph, telling him to flee to Egypt. In 1835, Emily and several of the Sisters arrived in Algeria to help the sick during a cholera epidemic, and begin her dream of missionary work. Beginning in 1840 she tried to obtain papal approval of the Sisters, but secular politics between France and Algeria, and Church politics involving Bishop Dupuch of Alger prevented the recognition until 31 March 1862, several years after Emilie's death.
During the next few years Emily established 14 new houses, travelled extensively, and sent missionaries anywhere that would accept them. This put a heavy strain on her inheritence, which had been mismanaged by her financial advisor. By 1851 she was bankrupt. Because of the money trouble, the reputation of Emily and of the Sisters suffered, and they were so poor that they sometimes ate in soup kitchens run by other Congregations. Emily finally moved them all, establishing the mother-house of the Sisters in Marseilles, France where, with the help of the bishop, Saint Eugene de Mazenod, she began to build up her congregation again. In the years until her death, she established 40 houses in Europe, Africa, and Asia, and the Sisters continue their good work all over the world today.
Born
12 September 1797 at Gaillace, Albi, southern France as Anne Marguerite Adelaide Emily de Vialar
Died
24 August 1856 at Marseilles, Bouches-du-Rhône, France of natural causes
Canonized
24 June 1951 by Pope Pius XII
Saint María Micaela of the Blessed Sacrament
Also known as
• Micaela Desmaisières López de Dicastillo
• Maria Micaela Desmaisieres
• Maria Michela Desmaisières of the Blessed Sacrament
• María de la Soledad, Micaela, Agustina, Antonia, Bibiana, Desmaissières y López de Dicastillo, Vizcondesa de Jorbalán
Profile
The daughter of Miguel Desmaisières y Flores, a high-ranking officer in the Spanish army, and Bernarda López de Dicastillo y Olmeda, a lady-in-waiting to Queen Maria Luisa de Parma of Spain; her mother was known for her charity to the sick and poor. Her mother died when Micaela was a young girl; her brother Diego was a Spanish ambassador, she often travelled with him, and thus she grew up in the circles of the Spanish and French nobility, the courts of the kings of Spain, France and Belgium. She was educated by Uruslines, and served as catechist to younger children. She received the title of Viscountess of Jorbalán. But even in the whirl of worldly life, she felt a pull to religious life, refused all the many offers of marriage, and spent much time in Eucharistic Adoration.
On 6 February 1844 she had experience that help her choose her final vocation. At the Saint John of God Hospital in Madrid, Spain, she met a girl, the daughter of a banker, who had been briefly drawn into prostitution; she had became an outcast and faced a life of poverty. Micaela used her social connections to get the funds to establish a home for women of any station in life who had fallen into prostitution as their only way to survive. More than just a shelter, the women received religious and secular educations. There were so many in need of help that Micaela was soon overwhelmed, and on 1 March 1856 officially founded the an order of sisters, the Handmaids of the Blessed Sacrament and of Charity, to work with the women. Saint Anthony Mary Claret became her confessor in 1857. The Handmaids were approved by Pope Pius IX in 1860. Micaela served as their leader until she contracted a fatal bout of cholera while caring for sick women, including many of her Handmaid sisters.
Born
1 January 1809 in Madrid, Spain
Died
24 August 1865 in Valencia, Spain of cholera
Canonized
4 March 1934 by Pope Pius XI
Saint Jane Antide Thouret
Also known as
• Joan Antide Thouret
• Jeanne Antide Thouret
Profile
Daughter of a tanner. Her mother died when Jane was 16 years old, leaving the girl to manage the family and help her father raise her younger siblings. Joined the Sisters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul in 1787 at Paris, France, and worked in various hospitals over the next five years. During the suppression of religious orders in the French Revolution, she was ordered to return home to a secular life. Jane refused, and tried to escape the authorities; she was beaten so badly that it took months to recover.
She finally returned on foot to Sancey-de-Long where she cared for the sick, and opened a small school for girls. In the late 1790's the government repression forced her to flee to Switzerland. There she teamed up with other exiled religious and clergy to minister to the sick. However, due to anti-Catholic prejudice in the area, the group was forced to move on to Germany.
Jane later returned to Landeron, Switzerland where she met with her order's Vicar-General of Besançon. He asked her to found a school and hospital for her Order, and in 1799 the school opened in Besançon, France. The congregation Jane founded to run these institutions was the Institute of the Daughters of Saint Vincent de Paul. The group soon began to expand, to operate other schools and hospitals in France, Switzerland, and Italy, and moved into prison ministry. The Institute received papal approval in 1819.
Born
27 November 1765 at Sancy-le-Long, diocese of Besançon, France
Died
24 August 1826 at Naples, Italy of natural causes
Canonized
14 January 1934 by Pope Pius XI
Blessed Veronica Antal
Profile
The eldest of four children in her family, Veronica was taught Christianity by her pious grandmother. When she was old enough, the girl would walk five miles each day to Halaucesti, Romania for daily Mass at the closest church to her home. Veronica was drawn to religious life, but all religious orders had been outlawed by the Communist government, so she joined the lay Franciscan at age 17. She helped care for the local sick and poor, taught catechism to children, and prayed in a cell she constructed in her parent’s house. On the evening of 24 August 1958, Veronica stayed after Mass to clean up the church, then began praying the rosary as she walked home. On the road she was attacked by a neighbor who demanded sex, and when she refused, stabbed her to death. Considered a Martyr of Chastity.
Born
7 December 1935 in Nisiporesti, Botesti, Neamt, Romania
Died
stabbed 42 times and left to bleed out on the evening of 24 August 1958 in a cornfield near Halaucesti, Iasi, Romania
Beatified
• 22 September 2018 by Pope Francis
• beatification celebrated at the Church of Adormirea Maicii Domnului, Nisiporesti, Romania, presided by Cardinal Giovanni Angelo Becciu
• Franciscan Father Anton Demeter had hidden materials about her life and death, and was only able to start the beatification process after the end of Communist rule in 1989
• first Romanian woman to be beatified
• first Romanian lay person formally honoured as a martyr from the period of Communist rule
Saint Ouen of Rouen
Also known as
Aldwin, Audaenus, Audeon, Audoeno, Audoen, Audoenus, Audoin, Dado, Dadon, Owen
Profile
Son of Aiga Saint Authaire of La-Ferté. Acquainted with Saint Columbanus, Saint Faro of Meaux, and Saint Aile. Educated at Saint Medard abbey. Served in the courts of King Clotaire II, King Dagobert I, and King Clovis II. Chancellor to Dagobert and Clovis. Friend of Saint Wandrille, Saint Romanus of Rouen, Saint Didier, and Saint Sulpicius Pius; teacher of Saint Philibert of Jumièges. Though a layman, he founded a monastery at Rebaisin the forest of Brie in 636 on land donated by Dagobert; he wanted to retire to it, but Dagobert would not relieve him on his responsibilities. Priest. Archbishop of Rouen, France in 641. Convoked the Synod of Chalons in 644 to fight against simony, a battle he had started as a layman. Friend, confrere, and biographer of Saint Eligius. Advisor to Queen Saint Bathild. Brokered a peace between Neustria and Austrasia for King Thierry III. Known for his personal austerities and support of many charities, he founded several monasteries in his diocese, and sent missionaries to the pagans in his see.
Born
c.605 at Sancy, Soissons, France
Died
• 24 August 684 at Clichy, France of natural causes
• buried at Saint Ouen's cathedral, Rouen, France
• relics reported to heal deafness
Patronage
• against deafness
• deaf people
Blessed Luis Almécija Lázaro
Profile
Born to a pious farming family, Luis was baptized at the age of three days; his sister became a Poor Clare prioress, and two nephews were priests. Luis studied in seminaries in Almería and Granada, Spain, and was ordained a priest in the archdiocese of Granada on 18 May 1906. He served as a parish priest in several locations, and in 1911 was assigned to Alicún, Spain where there were only the ruins of a church and he had to start the parish from scratch. In 1913 he was sent to Huécija, Spain where he became a much-loved pastor for many years.
On 19 August 1936, he was seized by anti–Catholic forces in the Spanish Civil War, and imprisoned in Alhama de Almería. His family paid a bribe to get him released, but Father Luis was seized again and imprisoned in Huécija. The guards offered to release him if he would spit on the cross that he carried; in response, he kissed the cross. Martyr.
Born
23 April 1883 in Illar, Almería, Spain
Died
24 August 1936 in Puente de los Calvos, Ráglos, Almería, Spain
Beatified
• 25 March 2017 by Pope Francis
• beatification celebrated in the Palacio de Exposiciones y Congresos de Aguadulce, Almería, Spain, presided by Cardinal Angelo Amato
Blessed Miroslav Bulesic
Profile
Studied at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, Italy, but recalled to Croatia at the start of World War II. Priest in the diocese of Porec i Pula, Croatia, ordained in April 1943. Assigned to Baderna, the scene of armed conflict between Communist and Fascist forces. Parish priest in Kanfanar in 1945. Secretary of the local priests's association. Outspoken opponent of the abuses of local people by Communist forces. Martyr.
Born
13 May 1920 in Cabrunici, Svetvincenat, Istarska, Croatia
Died
stabbed in the neck on 24 August 1947 in Lanisce, Istarska, Croatia by a group of Communist sympathizers
Beatified
• 28 September 2013 by Pope Francis
• beatification recognition celebrated by Cardinal Angelo Amato
Blessed Maksymilian Binkiewicz
Also known as
Maximilian
Additional Memorial
12 June as one of the 108 Martyrs of World War II
Profile
Maksymilian studied at the seminary in Czestochowa, Krakow, Poland, and then at the Jagiellonian University. He was ordained a priest in the archdiocese of Czestochowa in 1931. Prefect of a diocesan school in Wielun. Known as extremely intelligent, pious and comfortable in social situations. Arrested on 6 October 1941 and deported from occupied Poland to the Dachau concentration camp where he was imprisoned and tortured to death for his faith.
Born
21 February 1908 in Zarnowiec, Slaskie, Poland
Died
died from torture on 24 June 1942 in the prison camp at Dachau, Oberbayern, Germany
Beatified
13 June 1999 by Pope John Paul II
Saint Eutychius of Troas
Profile
Spiritual student of Saint Paul the Apostle. May have been the young man raised from the dead by Paul at Troas in Acts 20. Worked with Saint John the Evangelist on Patmos. Imprisoned and tortured for his faith, but he avoided martyrdom.
Born
1st century Phrygia
Blessed Lorenzo Lizasoáin Lizaso
Also known as
• Jorge Luis
• Aniceto Lizasoáin Lizaso
• Aniceto María Miguel
Profile
The son of Miguel Ángel Lizasoain and Francisca Lizaso; he was baptized at the age of one day, and grew up speaking the Basque language. He was known as a good student, a great team mate in sports, and for an early call to religious life. He had some trouble in seminary as Spanish was his second language, and difficult for him. He joined the Redemptorists on 15 October 1895, making his profession on 15 October 1896, and taking the name Aniceto María Miguel. Martyred in the Spanish Civil War.
Born
8pm on 4 September 1886 at 17 Calle de San Juan, Irañeta, Navarra, Spain
Died
24 August 1936 in Toledo, Spain
Beatified
13 October 2013 by Pope Francis
Blessed Edward Kazmierski
Additional Memorial
12 June as one of the 108 Martyrs of World War II
Profile
Son of a poor cobbler in the archdiocese of Poznan, Poland. He managed to finish elementary school, but had to leave to work to help the family. A pious boy, he joined the Salesian youth oratory and spent his free time there in Eucharistic adoration, singing in the choir and as a soloist, and writing music. Made the pilgrimage to Czestokowa, walking over 300 miles to the shrine. Martyred in the Nazi persecutions of World War II.
Born
1 October 1919 Poznan, Wielkopolskie, Poland
Died
guillotined on 24 August 1942 in Dresden, Germany
Beatified
13 June 1999 by Pope John Paul II in Warsaw, Poland
Blessed Jarogniew Wojciechowski
Additional Memorial
12 June as one of the 108 Martyrs of World War II
Profile
Young layman in the archdiocese of Poznan, Poland, the son of an alcoholic manager of a cosmetics shop who eventually abandoned the family. Jarogniew found the Saleisan oratory and it became a second home. Played piano. He became a pious young man who thought deeply, worked for a thorough understanding of events, and became a natural leader. Martyred in the Nazi persecutions of World War II.
Born
5 November 1922 Poznan, Wielkopolskie, Poland
Died
guillotined on 24 August 1942 in Dresden, Germany
Beatified
13 June 1999 by Pope John Paul II in Warsaw, Poland
Blessed Franciszek Kesy
Additional Memorial
12 June as one of the 108 Martyrs of World War II
Profile
Young layman in the archdiocese of Poznan, Poland, the son of a carpenter who moved to Poznan for work. Franciszek planned to enter the Salesian novitiate, but the German invasion of Poland in 1939 intervened. He worked in a factory, spent his free time at the Salesian oratory, went to Mass every morning, prayed a rosary every night, helped anyone in any way that he could, and was martyred in the Nazi persecutions.
Born
13 November 1920 in Berlin, Germany
Died
guillotined on 24 August 1942 in Dresden, Germany
Beatified
13 June 1999 by Pope John Paul II in Warsaw, Poland
Blessed Edward Klinik
Additional Memorial
12 June as one of the 108 Martyrs of World War II
Profile
Young layman in the archdiocese of Poznan, Poland; his sister became an Ursuline nun. Educated by Salesians in Oswiecim, Poland. Construction worker. A serious and mature young man, he had a great devotion to Eucharistic adoration and the teachings of Saint John Bosco. Martyred in the Nazi persecutions of World War II.
Born
21 July 1919 in Bochum, Wielkopolskie, Poland
Died
guillotined on 24 August 1942 in Dresden, Germany
Beatified
13 June 1999 by Pope John Paul II in Warsaw, Poland
Blessed Czeslaw Jozwiak
Additional Memorial
12 June as one of the 108 Martyrs of World War II
Profile
Son of a police officer in the archdiocese of Poznan, Poland, Czeslaw was educated by the Salesians. Member of the Salesian youth oratory. When the Nazis invaded Poland in 1939, he was forced to leave school and found work in a cosmetics shop. Martyred in the Nazi persecutions.
Born
7 September 1919 in Lazyn, Kujawsko-Pomorskie, Poland
Died
guillotined on 24 August 1942 in Dresden, Germany
Beatified
13 June 1999 by Pope John Paul II in Warsaw, Poland
Blessed Félix González Tejedor
Profile
Joined the Salesians at Carabanchel Alto, Madrid, Spain, making his vows on 13 September 1907. Priest, ordained in Campello, Spain on 18 July 1915. Arrested with his entire community on 20 July 1936. Released, he immediately resumed his ministry, which led to his re-arrest. Martyred in the Spanish Civil War.
Born
17 April 1888 in Ledesma, Salamanca, Spain
Died
shot on 24 August 1936 in Madrid, Spain
Beatified
28 October 2007 by Pope Benedict XVI
Blessed André Fardeau
Additional Memorial
2 January as one of the Martyrs of Anjou
Profile
Priest of the diocese of Angers, France. Martyred in the persecutions of the French Revolution for refusing to take the oath of allegience to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, which would have put his vocation under government control.
Born
19 November 1761 in Soucelles, Maine-et-Loire, France
Died
beheaded on 24 August 1794 at Angers, Maine-et-Loire, France
Beatified
19 February 1984 by Pope John Paul II at Rome, Italy
Saint George Limniotes
Profile
Hermit at Mount Olympus, Bithynia, Asia Minor. Martyred at age 95 under Leo the Isaurian for opposing the iconoclasts.
Born
c.635
Died
mutilated and burned to death c.730
Saint Irchard
Also known as
• Apostle of the Picts
• Erthad, Merchard, Yarcard, Yrchard
Profile
Seventh century spiritual student of Saint Ternan of Culross. Bishop, consecrated in Rome, Italy by Pope Gregory the Great.
Born
at Kincardineshire, Scotland
Saint Ptolemy of Nepi
Profile
Tradition says he was a spiritual student of Saint Peter the Apostle. Bishop of Nepi, Italy. Spiritual teacher of Saint Romanus of Nepi. Martyr.
Died
martyred in the 1st century in Nepi, Italy
Patronage
Nepi, Italy
Blessed Antonio de Blanes
Profile
Mercedarian who freed 208 Christians who had been enslaved in northern Africa by Muslims.
Died
1415
Saint Sandratus
Also known as
Sandradus
Profile
Monk in Trier, Germany. Sent by Emperor Otto I to restore the monastery of Saint Gall in 972. Abbot of Gladbach Abbey. Abbot of Weissenburg Abbey in 981.
Died
986
Saint Romanus of Nepi
Profile
Spiritual student of Saint Ptolemy of Nepi. Bishop of Nepi, Italy. Martyr.
Died
martyred in the 1st century in Nepi, Italy
Patronage
Nepi, Italy
Saint Taziano of Claudiopolis
Also known as
Tatian, Tatio, Tazione
Profile
Martyr.
Died
Claudiopolis, Asia Minor (in modern Turkey)
Saint Agofridus of Lacroix
Also known as
Agofroi
Profile
Brother of Saint Leofridus. Benedictine monk. Abbot of Lacroix Abbey in Normandy, France in 738.
Saint Patrick the Elder
Profile
Bishop in Ireland.
Died
• c.450 of natural causes
• relics later enshrined at Glastonbury, England
Saint Abban
Profile
No information has survived.
Born
Irish
Saint Abyce
Also known as
Abycia
Profile
Nun in England. Prioress.
Martyred in the Spanish Civil War
Thousands of people were murdered in the anti-Catholic persecutions of the Spanish Civil War from 1934 to 1939. I have pages on each of them, but in most cases I have only found very minimal information. They are available on the CatholicSaints.Info site through these links:
• Félix González Tejedor
• Fortunato Velasco Tobar
• Isidre Torres Balsells
• Rigoberto Aquilino de Anta Barrio
