St. Veranus of Cavaillon
Feastday: October 19
Birth: 513
Death: 590
Image of St. Veranus of CavaillonAs a priest of France, Veranus devoted his energies to serving God and saving and sanctifying souls. In the course of his pastoral labors, he worked several miracles that gave him a widespread reputation for holiness. Fearful of the attention drawn to him, Veranus withdrew to live in solitude in the mountain wilderness of Vaucluse. He subsequently embarked upon a pilgrimage to Rome. While passing through Sardinia on the way back from Rome, he obtained the conversion of an entire town (Albenga) to the Christian faith. After returning to France, he was chosen to become bishop of Cavaillon. In 585, at a Church synod in Macon, he manifested extraordinary zeal in defending the Church's ecclesiastical discipline. There is a legend that Veranus captured and expelled a winged dragon that had been terrorizing the region near his hermitage in Vaucluse. Making the sign of the cross, he commanded the creature "by the living and eternal God" never to harm anyone again. In the Middle Ages, mothers often prayed to Saint Veranus for the health of their small children.
"Saint Véran" redirects here. For the village, see Saint-Véran.
Saint Veranus of Cavaillon (French: Véran, Vrain; Italian: Verano) (died c. 590) was a French saint, with a cultus in Italy. He was born at Vaucluse and was bishop of Cavaillon.
Gregory of Tours writes of miracles performed by Veranus, including the expulsion of a dragon. He is also remembered as a leader in charitable works and as a patron of local monasteries, not only in France but also in Italy, particularly in the city of Albenga, where he was instrumental in the conversion of the people to Christianity.
In the early 11th century some of his relics were transferred from his place of burial to Orléans. In the 13th century most were transferred again, to Cavaillon Cathedral, which is dedicated to him, but some were sent to Albenga Cathedral in Liguria, where they are still preserved in a shrine.
Placenames
The French village of Saint-Véran is named after him.
In Fontaine de Vaucluse there is a church called after the Saint. It was the place of his birth and in the small church there is a tomb reputed to be that of the Saint.
St. Varus
Feastday: October 19
Death: 307
Soldier and martyr. According to his generally reliable and authentic Acts, he was a soldier stationed in Upper Egypt who had the task of guarding a group of monks awaiting execution. When one of the monks died while incarcerated, Varus embraced the Christian faith and asked to be able to fill the place of the deceased. He was taken and hanged from a tree.
St. Theofrid (Chaffre) of Orange
Feastday: October 19
Death: 732
Theofrid, of Orange, France, became abbot of the monastery of Calmeliac, near Le Puy. When in 732 Moorish invaders advancing across southern France drew near Calmeliac, Theofrid instructed the other monks to flee into the forest and hide there. As for himself, he resolved to remain near the monastery, having explained, "It is not fitting that in a time of persecution the shepherd should flee." Two of the other monks insisted upon remaining with him. After raiding the monastery and finding it deserted, the Moors discovered Theofrid nearby, prostrate in prayer. They thereupon dragged him away and beat him. Theofrid told his attackers, "It is fitting to suffer for the sheep, and by our death save them." In the end, one of the Moors gravely wounded Theofrid in the head with a stone. But scarcely had the abbot fallen to the ground when the earth quaked and "a very dark storm cloud" overshadowed the scene, unleashing a barrage of lightning, hail, and a tornado that dispelled the attackers. The other monks returned to find Theofrid still alive, but close to death. He died seven days later.
Another St. Theofrid (or Théofroy) was a 7th-century monk at Luxeuil who became abbot of Corbie and a bishop.
Saint Theofrid (Chaffre, Theofredus, Theofred, Théofroy) of Orange (or of Carmery) (d. 728 or 732 AD) was an abbot of Calmeliac or Carmery-en-Velay (later called Saint-Chaffre, and today Le Monastier-sur-Gazeille[1]), which is situated near Le Puy-en-Velay and was founded by Saint Calminius.
A native of Orange, he is venerated as a martyr, as Christian tradition holds that he was killed by Muslim raiders who had crossed into southern France.[2]
Tradition states that the circumstances of his death are as follows: when the raiders neared Calmeliac, Theofrid ordered the other monks to hide in the forest.[2] He remained near the monastery and was found in prayer, and was dragged away and mortally wounded in the head with a stone.[3]
Abbey Church of Saint-Chaffre, Le Monastier-sur-Gazeille.
The legend further states that after Theofrid fell to the group, the earth shook and a dark storm cloud unleashed lightning, hail, and winds that dispersed the raiders.[2] Theofrid died seven days later.[2]
Veneration
His cult spread in Southern France during the 11th century.[1] In Piedmont, his cult was confused with that of the legendary member of the Theban Legion, Chiaffredo (Theofredus, Teofredo)
St. Philip Howard
Feastday: October 19
Birth: 1557
Death: 1595
One of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales. Philip was the earl of Arundel and Surrey and, although a Catholic, led a religiously apathetic life until his personal conversion, after which he was a zealous Catholic in the midst of Elizabethan England. Arrested by authorities, he was placed in the Tower of London in 1585 and condemned to death in 1589. The sentence was never carried out, and Philip languished in the Tower until his death at the age of thirty eight. Beatified in 1929, he was included among the English martyrs canonized in 1970 by Pope Paul VI.
Philip Howard, 13th Earl of Arundel
From a page move: This is a redirect from a page that has been moved (renamed) or is the result of a page move. One reason this page was kept as a redirect is to avoid breaking links, both internal and external, that may have been made to the old page name. Any redirect with a page move logged on its history page should be tagged with this rcat template
St. Laura
புனித_லாரா (ஒன்பதாம் நூற்றாண்டு)
அக்டோபர் 19
இவர் ஸ்பெயின் நாட்டில் உள்ள கோர்டோபா (Cordoba) என்ற இடத்தில் பிறந்தவர்.
இவர் திருமணம் முடித்து தன் கணவரோடு மகிழ்ச்சியாக நேரத்தில், இவருடைய கணவர் திடீரென இறந்துபோனார். இதனால் இவர் கியூட்கிளாரா என்ற இடத்தில் இருந்த ஒரு துறவு மடத்தில் சேர்ந்து துறவியானார்.
ஒருசில ஆண்டுகளிலேயே இவர் துறவு மடத்தின் தலைவியாகவும் உயர்ந்தார். அந்தளவுக்கு இவருடைய வாழ்க்கை பலருக்கும் எடுத்துக்காட்டாக இருந்தது.
கி.பி.864 ஆம் ஆண்டு மூர் இனத்தவர் இவர் இருந்த பகுதியின்மீது படையெடுத்து வந்து இவரைக் கைது செய்துப் பலவாறாக இவரைச் சித்திரவதைப்படுத்தினர். அந்நிலையிலும் இவர் தனது நம்பிக்கையில் மிக உறுதியாக இருந்தார். இதனால் வதைப்போர் இவரை எரித்துக் கொன்றனர்.
Feastday: October 19
Death: 864
St. Laura died in 864 a martyr. Born in Cordova, Spain, she became a nun at Cuteclara after she was widowed, and was scalded to death by her Moorish captors. Feast Day Oct. 19.
Saint Laura of Cordoba (Spanish: Santa Laura de Córdoba; died 864) was a Spanish Christian who lived in Muslim Spain during the 9th century. She was born in Córdoba, and became a nun at Cuteclara after her husband died, eventually rising to become an abbess. She was martyred by Muslims, who took her captive and scalded her to death by placing her in a vat of boiling pitch.[1] Her feast day is on 19 October; she is one of the Martyrs of Córdoba.
She is commemorated by the Estadio Santa Laura ("Saint Laura Stadium") in Santiago, Chile and the Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works in northern Chile.
Thomas Love Peacock wrote a ballad about Saint Laura in his work Gryll Grange
St. John of Rila
Feastday: October 19
Birth: 876
Death: 946
John of Rila One of the first Bulgarian monastics, St. John of Rila was born c. 876/880 near Kjustendil. As a young man, he entered a monastery and eventually became a hermit in the mountains north of Sofia. As his disciples gathered around him, the monastery at Rila was established and flourished. John believed that monks should live in harmony and should include manual labor among their spiritual works. His rule is his only surviving work. He is said to have refused to receive Tsar Peter, co-ruler of Bulgaria and a supporter of monasticism, because monks should have no contact with the princes of the world. After John's death in 946, his body was translated to Sofia and eventually returned to Rila.
Saint John of Rila,[4][5] a.k.a. Ivan of Rila (Bulgarian: Свети преподобни Йоан Рилски Чудотворец,[6][7] Svеti prеpodobni Yoan Rilski Chudotvorеts; English: Saint (monk) John of Rila the Wondermaker[8]) (876 – c. 946) was the first Bulgarian hermit. He was revered as a saint while he was still alive. The legend surrounding him tells of wild animals that freely came up to him and birds that landed in his hands. His followers founded many churches in his honor, including the famous Rila Monastery. One of these churches, Saint John of Rila was only discovered in 2008 in the town of Veliko Tarnovo. Today, he is honored as the patron saint of the Bulgarians and as one of the most important saints in the Bulgarian Orthodox Church.
Life
Saint John of Rila was born app. 876 a.c. in Skrino, at the foot of the Osogovo mountain (close to the modern city of Dupnitsa). He was a contemporary of the reign of emperor and saint Boris I, his sons Vladimir (Rassate) and tsar Simeon I The Great, and the son of the latter - Saint tsar Peter I.
Originally a herder, at the age of 25, Saint John of Rila became a priest in the "St. Dimitrii" monastery located under peak Ruen. After accepting the life of a monk, he left the monastery in order to continue his life in solitude and prayer. Saint John of Rila lived in isolation in various locations before going to the Rila Mountains. There he spent the rest of his life in prayer and deprived himself of an everyday life by settling in the uncomfortable conditions of the caves in the Rila mountains.
According to legend, Saint John of Rila was known to have performed a multitude of miracles in order to help the people. These miracles brought him undesired fame as he tried to live the life of a hermit and avoid contact with others. With his growing number of followers, many young believers and supporters set up camps around his cave, seeking a blessing from him. This led the way to the creation of the Rila Monastery, which is considered to be the foremost monastery in Bulgaria.
Word of the miracles he performed reached the capital of the Bulgarian Empire - Great Preslav. Tsar Peter I (son of tsar Simeon I) took a 450 km trip to the Rila Mountains in order to meet St. John and seek spiritual advice. Their meeting is described in detail in one of the hagiologies of St. John of Rila as well as in the Testament of St. John of Rila itself. After a long and exhausting trip, tsar Peter I reached the place where St. John of Rila lived, however, upon arrival, the tsar then realized that the dwelling of the saint was inaccessible, probably due to the rough local terrain. As the medieval hagiologies point out, St. John of Rila refused to meet the tsar in person to avoid the temptation of vanity and pride due to the extraordinary visit. As such, the two men only bowed to each other from a distance. The emperor sent a soldier to deliver the gifts that were brought for the saint. St. John of Rila kept only the a small portion of food and returned all of the gold and precious gifts, advising the tsar that monarchs need gold in order to protect the country and help the poor.
Shortly before his death (August 18, 946) St. John of Rila wrote his Testament (Zavet).[9] A literary work and a moral message to his successors and to Bulgarian people.
As the patron saint of the Bulgarian people, his dormition is commemorated each year on August 18 and October 19.
Saint John of Rila - fresco from the church in Rila monastery, Bulgaria.
Shortly after the saint's death, his remains, which were thought to have wonder-working powers, were transferred to Sofia during the reign of Peter I.
After Hungarian King Béla III conquered Sofia in 1183, the remains were sent to the Hungarian capital Esztergom and remained there for four years before being returned to Sofia in 1187.
In 1194, Bulgarian Tsar Ivan Asen I ordered the remains to be moved to his capital, Veliko Tarnovo. Surviving the Turkish conquest of the city in 1393, they were returned to the Rila Monastery in 1469 at the behest of Sultana Mara Branković, the widow of the late Murad II.
St. John of Rila is considered the patron saint of Bulgaria and Bulgarian people, and he is venerated widely both in his native country as well as among the Bulgarian diaspora abroad. He is traditionally regarded as the founder of the Rila Monastery, a UNESCO World Heritage Site regarded as one of Bulgaria's most important cultural, historical and architectural monuments. One of Chicago's two Bulgarian Orthodox churches St. John of Rila Church is dedicated to him, located in the Portage Park community area.
As the patron saint of the Bulgarian people, his dormition is commemorated each year on August 18 and October 19. One of Saint John of Rila's miracles is "the fable of two pies" where he helped feed the poor when he visited bearing "two pies" which were given to him by the village pie maker. This led to Saint John becoming the Patron Saint of Pies and Pie Makers and it is said that "two pies John" will always provide for makers of pies as thanks to the poor pie maker who gave his last two pies to the Saint. This day is still celebrated in Northern America on National Pie Day which is the 23rd of January, where its tradition to bring "two pies" to the parties.
Ioannovsky Convent, the largest convent in St. Petersburg, commemorates this saint. St. Ivan Rilski Col on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after John of Rila. The St. John of Rila Chapel built in 2003 at St. Kliment Ohridski Base on Livingston Island is the first Eastern Orthodox edifice in Antarctica and the southernmost Eastern Orthodox building of worship in the world.
An icon of John of Rila is depicted on the reverse of the Bulgarian 1 lev coin issued in 2002,[10] and on the obverse of the former 1 lev banknote, issued in 1999
St. John de Brebeuf & Companions
Feastday: October 19
Patron: of Canada
Death: 1649
Jesuit martyrs of North America. John was born in Conde-surVire, in Normandy, France, on March 25, 1593 . Joining the Society of Jesus, he was ordained in 1622. Three years later he volunteered for the missions in Quebec. Canada. For the next quarter of a century. with a brief interruption, he labored among the Huron Indians. His labors were placed in jeopardy because of Huguenot renegades and a smallpox epidemic that decimated entire Indian villages. John left for a brief time when the English captured Quebec, but returned to the Hurons again. In 1649 he was captured by the Iroquois, who were enemies of the Huron. John and his companions were cruelly slain on March 16 at Sault Ste. Marie near Georgian Bay. His companions were: Isaac Jogues. Anthony Daniel. Gabriel Lalement, Charles Gamier, Noel Chabanel, John Lalande, and Rene Goupil -- all Jesuits. John de Brebeuf converted seven thousand Indians and composed a dictionary and catechism in the Huron language. He was canonized in 1930.
St. Jean de Brebeuf
Feastday: October 19
Patron: of Canada
Birth: 1593
Death: 1649
St. Jean de Brebeuf, 1593 - 1649, was a french born Jesuit missionary and martyr of New France who arrived in America in 1625 to evangelise Native Americans. He lived among the Huron for over 15 years under difficult and challenging circumstances. In 1648 the Iroquois launched a war of extermination against the Huron, their traditional enemies. Refusing to flee when their Huron villlage was attacked, Brebeuf and his assistant, Gabriel Lalemant, were captured the following year and tortured to death by the Iroquois. Brebeuf was canonised in 1930 with seven other missionaries who are collectively called the North American martyrs. He is the patron saint of Canada. His feast day is October 19th.
Jean de Brébeuf (French: [ʒɑ̃ də bʁe.bœf]) (25 March 1593 – 16 March 1649) was a French Jesuit missionary who travelled to New France (Canada) in 1625. There he worked primarily with the Huron (Wyandot people) for the rest of his life, except for a few years in France from 1629 to 1633. He learned their language and culture, writing extensively about each to aid other missionaries.[1]
In 1649, Brébeuf and another missionary were captured when an Iroquois raid took over a Huron village (referred to in French as St. Louis). Together with Huron captives, the missionaries were ritually tortured and killed on 16 March 1649. Brébeuf was beatified in 1925 and among eight Jesuit missionaries canonized as saints in the Catholic Church in 1930.[2]
Biography
Early years
Brébeuf was born 25 March 1593 in Condé-sur-Vire, Normandy, France.[3] (He was the uncle of poet Georges de Brébeuf). He joined the Society of Jesus in 1617 at the age of 24,[4] spending the next two years under the direction of Lancelot Marin. Between 1619 and 1621, he was a teacher at the college of Rouen. Brébeuf was nearly expelled from the Society when he contracted tuberculosis in 1620—a severe and usually fatal illness that prevented his studying and teaching for the traditional periods.[5]
His record as a student was not particularly distinguished, but Brébeuf was already beginning to show an aptitude for languages. Later in New France, he would teach Native American languages to missionaries and French traders.[6] Brébeuf was ordained as a priest at Pontoise Cathedral in February 1622.[5]
Missionary
North American Martyrs
After three years as Steward at the College of Rouen, Brébeuf was chosen by the Provincial of France, Father Pierre Coton, to embark on the missions to New France.
In June 1625, Brébeuf arrived in Québec with Fathers Charles Lalemant and Énemond Massé, together with the lay brothers Francois Charton and Gilbert Burel. He worked at the Sainte-Marie among the Hurons. For about five months Brébeuf lived with a tribe of Montagnais, who spoke an Algonquian language. He was later assigned in 1626 to the Huron with Father Anne Nouée. From then on Brébeuf worked mostly as a missionary to the Huron, who spoke an Iroquoian language. Brébeuf briefly took up residence with the Bear Tribe at Toanché, but met with no success in trying to convert them to Catholicism. He was summoned to Québec because of the danger to which the entire colony was then exposed by the English. He reached Québec on 17 July 1628 after an absence of two years. On 19 July 1629, Samuel de Champlain surrendered, and the missionaries returned to France.[3]
In Rouen, Brébeuf served as a preacher and confessor, taking his final Jesuit vows in 1630.[5] Between 1631 and 1633, Brébeuf worked at the College of Eu, Seine-Maritime in northern France as a steward, minister and confessor. He returned to New France in 1633, where he lived and worked for the rest of his life.
Along with Antoine Daniel and Ambroise Davost, Brébeuf chose Ihonatiria (Saint-Joseph I) as the centre for missionary activity with the Huron.[3] At the time, the Huron suffered epidemics of new Eurasian diseases contracted from the Europeans. Their death rates were high, as they had no immunity to the diseases long endemic in Europe. They, with our hindsight, rightly blamed the Europeans for the deaths, with none of the parties understanding the causes.[7]
Called Échon by the Hurons,[5] Brébeuf was personally involved with teaching. His lengthy conversations with Huron friends left him with a good knowledge of their culture and spirituality.[8] He learned their language and taught it to other missionaries and colonists.[9] Fellow Jesuits such as Paul Ragueneau describe his ease and adaptability to the Huron way of life.[9]
His efforts to develop a complete ethnographic record of the Huron has been described as "the longest and most ambitious piece of ethnographic description in all The Jesuit Relations".[10] Brébeuf tried to find parallels between the Huron religion and Christianity, so as to facilitate conversion of the Huron to the European religion.[11] Brébeuf was known by the Huron for his apparent shamanistic skills, especially in rainmaking.[12] Despite his efforts to learn their ways, he considered Huron spiritual beliefs to be undeveloped and "foolish delusions"; he was determined to convert them to Christianity.[8] Brébeuf did not enjoy universal popularity with the Huron, as many believed he was a sorcerer.[13] By 1640, nearly half the Huron had died of smallpox and the losses disrupted their society. Many children and elders died. With their loved ones dying before their eyes, many Huron began to listen to the words of Jesuit missionaries who, unaffected by the disease, appeared to be men of great power.[14]
Brébeuf's progress as a missionary in achieving conversions was slow. Not until 1635 did some Huron agree to be baptized as Christians. He claimed to have made 14 converts as of 1635 and, by the next year, he claimed 86. He wrote a detailed account in 1636 of The Huron Feast of the Dead, a mass reburial of remains of loved ones after a community moved the location of its village. It was accompanied by elaborate ritual and gift-giving.
In 1638, Brébeuf turned over direction of the mission at Saint-Joseph I to Jérôme Lalemant; he was called to become Superior at his newly founded Saint-Joseph II.[5] In 1640, after an unsuccessful mission into Neutral Nation territory, Brébeuf broke his collarbone. He was sent to Québec to recover, and worked there as a mission procurator. He taught the Huron, acting as confessor and advisor to the Ursulines and Religious Hospitallers. On Sundays and feast days, he preached to French colonists.[5]
Brébeuf is credited with composing the "Huron Carol", Canada's oldest Christmas song, written around 1642.[15] He wrote the lyrics in the native language of the Huron/Wendat people. The song's melody is based on a traditional French folk song, "Une Jeune Pucelle" (A Young Maid).
Linguistic work
The educational rigor of the Jesuit seminaries prepared missionaries to acquire native languages.[9] But, as they had learned the classical and Romance languages, they likely had difficulty with the very different conventions of the New World indigenous languages.[16] Brébeuf's study of the languages was also shaped by his religious training. Current Catholic theology tried to reconcile knowledge of world languages with accounts in the Bible of the tower of Babel, as this was the basis of European history. This influence can be seen in his discussion of language in his accounts collected in The Jesuit Relations.[10]
Jean de Brébeuf's remarkable facility with language was one of the reasons he was chosen for the Huron mission in 1626.[17] He is distinguished for his commitment to learning the Huron (Wyandot) language. People with a strong positive attitude towards the language often learn the language much more easily.[18] Brébeuf was widely acknowledged to have best mastered the Native oratory style, which used metaphor, circumlocution and repetition. Learning the language was still onerous, and he wrote to warn other missionaries of the difficulties.[19]
To explain the low number of converts, Brébeuf noted that missionaries first had to master the Huron language.[20] His commitment to this work demonstrates he understood that mutual intelligibility was vital for communicating complex and abstract religious ideas. He believed learning native languages was imperative for the Jesuit missions, but noted that it was so difficult a task that it consumed most of the priest's time. Brébeuf felt his primary goal in his early years in New France was to learn the language.[21]
With increasing proficiency in the Wyandot language, Brébeuf became optimistic about advancing his missionary goals. By understanding Huron religious beliefs and communicating Christian fundamentals, he could secure converts to Christianity. He realized the people would not give up all their traditional beliefs.[19]
Brébeuf worked tirelessly to record his findings for the benefit of other missionaries. He built on the work of Recollects priests but significantly advanced the study, particularly in his representations of sounds.[22] He discovered and reported the feature of compound words in Huron, which may have been his major linguistic contribution.[23] This breakthrough had enormous consequences for further study, becoming the foundation for all subsequent Jesuit linguistic work.[24]
He translated Ledesma's catechism from French into Huron, and arranged to have it printed. It was the first printed text in that language (with French orthography).[25] He also compiled a dictionary of Huron words, emphasizing translation of religious phrases such as from prayers and the Bible.
Death
Brébeuf was killed at St. Ignace in Huronia on 16 March 1649.[26] He had been taken captive with Gabriel Lalemant when the Iroquois destroyed the Huron mission village at Saint-Louis. The Iroquois took the priests to the occupied village of Taenhatenteron (also known as St. Ignace), where they subjected the missionaries and native converts to ritual torture before killing them.
Three priests had been killed in Mohawk country at Ossernenon in 1642 and 1646. Antoine Daniel had been killed in a similar Iroquois raid in 1648.[27] Charles Garnier was killed by Iroquois in December 1649 in a Petun (Tobacco People) village,[28] and Noel Chabanel was also martyred that year in the conflict between the Mohawk and other tribes.[29] The Jesuits considered the priests' martyrdom as proof that the mission to the Native Americans was blessed by God and would be successful.[30]
Throughout the torture, Brébeuf was reported to have been more concerned for the fate of the other Jesuits and of the captive Native converts than for himself. As part of the ritual, the Iroquois drank his blood and ate his heart, as they wanted to absorb Brébeuf's courage in enduring the pain.[31] The Iroquois mocked baptism by pouring boiling water over his head.[32]
The Jesuits Christophe Regnault and Paul Ragueneau provided the two accounts of the deaths of Jean de Brébeuf and Gabriel Lalement. According to Regnault, they learned of the tortures and deaths from Huron refugee witnesses who had escaped from Saint-Ignace.[33] Regnault went to see the bodies to verify the accounts, and his superior Rageuneau's account was based on his report.[34] The main accounts of Brébeuf's death come from The Jesuit Relations. Jesuit accounts of his torture emphasize his stoic nature and acceptance, claiming that he suffered silently without complaining.[35]
Potential martyrdom was a central component of the Jesuit missionary identity.[36] Missionaries going to Canada knew they were at risk from harsh conditions, as well as from confronting alien cultures. They expected to die in the name of God; they believed the missionary life and its risks were a chance to save converts and be saved.[37]
Fathers Brébeuf and Lalement were recovered and buried together in a Sainte Marie cemetery.[38] Brébeuf's relics later became important religious objects within Catholic New France. Historian Allan Greer notes that "his death seemed to fit the profile of a perfect martyr's end" and was preceded by what were considered religious signs pointing to correspondences with the Passion of Christ, which added to the significance of Brébeuf.[39] On 21 March 1649, Jesuit inspectors found the bodies of Brébeuf and Lalement.[40] In the late spring of 1649, Christophe Regnault prepared the skeletal remains of Brébeuf and Lalemant for transportation to Québec for safekeeping. Regnault boiled away the remaining flesh and reburied it in the mission church, scraped the bones and dried them in an oven, wrapped each relic in separate silk, deposited them in two small chests, and sent them to Québec.[41]
Brébeuf's family later donated his skull in a silver reliquary to the Catholic church orders in Québec.[38] It was held by the women of the Hôtel-Dieu de Québec and the Ursuline convent from 1650 until 1925, when the relics were moved to the Québec Seminary for a ceremony to celebrate Brébeuf's beatification.[42] According to Catholic belief, these relics provide physical access to the influence of the saint of whom they are a part.[43]
In 1652 Paul Raguenau went through the Relations and pulled out material relating to the martyrs of New France. He formalized this material in a document, to be used as the foundation of canonization proceedings, entitled Memoires touchant la mort et les vertus (des Pères Jesuits), or the Manuscript of 1652.[44] The religious communities in New France considered the Jesuit martyrs as imitators of previous saints in the Catholic Church.[42] In this sense, Brébeuf in particular, and others like him, reinforced the notion that "...Canada was a land of saints".[45]
Catherine de Saint-Augustin said that Brébeuf appeared to her in a vision at the Québec Hôtel-Dieu while she was in a state of "mystical ecstasy," and he acted as her spiritual advisor.[42] According to one account, Catherine de Saint-Augustin ground up part of Brébeuf's relic bone and gave it in a drink to a heretical and mortally ill man. It is said that the man was cured of his disease.[46] In another instance, in 1660–61, a possessed woman was exorcised by the aid of one of Brébeuf's ribs, again while under the care of Catherine de Saint-Augustin. The exact circumstances of this event are disputed.[47] Brébeuf's relics were also used by nuns who were treating wounded Huguenot (Protestant) soldiers, and they "reported that his assistance [bone slivers put in soldiers' drinks] helped rescue these patients from heresy".[39]
Jean de Brébeuf was canonized by Pope Pius XI on 29 June 1930, and proclaimed one of the patron saints of Canada by Pope Pius XII on 16 October 1940.[5] A contemporary newspaper account of the canonization declares: "Brébeuf, the 'Ajax of the mission', stands out among them [others made saints with him] because of his giant frame, a man of noble birth, of vigorous passions tamed by religion," describing both the man and his defining drive according to formal terms of hagiography.[48]
Modern era
It is said that the modern name of the Native North American sport of lacrosse was first coined by Brébeuf who thought that the sticks used in the game reminded him of a bishop's crosier (crosse in French, and with the feminine definite article, la crosse).
He is buried in the Church of St. Joseph at the reconstructed Jesuit mission of Sainte-Marie among the Hurons across Highway 12 from the Martyrs' Shrine Catholic Church near Midland, Ontario. A plaque near the grave of Jean de Brébeuf and Gabriel Lalemant was unearthed during excavations at Ste Marie in 1954. The letters read "P. Jean de Brébeuf /brusle par les Iroquois /le 17 de mars l'an/1649" (Father Jean de Brébeuf, burned by the Iroquois, 17 March 1652).[49]
In September 1984, Pope John Paul II prayed over Brébeuf's skull before fully joining in an outdoor ecumenical service on the grounds of the nearby Martyrs' Shrine. The service was attended by an estimated 75,000 and mixed pre-Christian first-nation ritual with Catholic liturgy.[50]
Numerous schools are named in his honour:
St. Jean Brebeuf School in Calgary, Alberta[51]
St. John Brebeuf Regional Secondary School in Abbotsford, British Columbia.[52]
St. John Brebeuf School in Winnipeg, Manitoba,[53] which is part of the St. John Brebeuf Catholic Parish
Brebeuf College School in Toronto, Ontario
St. Jean de Brébeuf Catholic Secondary School in Hamilton, Ontario[54]
St. Jean de Brebeuf Catholic High School in Vaughn, Ontario
St. Jean Brebeuf Catholic School in Brampton, Ontario[55]
St. John Brebeuf Catholic School in Erin, Ontario,[56] which is part of St. John Brebeuf Catholic Parish, part of the Roman Catholic Diocese in Hamilton, Ontario
Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf in Montreal, Quebec
École Jean-de-Brébeuf in Gatineau, Québec[57]
Brebeuf Jesuit Preparatory School in Indianapolis, Indiana
There is Eglise St-Jean de Brebeuf in Sudbury, Ontario, and a St. John Brebeuf Catholic Parish in Niles, Illinois, USA. There is also a unit at Camp Ondessonk in the Shawnee National Forest named after Jean de Brébeuf. The Catholic camp is named for all of the North American Martyrs and those who helped them.
The parish municipality of Brébeuf, Quebec, is named after him, as is rue de Brébeuf on the Plateau Mont-Royal in Montreal. Parc Brébeuf in the Hull region of Gatineau, Quebec is named in his honour, and features a statue.
The character of Christophe in The Orenda, a 2013 novel by Joseph Boyden, is based on Jean de Brebeuf.[58][59] The novel won the 2014 Canada Reads competition, a reality show with elimination-style voting on CBC Radio.
Jean de Brébeuf is the subject of Brébeuf and his Brethren, a blank-verse epic poem by the Canadian poet E. J. Pratt, FRSC, for which Pratt was awarded one of his three Governor General's Awards for Poetry in 1940
St. Gabriel Lalement
Feastday: October 19
Birth: 1610
Death: 1649
A martyr of North America, assistant to St. John de Brebeuf. A Jesuit from Paris, Gabriel arrived in Canada in 1646 and worked at St. Ignace Mission in 1649. On March 16, Gabriel and St. John de Brebeuf were taken prisoners by the Iroquois. They were tomahawked the next day. Both were canonized in 1930.
Gabriel Lalemant (3 October 1610 – 17 March 1649) was a French Jesuit missionary in New France beginning in 1646. Caught up in warfare between the Huron and nations of the Iroquois Confederacy, he was killed in St. Ignace by Mohawk warriors and is one of the eight Canadian Martyrs.
Life
Gabriel Lalemant was born in Paris, 3 October, 1610, the son of a French lawyer and his wife.[1] He was the third of six children, five of whom entered religious life. Two of Gabriel's uncles served the Jesuits in New France: Charles Lalemant as the first Superior of the Jesuit missions in Canada, and Jérôme Lalemant as the Vicar-General of Quebec.[2]
In 1630 Lalemant joined the Jesuits, and in 1632 he took the vow to devote himself to foreign missions. He taught at the Collège in Moulins from 1632 to 1635. He was at Bourges from 1635 to 1639 studying theology [1] and was ordained there in 1638. He taught at three different schools, being professor of philosophy at Moulins. His repeated requests to go to New France were declined by his superiors, partly because of his poor health. Eventually, his uncle Jérôme, head of the Canadian mission, intervened on his behalf.[3]
In September 1646 Gabriel arrived in Quebec,[4] where he spent the first few months studying the Huron language and customs. François-Joseph Bressani, a fellow missionary in New France, referred to him as a man of extremely frail constitution. For the first two years Gabriel worked in and around Quebec and the trading center of Trois Rivières (Three Rivers). In September 1648 he was sent to Wendake, the land of the Wyandot (Huron), as an assistant to Jean de Brébeuf,[5] and posted to the mission at Sainte-Marie among the Hurons. In February 1649 he replaced Noël Chabanel at the mission of Saint Louis.
In March 1649, while most of the Huron warriors were away, 1,200 Iroquois attacked the settlement of Saint Ignace. A few survivors escaped to warn the village of St. Louis. Its eighty warriors fought to delay the attackers, trying to enable the elderly, women, and children to flee. Lalemant and Brébeuf remained with the warriors and were captured and taken to the nearby mission at Saint Ignace.[6] Both were tortured before being killed: Jean Brebeuf died on 16 March, 1649, and Gabriel Lalemant died on 17 March, 1649.
After the withdrawal of the Iroquois war party from the area on 19 March, seven Frenchmen went to St. Ignace to retrieve the bodies of the Jesuits and Huron. They returned them to Sainte-Marie where they were buried.[4] Their relics are now housed at the Martyrs' Shrine in Midland, Ontario.
Lalemant was canonized by Pope Pius XI on 29 June 1930.[1]
His surname may be spelled either Lallemant or Lalemant by different references.
St. Frideswide
Feastday: October 19
Death: 735
Benedictine hermitess and nun, the daughter of Prince Didan of the Upper Thames region of England. She is sometimes called Fredeswinda. When Prince Algar of a neighboring kingdom asked for her hand in marriage, Frideswide fled to Thomwry Wood in Birnsey, where she became a hermitess. She founded the St. Mary's Convent in Oxford and is patroness of the university of that city. Her relics are extant. In liturgical art she is depicted as a Benedictine, sometimes with an ox for companion.
St. Eusterius
Feastday: October 19
Death: 5th century
Fourth bishop of Salerno, Italy, of whom nothing is recorded.
St. Ethbin
Feastday: October 19
Death: 600
Abbot trained by St. Samson. Amonk at Taurac, Brittany, Ethbin survived a raid by the Franks in 556 and went to Ireland. There he became a hennit at Kildare. Ethbin was a Briton
St. Eadnot
Feastday: October 19
Death: 1016
Bishop of Dorchester, England, who was a champion of St. Oswald of York. He is listed as a martyr in some records, having been slain in an invasion by the Danes.
St. Desiderius
Feastday: October 19
Death: 705
Benedictine monk and disciple of St. Sigiranus. He was a hermit at La Brenne, near Bourges, France
St. Cleopatra
Feastday: October 19
Death: 319
Widow of Palestine who rescued the remains of St. Varus, martyred in some earlier persecution. She enshrined the saint's remains in her home in Dera, in Syria. When a church was dedicated to St. Varus, Cleopatra's young son died, and the saint miraculously came to comfort her.
Saint Cleopatra (died 319 or 327) was a Christian saint who lived between the 3rd century and 4th century. She is venerated in the Catholic Church,[1] Oriental Orthodoxy[citation needed] and Eastern Orthodoxy.[2]
Cleopatra originally came from a village called Edra near Mount Tabor in Lower Galilee.[3]
She was a contemporary of the holy martyr Saint Varus and had witnessed his suffering and execution. After Varus' death, Cleopatra had his remains taken to her home in Daraa, Syria where she had them buried with reverence.
Cleopatra was a widow, whose only child, was a son named John. By 319, John had attained the officer rank of centurion, but to her great sorrow, had died suddenly. Cleopatra, in grief, turned to the relics of Saint Varus, begging the saint to return her son. She dreamt that Varus and John appeared to her as radiant in bright attire with crowns upon their heads and took this to mean that the Lord had received John into the Heavenly Kingdom, and was comforted.[3]
She moved to live by the church that she had built was over the relics of Saint Varus and her son. Miracles were reported by people who had come to pray at the church. Cleopatra spent her remaining years in the service of God. She gave her property to the poor and spent her time praying and fasting.[3] She died in 327.
Apart from Cleopatra, her son John is also recognised as a saint in Orthodox Christianity. The feast day of Saints Cleopatra and John is 19 October.
St. Charles Garnier
Feastday: October 19
Birth: 1606
Death: 1649
Charles Garnier was the son of the treasurer of Normandy. He was born at Paris, educated at Louis-le-Grand College there, and joined the Jesuits in Paris in 1624. He continued his studies at Clermont, taught at the Jesuit college at Eu for three years, and was ordained in 1635. The following year he was sent to Quebec, Canada, with Father Pierre Chastellain and two other priests as missionaries to the Huron Indians. Charles was murdered by a war party of Iroquois, the Hurons' traditional enemies, on December 7 at the Indian village of Etarita, where he was stationed. He was canonized in 1930 by Pope Pius XI as one of the North American Martyrs. His feast day is October 19.
Charles Garnier, S.J., (baptised at Paris, May 25, 1606 – December 7, 1649) was a Jesuit missionary working in New France. He was killed by Iroquois in a Petun (Tobacco Nation) village on December 7, 1649.
Biography
The son of a secretary to King Henri III of France, Garnier was born in Paris in 1606. He attended the Collège de Clermont in Paris and joined the Jesuit seminary in Clermont in September 1624.[3]
After his novitiate, he returned to the College of Clermont as Prefect. After finishing his studies in rhetoric and philosophy, he spent two years teaching at the College of Eu as a teacher. Completing years of studies in language, culture and theology, he was ordained as a priest in 1635. His father initially forbade him from travelling to Canada where he would face almost certain death as a missionary, but he was eventually allowed to go.[4] Embarking on March 25, 1636, he described the crossing in a letter to his father,
We gave Viaticum to a sailor who had fallen from the top of the mizzenmast to the deck. He was well-disposed to die. However, as I saw him in great discomfort, unable to sleep, I gave him my cabin and went in with Father Chastelain in his, but the sick man found this cabin too stuffy so the next day I occupied it again but left him my mattress so he could sleep even in the midst of the cannons. Hearing this, the Captain made me take one of his.[5]
He reached the colony of New France in June. He travelled immediately to the Huron mission with fellow Jesuit Pierre Chastellain.[6] By early August he had arrived among the Nipissings.[5]
He served for the rest of his life as a missionary among the Huron, never returning to France. The Huron nicknamed him Ouracha, or "rain-giver", after his arrival was followed by a drought-ending rainfall. He was greatly influenced by fellow missionary Jean de Brébeuf, and was known as the "lamb" to Brebeuf's "lion".[3] In 1639 and 1640 he wintered in the land of the Petun. From 1641 to 1646 Garnier was at the Saint-Joseph mission.[6]
There were raids between Iroquois and Huron forces. When he learned that Brébeuf and Lalemant were killed in March 1649 by Iroquois after a raid on a Huron village, Garnier knew he too might soon die. On December 7, 1649, he was killed by musket fire from the Iroquois during an attack on the Petun village where he was living.[5]
Charles Garnier was canonized in 1930 by Pope Pius XI with the other seven Canadian Martyrs (also known as the North American Martyrs.)[6] His feast day is October 19.
St. Beronicus
Feastday: October 19
Death: unknown
Syrian martyr with Pelagia and forty nine companions. They were slain for the faith in Antioch, Syria.
St. Aquilinus
Feastday: October 19
Death: 695
Bishop and hermit,a military man who served King Clovis II. Aquilinus was born about 620 in Bayeux, France, and became a soldier, serving for forty years in the military. In 660, he returned to Chartres, in France, and married. He and his wife moved to Evreux and worked for the poor and suffering. In 670, Aquilinus was named bishop of Evreux, but he lived as a hermit most of the time.
St. Anthony Daniel
Feastday: October 19
Birth: 1601
Death: 1648
Martyred Jesuit missionary slain by the Iroquois. Anthony was born in Dieppe, France, in 1601, and became a Jesuit in 1621. After teaching in European classrooms, he arrived in Arcadia, Canada in 1632, and was sent to Quebec a year later. There he founded a school for the young men of Huron, being successful in this mission. Captured by the Iroquois, the enemy of the Hurons, Anthony was slain near Hillsdale, Ontario, at Teanaustaye on July 4. He was canonized in 1930 and is venerated as a Martyr of North America.
Antoine Daniel (27 May, 1601 – 4 July, 1648) was a French Jesuit missionary in North America, at Sainte-Marie among the Hurons, and one of the eight Canadian Martyrs.[1]
Life
Daniel was born at Dieppe, in Normandy, on 27 May, 1601. After two years' study of philosophy and one year of law, Daniel entered the Society of Jesus in Rouen on 1 October, 1621. He was a teacher of junior classes at the Collège in Rouen from 1623 to 1627.[2] In 1627 he was sent to the College of Clermont in Paris to study theology. In 1630, Daniel was ordained to the priesthood. He then taught at the College at Eu.[3]
In 1632, Daniel and Ambroise Davost set sail for New France. Daniel's brother Charles was a sea-captain in the employ of the De Caen Company of France, representing Protestant-Huguenot interests. Captain Daniel had a French fort on Cape Breton Island in 1629.[4] They arrived at St. Anne's Bay, Cape Breton, where the two Jesuits remained for a year ministering to the French who had settled there.
In the spring of 1633, Daniel and Davost joined Captain Morieult on his way to Quebec, and arrived there on 24 June. Davost stopped at Tadoussac on the way, a French trading settlement at the confluence of the Taddoussac and St. Lawrence rivers.
In 1634 Daniel travelled to Wendake with Jean de Brébeuf and Daoust. Daniel studied the Wendat (Huron) language and made rapid progress. He translated the Lord's Prayer, the Creed and other prayers into the Huron native tongue and set them to music. For two years, in what is now Quebec, he had charge of a school for Indian boys. He returned to Huronia in 1638 to relieve Brébeuf at the new mission
He returned to Teanaostaye, the chief town of the Huron, in July 1648. Shortly thereafter on 4 July,[6] the Iroquois made a sudden attack on the mission while most of the Huron men were away in Quebec trading. The priest rallied the defenders. Before the palisades had been scaled, he hurried to the chapel where the women, children, and old men were gathered. He gave them general absolution and, immersing his handkerchief in a bowl of water, he shook it over them, baptizing the catechumens by aspersion.
Daniel, still in his vestments, took up a cross and walked toward the advancing Iroquois. The Iroquois halted for a moment, then fired on him. They put Daniel's body into the chapel, which they had set on fire. Many of the Huron escaped during this incident.
Daniel was the first martyr of the missionaries to the Hurons.[2] Father Ragueneau, his superior, wrote of him in a letter to the Superior General of the Jesuits as "a truly remarkable man, humble, obedient, united with God, of never failing patience and indomitable courage in adversity."
Veneration
Daniel and seven other martyrs were canonized by Pope Pius XI on 29 June 1930.[2] The liturgical celebration of the Holy Martyrs of Canada takes place on 26 September in Canada and 19 October in the universal Church.
St. Anthony Daniel Roman Catholic church and parish, Kitchener, Ontario, is named for him.[8] Elementary schools in Victoria Harbour, Ontario and Willowdale, Ontario are also named after the saint.
St. Altinus
Feastday: October 19
Death: 1st or 4th century
Bishop and possible martyr. In one record Altinus was a disciple of Christ, credited with founding the churches of Orleans and Chartres, France. Another states that he was a martyr of the fourth century.
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sens and Auxerre (Latin: Archidioecesis Senonensis et Antissiodorensis; French: Archidiocèse de Sens et Auxerre) is a Latin Rite Archdiocese of the Roman Catholic Church in France. The Archdiocese comprises the department of Yonne, which is in the region of Bourgogne. Traditionally established in sub-apostolic times, the diocese as metropolis of Quarta Lugdunensis subsequently achieved metropolitical status. For a time, the Archbishop of Sens held the title "Primate of the Gauls and Germania". Until 1622, the Metropolitan Archdiocese numbered seven suffragan (subordinate) dioceses: the dioceses of Chartres, Auxerre, Meaux, Paris, Orléans, Nevers and Troyes, which inspired the acronym CAMPONT. The Diocese of Bethléem at Clamecy was also dependent on the metropolitan see of Sens. On December 8, 2002, as part of a general reorganization of the dioceses of France undertaken, at least in part, to respond to demographic changes, the Archdiocese of Sens-Auxerre ceased to have metropolitan rank and became a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Dijon, which became the centre of a new ecclesiastical province for the Burgundy administrative region. Consequently the Archbishop of Sens-Auxerre no longer has the privilege of wearing the pallium. The current archbishop is Yves François Patenôtre.
History
Until the French Revolution, the Archbishop of Sens was also Viscount of Sens. In 1622, Paris had been elevated to a metropolitan see and the Sees of Chartres, Orléans and Meaux were separated from the ecclesiastical province of Sens. In return, the abbey of Mont Saint-Martin in the Diocese of Cambrai was united to the archdiocese. Sens was suppressed by the Napoleonic Concordat of 1802, which annexed to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Troyes the Dioceses of Sens and Auxerre. The somewhat complex agreement gave the title of Bishop of Auxerre to the bishops of Troyes, and the purely honorary title of Archbishop of Sens to the Archbishop of Paris (otherwise deprived of all jurisdiction over Sens). The Concordat of 1817 reestablished the Archdiocese of Sens and the Diocese of Auxerre, but this arrangement did not last. The law of July 1821, the pontifical brief of 4 September 1821 and the royal ordinance of 19 October 1821 suppressed the Diocese of Auxerre and gave to the Archdiocese of Sens the Department of the Yonne and the Dioceses of Troyes, Nevers and Moulins. A papal brief of 3 June 1823 gave to the Archbishop of Sens the additional title of Bishop of Auxerre. The Archbishop of Sens-Auxerre continued to reside at Sens until the 1920s, but is now resident at Auxerre, while his cathedra (seat) is at Sens Cathedral.[1]
The history of the religious beginnings of the church at Sens dates from Savinian and Potentian, and through legend to the Dioceses of Chartres, Troyes and Orléans. Gregory of Tours is silent regarding Savinian and Potentian, founders of the See of Sens; the Hieronymian Martyrology, which was revised before 600 at Auxerre (or Autun) ignores them. The cities of Chartres and Troyes have nothing about these men in their local liturgy prior to the 12th century, and that of Orléans nothing prior to the 15th, pertaining to the preaching of Altinus, Eodaldus and Serotinus (companions of Savinian and Potentian). Before the ninth century there was (in the cemetery near the monastery of Pierre le Vif at Sens) a group of tombs, among which are those of the first bishops of Sens. In 847, the transfer of their remains to the church of St-Pierre le Vif inspired popular devotion towards Savinian and Potentian. In 848, Wandelbert of Prüm named them the first patrons of the church of Sens. Ado, in his martyrology published shortly afterwards, speaks of them as envoys of the apostles and as martyrs. The Martyrology of Usuard (around 875) depicts them as envoys of the "Roman pontiff" and martyrs. In the middle of the 10th century the relics of these two saints were hidden in a subterranean vault of the Abbey of St-Pierre le Vif to escape the pillage of the Hungarians, but in 1031 they were placed in a reliquary established by the monk Odoranne. This monk (in a chronicle published about 1045) speaks of Altinus, Eodaldus, and Serotinus as apostolic companions of Savinian and Potentian, but does not view them as legitimate.
In a document which (according to the Abbé Bouvier) dates from the end of the sixth century or the beginning of the seventh—but according to Louis Duchesne, who labels the Gerbertine legend as written in 1046 and 1079 under the inspiration of Gerbert, Abbot of St-Pierre le Vif—is first described a legend tracing to Savinian and Potentian (and their companions) the evangelization of the churches of Orléans, Chartres and Troyes. After some uncertainty, the legend became fixed in the Chronicle of pseudo-Clarius, compiled about 1120. The Christian faith could not have been preached at Sens in the second century, but we know from Sidonius Apollinaris that in 475 the Church of Sens had its 13th bishop; the list of bishops does not indicate that the episcopal see existed prior to the second half of the third century or the beginning of the fourth.
Bl. Agnes de Jesus Galand
Feastday: October 19
Beatified: Pope John Paul II
Mother Agnes is known principally for her providential role in the life of Monsieur Olier, founder of Saint Sulpice for the formation of priests. She was born in 1602 at Puy in Velay, France. From childhood she was known for piety, love of poverty and courageous charity; she was very devoted to the Blessed Sacrament and to Our Lady. At the age of 21 she was received into the Dominican laity in Puy; in 1624, after great discussion, she entered the Dominican Monastery at Langeac as a choir sister. Later she was elected prioress, deposed and reelected. Her humility, charity and especially her mystical graces often disconcerted those around her. She died in 1634 and leaves a twofold Dominican posterity: the nuns of the monastery of St. Catherine at Langeac and a congregation of the apostolic life called "Dominicans of Mother Agnes" at Puy, although she is not their foundress.
Sts. Isaac Jogues and Rene Goupil
✠ புனிதர் ஐசாக் ஜோகுஸ் ✠
(St. Isaac Jogues)
குரு, மறைப்பணியாளர், மறைசாட்சி:
(Priest, Missionary and Martyr)
பிறப்பு: ஜனவரி 10, 1607
ஓர்லியன்ஸ், ஒர்லியனைஸ், ஃபிரான்ஸ் அரசு
(Orléans, Orléanais, Kingdom of France)
இறப்பு: அக்டோபர் 18, 1646 (வயது 39)
ஒஸ்செர்னேனோன், கனடா, நியூ ஃபிரான்ஸ்
(Ossernenon, Canada, New France)
ஏற்கும் சமயம்:
ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை
(Roman Catholic Church)
முக்திபேறு பட்டம்: ஜூன் 21, 1925
திருத்தந்தை பதினோராம் பயஸ்
(Pope Pius XI)
புனிதர் பட்டம்: ஜூன் 29, 1930
திருத்தந்தை பதினோராம் பயஸ்
(Pope Pius XI)
முக்கிய திருத்தலங்கள்:
வட அமெரிக்க மறைசாட்சியரின் தேசிய திருத்தலம், ஒரிஸ்வில், ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா
(National Shrine of the North American Martyrs, Auriesville, New York, United States)
நினைவுத் திருநாள்: அக்டோபர் 19
புனிதர் ஐசாக் ஜோகுஸ், வடக்கு அமெரிக்காவின் “இரோகுயிஸ்” (Iroquois), “ஹுரன்” (Huron) மற்றும் பிற பூர்வீக மக்கள் மத்தியில் பயணித்து, பணியாற்றிய இயேசுசபை குருவும் (Jesuit Priest), மறைப்பணியாளரும், மறைசாட்சியுமாவார். இவர், 1646ம் ஆண்டு, “மோஹாவ்க்” நதியின் (Mohawk River) தெற்கேயுள்ள “ஒஸ்செர்னேனோன்” (Ossernenon) கிராமத்தில் “மோஹாவ்க்” (Mohawk) குடியினரால் மறைசாட்சியாக கொல்லப்பட்டார்.
புனிதர் “ஐசாக் ஜோகுஸ்” (Saint Isaac Jogues), புனிதர் “ரெனி கௌபில்” (Saint René Goupil), புனிதர் “ஜீன் டி லலென்ட்” (Saint Jean de Lalande) மற்றும் ஐந்து பிற “பொது நிலையினர்” (Laymen) மற்றும் இயேசு சபை குருக்கள் (Jesuit Priests) உள்ளிட்ட எட்டு மறைப்பணியாளர்கள் அனைவரும் ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபையால் கி.பி. 1930ம் ஆண்டு, புனிதர்களாக அருட்பொழிவு செய்விக்கப்பட்டனர். வடக்கு அமெரிக்க கண்டத்தின் (North American continent) முதல் மறைசாட்சியர்களான இவர்களனைவரும் “வட அமெரிக்க மறைசாட்சியர்” (The North American Martyrs) என்று அழைக்கப்படுகின்றனர். இவர்களை கௌரவிக்கும் விதமாக, அக்காலத்தைய “மோஹாவ்க்” (Mohawk) குடியினரின் “ஒஸ்செர்னேனோன்” (Ossernenon) கிராமம் இருந்த இடம் என்று நம்பப்படும் “நியூ யார்க்” (New York) நகரின் “ஓரிஸ்வில்” (Auriesville) எனப்படும் இடத்தில் ஒரு திருத்தலம் கட்டப்பட்டுள்ளது. இவர்களது நினைவுத் திருநாள் கனடா நாட்டில் செப்டம்பர் மாதம் 26ம் தேதியும், அமெரிக்காவில் அக்டோபர் மாதம், 19ம் தேதியும் கொண்டாடப்படுகிறது.
கி.பி. 1607ம் ஆண்டு, ஜனவரி மாதம், பத்தாம் தேதி, ஃபிரான்ஸ் நாட்டின் வடக்கு மத்திய பிராந்தியமான “ஓர்லியான்ஸ்” (Orléans) எனுமிடத்தில் பிறந்த ஐசாக், தமது பத்து வயதுவரை வீட்டிலிருந்தே கல்வி கற்றார். கி.பி. 1624ம் ஆண்டு, தமது பதினேழு வயதில், வடக்கு ஃபிரான்ஸின் “ரோவன்” (Rouen) எனுமிடத்திலுள்ள இயேசு சபை துறவு மடத்தில் புகுநிலை துறவியாக (Jesuit Novitiate) இணைந்த இவர், கி.பி. 1629ம் ஆண்டிலிருந்து, ரோவன் நகரிலுள்ள இளைஞர்களுக்கு மனிதநேயம் (Humanities) கற்பிக்க சென்றார். கி.பி. 1633ம் ஆண்டு, பாரிஸ் நகரின் “கிலேர்மொன்ட்” (Collège de Clermont) கல்லூரியில் இறையியல் (Theology) கற்க அனுப்பப்பட்ட இவர், கி.பி. 1636ம் ஆண்டு, “கிலேர்மொன்ட்” நகரிலேயே குருத்துவ அருட்பொழிவு செய்விக்கப்பட்டார்.
ஆரம்பத்திலிருந்தே கனடாவிலுள்ள புதிய ஃபிரான்ஸின் (New France) பழங்குடி மக்களான “ஹூரன் இந்தியர்கள்” (Huron Indians) மத்தியில் மறைப்பணியாற்றும் ஆவலிலிருந்த ஐசாக், குருத்துவம் பெற்ற அதே கி.பி. 1636ம் ஆண்டு, தமது மறைப்பணி தோழர்களுடன் அருட்தந்தை “ஜீன் டி ப்ரெபியுஃப்” (Jean de Brébeuf) தலைமையில் ஏப்ரல் கி.பி. 1636ல் தமது கடல் பயணத்தைத் தொடங்கினார். எட்டு வார கடல் பயணத்தின் பின்னர், ஜூலை மாதம் இரண்டாம் தேதி “கியுபெக்” (Quebec) சென்றடைந்தார். மறைப்பணியாளர்களனைவரும் ஹூரன்ஸ் இன மக்களின் சடங்குகளுக்கும், பழக்கவழக்கங்களுக்கும், உணவு வகைகளுக்கும் தங்களைத் தயார்படுத்திக்கொண்டார்கள். முதலில் இவர்களை மறுத்த பழங்குடி மக்கள், மெதுவாக அவர்களை ஏற்றுக்கொள்ள ஆரம்பித்தனர்.
“ஹூரன்ஸ்” (Hurons) இன மக்கள், எப்போதும் தொடர்ந்து “இரோகுயிஸ்” (Iroquois) மீது போர் தொடுத்தவண்ணமிருந்தனர். சில வருடங்களிலேயே “இரோகுயிஸ்” (Iroquois) இனத்தவரால் பிடிக்கப்பட்ட ஐசாக், பதின்மூன்று மாதகாலம் சிறையில் அடைக்கப்பட்டார். அவர் எழுதிய கடிதங்களும், பத்திரிகைகளும், அவரும் அவரது தோழர்களும் கிராமம் கிராமமாக எங்ஙனம் இழுத்துச் செல்லப்பட்டனர் என்றும், எப்படியெல்லாம் அடித்து நொறுக்கப்பட்டனர் என்றும், சித்திரவதை செய்யப்பட்டனர் என்றும், அவர்கள் கிறிஸ்தவர்களாக மனம் மாற்றிய ஹூரன்ஸ் இன மக்களை அவர்கள் எவ்வாறெல்லாம் சிதைத்து கொல்கின்றனர் என்பதை பார்க்க வற்புறுத்தினர் என்றும் சொல்கின்றன.
ஒருநாள், எதிர்பாராத விதமாக, சில டச்சுக் காரர்கள் (Dutch) மூலமாக தப்பித்துச் செல்லும் சந்தர்ப்பம் ஐசக்குக்கு கிட்டியது. “இரோகுயிஸ்” (Iroquois) இனத்தவரால் ஏற்பட்ட காயங்களையும் தழும்புகளையும் தாங்கியபடி ஃபிரான்ஸ் திரும்பினார். அவரது கை விரல்கள் பல, வெட்டப்பட்டும், கடிக்கப்பட்டும், எரிக்கப்பட்டுமிருந்தன. சிதைந்த கைகளுடன் திருப்பலி நிறைவேற்ற, திருத்தந்தை எட்டாம் அர்பன் (Pope Urban VIII) ஐசக்குக்கு அனுமதியளித்தார். கிறிஸ்துவின் திரு இரத்தத்தை அருந்த கிறிஸ்துவின் மறைசாட்சியரை அனுமதிக்காவிடில், அது பெருத்த அவமானமாகும் என்றார்.
ஒரு நாயகனாக வீடு திரும்பிய அருட்தந்தை ஐசக், ஓய்வாக அமர்ந்து விட்டிருக்கலாம். அவரது பாதுகாப்பான வருகைக்காக கடவுளுக்கு நன்றி தெரிவித்த அவர், அவரது தாய்நாட்டில் அமைதியாக வாழ்ந்து, இறந்திருக்கலாம். ஆனால் அவர் கொண்டிருந்த பெரும் ஆர்வமானது, அவரது கனவுகளை நிறைவேற்றுவதற்காக மீண்டும் ஒருமுறை அவரை கொண்டு சென்றது. ஒரு சில மாதங்களிலேயே ஹூரன்களின் மத்தியில் அவர் தனது பயணத்தை மேற்கொண்டார்.
“இரோகுயிஸ்” (Iroquois) இனத்தவரின் பிரதேசமான “மொஹாவ்க்” (Mohawk) எனுமிடத்தில், கி.பி. 1645ம் ஆண்டு கையெழுத்தான சமாதான ஒப்பந்தம் கடைபிடிக்கப்படுவதை மேற்பார்வையிடுவதற்காக ஃபிரெஞ்ச் தூதர்களாக ஐசக் மற்றும் பொது நிலையினரான புனிதர் “ஜீன் டி லலென்ட்” (Saint Jean de Lalande) ஆகிய இருவரும் கி.பி. 1646ம் ஆண்டின் வசந்தகாலத்தில் வந்திருந்தனர். அவர்களிருவரும் “மொஹாவ்க்” போர்க்குழு ஒன்றினால் பிடிக்கப்பட்டனர். அருட்தந்தை ஐசாக், தலை வெட்டப்பட்டு கொல்லப்பட்டார். “ஜீன் டி லலென்ட்”, மறுநாள் “ஒஸ்செர்நேனன்” (Ossernenon) கிராமத்தில் கொல்லப்பட்டார். இருவரது உடல்களும் “மொஹாவ்க்” நதியில் (Mohawk Rive) எறியப்பட்டன.
Feastday: October 19
In 1642 the Huron country was in great distress. Harvests were poor, sickness abounded, and clothing was scarce. Quebec was the only source of supplies, and Isaac Jogues was chosen to lead an expedition. It reached its objective safely and started back well supplied with goods for the mission, but the Iroquois, the bitter enemies of the Hurons, and fiercest of all Indian tribes, were on the war-path and ambushed the returning expedition. The story of the ill-treatment and torture of the captives cannot be told here. Suffice it to say that Jogues and his assistant, Rene Goupil, besides being beaten to the ground and assailed several times with knotted sticks and fists, had their hair, beards and nails torn off and their forefingers bitten through. What grieved them far more, was the cruelty practiced on their Christian converts. The first of all the martyrs to suffer death was Rene Goupil, who was tomahawked on September 29, 1642, for having made the Sign of the Cross on the brow of some children. This Rene Goupil was a remarkable man. He had tried hard to be a Jesuit and had even entered the Novitiate, but his health forced him to give up the attempt. He then studied surgery and found his way to Canada, where he offered his services to the missionaries, whose fortitude he emulated. Rene Goupil is one of the North American martyrs who died at the hands of the Indians between the years 1642-1649. Their feast day is October 19.
Isaac Jogues, S.J. (10 January 1607 – 18 October 1646) was a French missionary and martyr who traveled and worked among the Iroquois, Huron, and other Native populations in North America. He was the first European to name Lake George, calling it Lac du Saint Sacrement (Lake of the Blessed Sacrament). In 1646, Jogues was martyred by the Mohawk at their village of Ossernenon, north of the Mohawk River.
Jogues, Jean de Brébeuf and six other martyred missionaries, all Jesuit priests or laypeople associated with them, were canonized by the Catholic Church in 1930;[1] they are known as the Canadian Martyrs, or the North American Martyrs. A shrine was built in their honor at Auriesville, New York, formerly believed to be that of the Mohawk village. Their feast day is celebrated on 19 October in the General Roman Calendar and 26 September in Canada.
சிலுவையின் புனித பவுல் (ஆதீன தலைவர், குரு)
("கடவுள் சேவை புரிய நல்ல சொற்களும், நல்ல எண்ணங்களும் மட்டும் போதாது. இதனோடு, உழைப்பு, உற்சாகம் மற்றும் தைரியம் தேவை" - சிலுவையின் புனித பவுல்)
நினைவுத் திருவிழா : 19 அக்டோபர் (விறுப்ப நிணைவு)
இயற்பெயர்: பவுலோ பிரான்செஸ்கோ தேனி
பிறப்பு: ஜனவரி 3, 1694 ஒ, டாவா, பியத்மாந்து,இத்தாலி
இறப்பு: அக்டோபர் 18, 1775(அகவை 81) சான்தா கோவானி இ பாலோ பசிலிக்கா, உரோமை
அருளாளர் பட்டம்: 1 மே 1853, உரோமை(ஒன்பதாம் பயஸ்)
புனிதர் பட்டம்: 29 ஜூன் 1867, உரோமை(ஒன்பதாம் பயஸ்)
சிலுவையின் புனித பவுல் (சனவரி 03 1694 - அக்டோபர் 18 1775) ஒரு இத்தாலிய கிறித்தவ புனிதரும், திருப்பாடுகள் சபையின் நிறுவனரும் ஆவார்.
சிலுவையின் புனித பவுலின் இயற்பெயர் பவுலோ பிரான்செஸ்கோ தேனி ஆகும். இவர் சனவரி 03, 1694அன்று பியத்மாந்து, இத்தாலியில் பிறந்தார். ஒரு பணக்கார வியபாரியின் மகனான இவர் தனது 19ஆம் அகவையில் மனம்மாற்றம் பெற்று பக்தி நிறைந்த வாழ்க்கை வாழலானார். பிரான்சிசு டி சேல்சின்புத்தகங்களும், கப்புச்சின் சபைக் குருக்களின் அன்பு குறித்தான போதனைகளும் இவரிடம் அதிக தாக்கத்தை ஏற்படுத்தின. இவர் தனது வாழ்நாளெல்லாம் கடவுளை இயேசுவின் பாடுகளின் மூலம் எளிதில் காணலாம் என்று நம்பினார்.
தனது 26ஆம் வயதில் தொடர்ச்சியான செப அனுபவங்களின் மூலம் ஒரு புதிய துறவற சபையினைத் துவங்க இறை அழைத்தலை உணர்ந்தார். இவ்வாறு இவர் ஆரம்பித்ததே திருப்பாடுகள் சபை. இச்சபையினரின் அங்கியின் மேல் இயேசுவின் இருதயமும், "இயேசு கிறித்துவின் பாடுகள்" என்னும் வசனமும் பொறிக்கப்பட்டிருக்கும். இந்த சபைக்கு இவர் அளித்த பெயர், இயேசுவின் வறியோர், ஆனாலும் திருப்பாடுகளுக்கு இச்சபை அளித்த முக்கியத்துவத்தினால் இவர்கள் பின் நாட்களில் திருப்பாடுகளின் சபையோர் என அறியப்பட்டனர்.
இவரின் ஆயரின் தூண்டுதலால், இவர் மட்டுமே இச்சபையில் இருக்கும் போதே இவர் இச்சபையின் சட்ட நூலினை நாற்பது நாள் தியானத்துக்குப் பின் 1720இல் இயற்றினார். இச்சபையில் இவரின் சகோதரரே இவருக்குப் பின் சேர்ந்த முதல் உறுப்பினர் ஆவார். இதற்குப் பின் இச்சபை மெதுவாக வளரத்துவங்கியது. இவர் தனது வாழ்நாளில் பிறரின் ஆன்ம வழிகாட்டலுக்கு எழுதிய இரண்டாயிரத்துக்கும் மேலான கடிதங்கள் இப்போதும் பாதுகாக்கப்பட்டு வருகின்றன. இவர் 18 அக்டோபர் 1775இல் இறந்தார். அச்சமயத்தில் இவரின் சபையில் 180 குருக்கள் மற்றும் அருட்சகோதரர்கள் இருந்தனர்.
இவருக்கு 1 அக்டோபர் 1852இல் முக்திபேறு பட்டமும், 29 ஜூன் 1867இல் புனிதர் பட்டமும் அளிக்கப்பட்டது. இவரின் இறந்தநாளான 18 அக்டோபர், நற்செய்தியாளர் லூக்காவின் விழாவாக இருப்பதால் இவரின் விழாநாள் 19 அக்டோபர் ஆகும்.
Saint Paul of the Cross
The son of Luca Daniel and Anna Maria Daneo; he was the second of sixteen children born to the couple, ten of whom died in infancy. Paolo was baptized at the age of 3 days, and was raised in a pious family; his father, a merchant, was known for his deep faith, and a brother and close uncle were both priests. Paolo was known as a pious child who attended daily Mass, but he wasn't confirmed until he was 25 years old, a common practice of the time. In 1701 the family moved from Ovada to Castellazo Bormida, and Paolo received his early education at a boy's school run by a priest in Cremolino, Italy. In 1713 he had what became known as a "conversion" experience, which convinced Paolo that he was called to religious life. He declined an arranged marriage, and when he received an inheritance from a rich uncle, a priest, he kept only the man's breviary and refused the wealth.
In 1715 he volunteered for the military service in the crusade against the Turks, but his call to religious life led him to return home in 1716. In 1720 he received a series of visions that confirmed his call, including one where he saw himself in what would become the habit of the Passionists. With his bishop's support, he went on a 40 day retreat and wrote the rule of a potential community, which he called The Poor of Jesus. His brother, Giovanni-Battista, became the second member of the community, and the two moved to Rome, Italy to help found a hospital and seek other members to help them care for the patients and staff.
While there, the Daneo brothers studied theology, and on 7 June 1727 were ordained to the priesthood by Pope Benedict XIII in Saint Peter's Basilica. The brothers became travelling preachers, leading parish missions around Italy. Father Paul was a preacher of such power that hardened soldiers and bandits were seen to weep at his words. He was known as a great spiritual teacher; over 2,000 of his letters survive, most devoted to spiritual direction.
Due to the ascetic lifestyle of a Passionist, the group attracted few members to begin with, but they were a dedicated lot, spending at least three hours in prayer each day. They established their first Retreat, as Passionist monasteries are known, in 1737 on Monte Argentario on the west coast of Italy. Pope Benedict XIV approved the Passionist Rule on 15 May 1741; Pope Clement XIV approved the congregation in 1769. Father Paul reluctantly served as the congregation's first superior-general, and by the time of his death there were 12 Retreats and 180 members. The Passionist fathers, brothers and sisters continue their good work around the world today.
Born :
3 January 1694 at Ovada, Piedmont (northern Italy) as Paolo Francesco Danei
Died :
18 October 1775 at Rome, Italy of natural causes
• interred in the chapel of the Basilica dei Santi Giovanni e Paolo in Rome
Beatified :
1 October 1852 by Blessed Pope Pius IX
Canonized :
29 June 1867 by Blessed Pope Pius IX
Patronage :
Castellazo Bormida, Italy
• Ovada, Italy
Blessed Jerzy Popieluszko
Profile
Born to a farm family. Ordained on 28 May 1972 in the archdiocese of Warsaw, Poland. Noted and vocal anti-Communist preacher during the period of Communist rule in Poland. Worked closely with the anti-Communist Solidarity union movement. When martial law was declared in Poland to suppress opposition, the Church continued to work against the Communists, and Father Jerzy's sermons were broadcast on Radio Free Europe. The secret police threatened and pressured him to stop, but he ignored them. They trumped up evidence and arrested him in 1983, but the Church hierarchy indicated that they would fight the charges; the false charges were dropped, Father Jerzy was released, continued his work, and was pardoned in a general amnesty of 22 July 1984. The Communists tried several times to kill him and make it look like an accident or anonymous attack, but they quit hiding their intentions, and the secret police simply kidnapped and killed Father Jerzy. Martyr.
Born
14 September 1947 in Okopy, Podlaskie, Poland
Died
• kidnapped on 19 October 1984 by the Sluzba Bezpieczenstwa (Security Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs), the Communist Polish secret police
• beaten to death from 19 to 20 October 1984 near Wloclawek, Pomorskie, Poland
• body dumped in the Vistula Water Reservoir where it was found on 30 October 1984
• the murderers and their supervisor, Grzegorz Piotrowski, Waldemar Chmielewski, Adam Pietruszka, and Leszek Pêkala, were arrested, convicted of the crime, and received light sentences
• more than 250,000 attended Father Jerzy's funeral
• buried at Saint Kostka's Church, Warsaw, Poland
• the rock that struck the killing blow is enshrined at Saint Bartholomew's Basilica, Tiber Island, Rome, Italy
Beatified
• 6 June 2010 by Pope Benedict XVI
• recognition to be celebrated at Pilsudski Square, Warsaw, Poland, presided by Archbishop Angelo Amato
Blessed Thomas Hélye
Profile
Son of Elias and Matilda Hélye. School teacher and tutor in Biville, France and then in Cherbourg, France where he ran a school. A pious young man, he would fast several days a week. Pilgrim to Rome, Italy. Studied theology in Paris, France, and was ordained a priest there c.1236. Travelling priest and evangelist in the diocese of Avranches and Coutances, France, spending his days in ministry, his nights in prayer and penance, and spreading his own intense dedication to the Eucharist.
Born
early 13th century in Biville, Normandy, France
Died
• 19 October 1257 in Biville, Normandy, France of natural causes
• interred in a chapel in the parish church of Biville
• his relics had to be hidden in 1794 to prevent their destruction during the persecutions of the French Revolution
Inner Life of Mary
About
Celebrates the supernatural life which Mary led on earth, particularly her advancement in grace and wisdom, in her intimate union with Jesus, her Divine Son, the Second Person of the Blessed Trinity. Saint Luke, in chapter 2, tells us Mary's manner of meditation, how she pondered on the words concerning Jesus and the words spoken by Jesus: "But Mary kept all these words, pondering them in her heart," and "his mother kept all these words in her heart."
Saint Luke Alonso Gorda
Also known as
• Lukas del Espíritu Santo
• Lucas of the Holy Spirit
Profile
Dominican missionary priest. Martyr.
Born
18 October 1594 in Carracedo de Vidriales, Zamora, Spain
Died
19 October 1633 in Nishizaka, Nagasaki, Japan
Canonized
18 October 1987 by Pope John Paul II
Saint Aquilinus of Evreux
Profile
Married. Aquilinus and his wife agreed to live by good works. When they moved to Evreux, France, Aquilinus's reputation for holiness was such that he was chosen bishop, but he lived more as a prayerful hermit than an active pastor among the people.
Born
c.620 in Bayeux, France
Died
695
Saint Matthaeus Kohyoe
Also known as
• Matthaeus of the Rosary
• Mateo, Matteo, Matteus
Profile
Dominican novice and catechist. Martyr.
Born
1615 in Arima, Hyogo, Japan
Died
19 October 1633 in Nishizaka, Nagasaki, Japan
Canonized
18 October 1987 by Pope John Paul II
Saint Lucius of Rome
Profile
Protested the martyrdom of Saint Ptolemy of Rome in the persecutions of Antoninus Pius. Martyred for his objections. His story was written by Saint Justin Martyr.
Died
c.160 in Rome, Italy
Saint Ptolemy of Rome
Profile
Arrested and martyred in the persecutions of Antoninus Pius for the crime of teaching a woman about Christianity. His story was written by Saint Justin Martyr.
Died
c.160 in Rome, Italy
Saint Desiderius of Longoret
Profile
Benedictine monk at Saint-Pierre de Longoret Abbey in France. Spiritual student of Saint Sigiranus. Hermit in La Brenne, France.
Died
c.705
Joel the Prophet
Profile
Minor Old Testament prophet. Author of the canonical Book of Joel. Nothing is known about the man or his life.
Saint Pelagia of Antioch
Profile
One of a group of 59 Christians martyred together.
Died
Antioch, Syria
Saint Sabinianus of Sens
Profile
Shepherd. Martyr.
Died
Sens, France
/Saint Asterius of Ostia
Profile
Martyr.
Died
Ostia, Lazio, Italy
