St. Hesychius of Antioch
Feastday: November 18
Death: 303
Martyred Roman soldier. He declared himself a Christian and threw away his military belt. For this he was drowned in the Orontes River, in Syria.Saint Hesychius of Antioch was a Christian martyr who was put to death during the reign of Maximian Galerius (305-311 AD).
He was a high-ranking military official who declared his faith in Christ and renounced his military position. For this, he was tortured and drowned in the Orontes River in Antioch, Syria.
Hesychius is venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. His feast day is celebrated on November 18.
Bl. John Shoun
Feastday: November 18
Death: 1619
Martyr of Japan. He was a Japanese from Meako and was baptized at Nagasaki. Seized for being a Christian, he was burned alive at Nagasaki and was beatified in 1867.
Dedication of the Churches of Saints Peter and Paul, at Rome
தூய பேதுரு மற்றும் பவுல் பேராலய அபிசேகம்
திருவிழா நாள்: நவம்பர் 18
தூய பேதுரு மற்றும் பவுல் பேராலய அபிஷேக திருவிழா, ரோம் நகரிலுள்ள நான்கு முக்கிய பேராலயங்களில் இரண்டு பேராலயங்களின் அபிஷேக விஷாவைக் கொண்டாடுகிறது.
“தூய மரியாள் மேஜர் பேராலய” (Basilica of St Mary Major’s) அபிஷேகம் ஆகஸ்ட் மாதம் 5ம் தேதியும், “தூய யோவான் இலாத்தரன் பேராலய” (Basilica of St. John Lateran’s) அபிஷேகம், நவம்பர் மாதம் 9ம் தேதியும் கொண்டாடப்படுகின்றது.
தூய பேதுரு பேராலயம், முதன்முதலில், பேரரசர் “கான்ஸ்டன்டைன்” (Emperor Constantine) அவர்களால், கி.பி. 323ம் ஆண்டில் கட்டப்பட்டது. இப்பேராலயமானது, “வாட்டிகன் மலையின்” (Vatican Hill) மீதுள்ள கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபையின் முதல் திருத்தந்தையும், அப்போஸ்தலருமான பேதுருவின் கல்லறையின் மீது கட்டப்பட்டுள்ளது. தென்கிழக்கு ஃபிரான்சின் “ரோன்” (Rhône River) நதியோரமுள்ள “அவிக்னான்” (Avignon) நகரிலிருந்து திருத்தந்தையர் திரும்பிய பின்னரே திருத்தந்தையர் இங்கே வசிக்க தொடங்கினர். ஆயிரம் வருடங்களுக்கு மேலாக நின்ற ஆரம்பகால கட்டிடத்தை கட்டுமானப் பிரச்சினைகள் காரணமாக இடிக்குமாறு, திருத்தந்தை “இரண்டாம் ஜூலியஸ்” (Pope Julius II) 1506ம் ஆண்டு கட்டளையிட்டார். புதிய பேராலய கட்டிட பணிகள் நிறைவடைய 120 வருடங்களுக்கும் மேலானது. திருத்தந்தை “எட்டாம் அர்பன்” (Pope Urban VIII) அவர்களால், கி.பி. 1626ம் ஆண்டு, நவம்பர் மாதம், 18ம் தேதி, இப்பேராலயம் அர்ப்பணிக்கப்பட்டது. இது, கிறிஸ்தவ சமூகத்தின் மிகவும் பிரபலமான பேராலயமாகக் கருதப்படுகிறது.
தூய பவுல் பேராலயம், ரோம் நகரின் அசல் சுவர்களின் வெளியே சுமார் பன்னிரண்டு கிலோமீட்டர் தூரத்தில், தூய பவுல் மறைசாட்சியாக மரித்த இடம் என்று கூறப்படும் இடத்தில் அமைந்துள்ளது. இப்பேராலயமும் பேரரசர் “கான்ஸ்டன்டைன்” (Emperor Constantine) அவர்களால் கட்டப்பட்டதெனினும், “ரோமப் பேரரசின் 69ம் பேரரசர்” (69th Emperor of the Roman Empire), “முதலாம் தியோடோசியஸ்” (Theodosius I) மற்றும் திருத்தந்தை “முதலாம் லியோ” (Pope St Leo the Great) ஆகியோரால் விரிவாக்கம் செய்யப்பட்டது.
கி.பி. 1823ம் ஆண்டில் நடந்த ஒரு தீ விபத்தில் முற்றிலும் அழிந்துபோனது. உலகெங்கிலும் இருந்து வந்த நன்கொடைகள் மூலம், இப்பேராலயத்தின் மறுசீரமைப்பு சாத்தியமானது. தூய பேதுரு பேராலய கட்டிட பணிகள் முடியுமுன்னர், தூய பவுலின் பேராலாயம்தான் ரோம் நகரில் பெரிய பேராலயமாக இருந்தது. இப்பேராலயமானது, தூய பவுலின் கல்லறையின்மேல் கட்டப்பட்டுள்ளது. திருத்தந்தை “ஒன்பதாம் பயஸ்” (Pope Pius IX), இப்பேராலயத்தை கி.பி. 1854ம் ஆண்டு, டிசம்பர் மாதம், 10ம் தேதி, அபிஷேகம் செய்வித்தார்.
இவ்விரண்டு பேராலயங்களும் பல்லாயிரக்கணக்கான கத்தோலிக்க கிறிஸ்தவ திருயாத்திரிகர்களை ஆண்டுதோறும் ஈர்க்கின்றன. எண்ணற்ற பிற சபை/ சமயத்தினரும் ஆண்டுதோறும் வருகை புரிகின்றனர்.
நாம் அனைவரும் நமது உள்ளூர் தேவாலயங்களின் உறுப்பினர்கள் ஆவோம். ஆகவே, நாம் உலக திருச்சபையின் அடையாள சின்னமான, ரோம் நகரிலுள்ள தாய்த் திருச்சபை பேராலயங்களினதும் உறுப்பினர் ஆவோம்.
Article
The Vatican church, dedicated in honour of Saint Peter, is the second patriarchal church at Rome, and in it reposes one half of the precious remains of the bodies of Saints Peter and Paul. The tombs of the great conquerors and lords of the world have been long since destroyed and forgotten; but those of the martyrs are glorious by the veneration which the faithful pay to their memory. Amongst all the places which the blood of martyrs has rendered illustrious, that part of the Vatican hill which was consecrated with the blood and enriched with the relics of the prince of the apostles, has always been most venerable. "The sepulchres of those who have served Christ crucified," says Saint Chrysostom, "surpass the palaces of kings, not so much in the greatness and beauty of the buildings (though in this also they go beyond them) as in another thing of more importance, namely, in the multitude of those who, with devotion and joy, repair to them. For the emperor himself, who is clothed in purple, goes to the sepulchres of the saints, and kisses them; and, humbly prostrate on the ground, beseeches the same saints to pray to God for him; and he who wears a royal crown upon his head, holds it for a great favour of God, that a tent-maker and a fisherman, and these dead, should be his protectors and defenders, and this he begs with great earnestness." And Saint Austin, or another ancient father. "Now at the memory of the fisherman the knees of the emperor are bowed, and the precious stones of the imperial crown shine most where the benefits of the fisherman are most felt."
The body of Saint Peter is said to have been buried immediately after his martyrdom, upon this spot, on the Vatican hill, which was then without the walls, and near the suburb inhabited by the Jews. The remains of this apostle were removed hence, into the cemetery of Calixtus, but brought back to the Vatican. Those of Saint Paul were deposited on the Ostian Way, where his church now stands. The tombs of the two princes of the apostles, from the beginning, were visited by Christians with extraordinary devotion above those of other martyrs. Caius the learned and eloquent priest of Rome, in 210, in his dialogue with Proclus, the Montanist, speaks thus of them: "I can show you the trophies of the apostles. For, whether you go to the Vatican hill, or to the Ostian road, you will meet with the monuments of them, who by their preaching and miracles founded this church." The Christians, even in the times of persecution, adorned the tombs of the martyrs, and the oratories which they erected over them, where they frequently prayed. Constantine the Great, after founding the Lateran church, built seven other churches at Rome, and many more in other parts of Italy. The first of these were, the churches of Saint Peter on the Vatican hill (where a temple of Apollo, and another of Idaea, mother of the gods, before stood) in honour of the place where the prince of the apostles had suffered martyrdom, and was buried: and that of Saint Paul, at his tomb on the Ostian road. The yearly revenues which Constantine granted to all these churches, amounted to seventeen thousand seven hundred and seventy golden pence, which is above thirteen thousand pounds sterling, counting the prices, gold for gold; but, as the value of gold and silver was then much higher than at present, the sum in our money at this day would be much greater. These churches had also a yearly income of above one thousand six hundred pounds upon the spices which Egypt and the East furnished. The churches of Saint Peter had houses at Antioch, and lands round about that city; at Tarsus, in Cilicia, and at Tyre: also in Egypt, near Alexandria, in the province of Euphrates, and elsewhere. A part of these lands was appointed every year to furnish a certain quantity of spikenard, frankincense, balm, storax, cinnamon, saffron, and other precious drugs for the censers and lamps. Anastasius gives a large account of the rich vessels of gold and silver which Constantine gave for the service of these churches; but, perhaps, confounded some later presents with those of this emperor. These churches were built by Constantine in so stately and magnificent a manner as to vie with the finest structures in the empire, as appears from the description which Eusebius gives us of the church of Tyre; for we find that the rest were erected upon the same model, which was consequently of great antiquity. Saint Peter's church on the Vatican, being fallen to decay, it was begun to be rebuilt under Julius II, in 1506, and was dedicated by Urban VIII, in 1626, on this day, the same on which the dedication of the old church was celebrated. The precious remains of many popes, martyrs, and other saints, are deposited partly under the altars of this vast and beautiful church, and partly in a spacious subterraneous church under the other. But the richest treasure of this venerable place consists in the relics of Saints Peter and Paul, which lie in a sumptuous vault beyond the middle of the church towards the upper end, under a magnificent altar, at which only the pope says mass, unless he commissions another to officiate there. This sacred vault is called, The confession of Saint Peter, or, The threshold of the Apostles, (Limina Apostolorum,) to which devout persons have flocked, in pilgrimages, from the primitive ages.
Churches are dedicated only to God, though often under the patronage of some saint; that the faithful may be excited to implore, with united suffrages, the intercession of such a saint, and that churches may be distinguished by bearing different titles. "Neither do we," says Saint Austin, "erect churches, or appoint priesthoods, sacred rites, and sacrifices to the martyrs; because, not the martyrs, but the God of the martyrs, is our God. Who, among the faithful, ever heard a priest, standing at the altar which is erected over the body of a martyr to the honour and worship of God, say, in praying: We offer up sacrifice to thee, O Peter, or Paul, or Cyprian; when at their memories (or titular altars) it is offered to God, who made them both men and martyrs, and has associated them to his angels in heavenly honour." And again: "We build not churches to martyrs as to gods, but memories as to men departed this life, whose souls live with God. Nor do we erect altars to sacrifice on them to the martyrs, but to the God of the martyrs, and our God." Constantine the Great gave proofs of his piety and religion by the foundation of so many magnificent churches, in which he desired that the name of God should be glorified on earth, to the end of time. Do we show ours by our awful deportment and devotion in holy places, and by our assiduity in frequenting them? God is everywhere present, and is to be honoured by the homages of our affections in all places. But in those which are sacred to him, in which our most holy mysteries are performed, and in which his faithful servants unite their suffrages, greater is the glory which redound to him from them, and he is usually more ready to receive our requests: the prayers of many assembled together being a holy violence to his mercy.
Saint Rose Philippine Duchesne
புனிதர் ரோஸ் ஃபிலிப்பைன் டச்செஸ்ன்
சபை நிறுவனர்/ அருட்சகோதரி:
பிறப்பு: ஆகஸ்ட் 29, 1769
க்ரெநோபல், டௌபின், ஃபிரான்ஸ் அரசு
இறப்பு: நவம்பர் 18, 1852 (வயது 83)
செயின்ட் சார்லஸ், மிஸ்ஸெளரி, ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா
ஏற்கும் சமயம்:
ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை
முக்திபேறு பட்டம்: மே 12, 1940
திருத்தந்தை : திருத்தந்தை பனிரெண்டாம் பயஸ்
புனிதர் பட்டம்: ஜூலை 3, 1988
திருத்தந்தை: இரண்டாம் ஜான் பவுல்
முக்கிய திருத்தலங்கள்:
தூய ரோஸ் திருத்தலம், ஃபிலிப்பைன், டச்செஸ்ன்
தூய சார்லஸ், மிஸ்ஸெளரி, ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா
நினைவுத் திருநாள்: நவம்பர் 18
பாதுகாவல்:
துன்பத்தின் மத்தியிலும் விடாமுயற்சி செய்வோர்;
ஸ்பிரிங்ஃபீல்ட்-கிரார்டியு மறைமாவட்டம் (Diocese of Springfield–Cape Girardeau)
புனிதர் ரோஸ் ஃபிலிப்பைன் டச்செஸ்ன், ஒரு ஃபிரெஞ்ச் அருட்சகோதரியும், கல்வியாளரும், "இயேசுவின் திரு இருதய அருட்சகோதரிகள்" சபையின் (Religious Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus) ஆதிகால முக்கிய உறுப்பினரும் ஆவார். ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க சமூகங்களின் முதல் ஜெப கூட்டத்தைக் (Congregation) நிறுவியவரும் இவரே. தமது வாழ்வின் இறுதி காலத்தை மத்திய-மேற்கத்திய அமெரிக்க (Midwestern United States) மக்களுக்கு கற்பித்தல் மற்றும் சேவைகளில் கழித்தார். மற்றும், நாட்டின் மேற்கத்திய எல்லைப் (Western Frontier) பகுதிகளிலும் சேவை புரிந்தார்.
ஃபிரான்ஸின் “க்ரேனோபல்” (Grenoble) எனும் இடத்தில் பிறந்த இவரின் தந்தை ஒரு வழக்கறிஞர் ஆவார். அவரது பெயர், “பியர்ரே-ஃப்ரன்க்காய்ஸ் டச்செஸ்ன்” (Pierre-François Duchesne) ஆகும். தாயார் “ரோஸ்-யூஃப்ரோசின் பெரியேர்” (Rose-Euphrosine Périer) ஆவார். இவர்களுக்குப் பிறந்த ஏழு பெண் மற்றும் ஒரு ஆண் குழந்தைகளில் ரோஸ் ஃபிலிப்பைன் டச்செஸ்ன் இரண்டாவதாகப் பிறந்த குழந்தை ஆவார்.
சிறு வயதில் அம்மை நோயினால் பாதிக்கப்பட்ட டச்செஸ்னின் உடலில் நீங்கா வடுக்கள் தோன்றியிருந்தன. கி.பி. 1781ம் ஆண்டு, டச்செஸ்ன் மற்றும் இவரது ஒன்றுவிட்ட சகோதரியான “ஜோசஃபின்” (Josephine) ஆகிய இருவரும், “கிரனோபில்” (Grenoble) அருகேயுள்ள மலையருகிலுள்ள “தூய மரியாளின் வருகை சபையின் கன்னியரால்” (Visitandine nuns) நடத்தப்படும் ஒரு துறவு மடத்தில் கல்வி கற்க அனுப்பப்பட்டார். துறவு வாழ்வில் ஈர்ப்பு கொண்ட ரோஸ், அதில் தீவிர ஈடுபாடு காண்பிக்க தொடங்கினார். இதை அறிந்த அவரது தந்தை, அடுத்த வருடமே அவரை அங்கிருந்து நீக்கி தமது வீட்டினருகேயே கல்வி கற்க ஏற்பாடு செய்தார்.
கி.பி. 1788ம் ஆண்டு, இவர் தமது குடும்பத்தினரின் எதிர்ப்பையும் மீறி "தூய மரியாளின் வருகை" (Visitation of Holy Mary religious order) சபையின் துறவு இல்லத்தில் இணைய முடிவெடுத்தார். தமது அத்தை ஒருவருடன் பயணப்பட்டுப் போன இவர், உடனடியாக துறவு இல்லத்தில் இணைந்ததும், தந்தையிடம் தகவல் கூறுமாறு சொல்லி, அத்தையை தனியாக திருப்பி அனுப்பினார்.
எனினும், கி.பி. 1792ம் ஆண்டு, ஃபிரெஞ்ச் புரட்சியின் (French Revolution) பயங்கர ஆட்சி, துறவு இல்லங்களை மூட வைத்தது. அங்கிருந்த அருட்சகோதரியர் திருப்பி அனுப்பப்பட்டனர். வேறு வழியின்றி ஊர் திரும்பிய ரோஸ், தமது இரு அத்தைமாருடன் ஒரு பண்ணை வீட்டில் வசித்தார். அங்கிருந்த காலத்தில் ஃபிரெஞ்ச் புரட்சியின் கொடுமையால் பாதிக்கப்பட்டவர்களுக்கும் முந்தைய துறவு இல்லத்தில் சிறைப்பட்டிருந்தவர்களுக்கும் சேவை புரிந்தார்.
கி.பி. 1801ம் ஆண்டில், ஃபிரான்ஸில் மாவீரன் நெப்போலியனின் ஆட்சியின் கீழே, கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை மீண்டும் தலையெடுத்து தழைக்கத் தொடங்கியது. ரோஸ் "தூய மரியாளின் வருகை" துறவு இல்லத்தை புதுப்பிக்கும் முயற்சியில் இறங்கினார். அதன் கட்டிட சொந்தக்காரரிடமிருந்து கட்டிடங்களை பெற முயற்சித்தார். இல்லத்தின் கட்டடங்கள் இராணுவத்தினர் வசிப்பதற்கும் சிறைச் சாலையாகவும் பயன்படுத்தப்பட்டிருந்ததால், குப்பையும் கூளமுமாக, துறவு இல்ல அருட்சகோதரிகள் தங்குவதற்கு ஏதுவானதாக இருக்கவில்லை. அவற்றை சுத்தப்படுத்தும் பணியில் இறங்கினார். இல்லத்தின் தலைமை அருட்சகோதரியும் மற்றும் சில இளம் துறவியரும் வந்ததால் இல்லம் சுத்தம் செய்யப்பட்டது. இறுதியில், ரோஸ் இல்லத்தின் தலைமை அருட்சகோதரியாகவும், உடன் மூன்று துறவற அருட்சகோதரியரும் மட்டுமே அங்கே தனித்து விடப்பட்டனர்.
ஃபிரெஞ்சுப் புரட்சியின் பின்னர் சீரமைக்கப்பட்ட "தூய மரியாளின் வருகை" (Visitation of Holy Mary religious order) சபை, வடக்கு ஃபிரான்சில் தடுமாற்றத்துடன் நடந்துவந்தது. இதனால், ஃபிரெஞ்சு கத்தோலிக்க அருட்சகோதரியும், பின்னால் புனிதருமான “மெடலின் சோஃபி பராட்” (St. Madeleine Sophie Barat), புதிய “தூய திருஇருதய சமூகத்தை” (Society of the Sacred Heart) நிறுவினார். அவர், “கிரனோபில்” (Grenoble) நகரில் ஒரு புதிய அஸ்திவாரத்தை நிறுவ விரும்பினார். அவரது வழிகாட்டியும், இயேசுசபை (Jesuit priest) குருவுமான “ஜோசஃப் வரின்” (Joseph Varin) என்பவரது தூண்டுதலின் காரணத்தால், 1804ம் ஆண்டு பயணித்து, ரோஸ் ஃபிலிப்பைன் டச்செஸ்னை சந்தித்தார். தமது "தூய மரியாளின் வருகை" (Visitation of Holy Mary) சமூகத்தை “தூய திருஇருதய சமூகத்துடன்” (Society of the Sacred Heart) இணைப்பதற்கு “பராட்” தந்த வேண்டுகோளை ஏற்றுக்கொண்டார். புதிய சமூகம், பெண்களின் கல்விக்காக அர்ப்பணிக்கப்பட்டது. இரு பெண்களும் உடனடியாக வாழ்நாள் சிநேகிதியரானார்கள்.
கி.பி. 1815ம் ஆண்டு, நெப்போலியனின் யுத்தங்கள் முடிவுக்கு வந்தபின்னர் ரோஸ், பாரிஸ் நகரில் "திரு இருதய பள்ளி" (Convent of the Sacred Heart) என்ற பெயரில் ஒரு பள்ளியை தொடங்கினார். இருவரும் தொடங்கிய அப்பள்ளியில், இருவருமே புகுமுக துறவியரின் (Mistress of novices) தலைமைப் பொறுப்பேற்றனர்.
டச்செஸ்ன், சிறு வயதில் தமது பங்கு ஆலயத்தில், புதிய ஃபிரான்சின் (New France) காலனியான “லூசியானாவில்” (Louisiana) மறைப்பணியாற்றும் துறவியரின் கதைகளை ஏராளமாக கேட்டு, தாமும் அங்கே சென்று பணியாற்றும் ஆர்வம் கொண்டிருந்தார். கி.பி. 1817ம் ஆண்டு, “லூசியானா மற்றும் இரண்டு ஃபுளோரிடா” (Diocese of Louisiana and the Two Floridas) மறைமாவட்டத்தின் ஆயரான “வில்லியம் டுபௌர்க்” (William Dubourg) பாரிஸ் நகரின் பள்ளிக்கு வருகை தந்தார். அவர், தமது மறைமாவட்டத்திலுள்ள இந்திய மற்றும் ஃபிரெஞ்ச் குழந்தைகளுக்கான கல்வி கற்பிக்கும் மற்றும் சுவிசேஷத்துக்கு உதவும் கல்வியாளர் சபையொன்றினை வேண்டி வந்திருந்தார். அவரைச் சந்தித்த டச்செஸ்ன், உடனடியாக தமது சிறு வயது விருப்பங்கள் நினைவு வர, தமது சிநேகிதியான பராட்டிடம் அனுமதி வேண்டினார்.
கி.பி. 1818ம் ஆண்டு, தமது சிநேகிதியான பாராட்டின் ஆசீர்வாதங்களுடனும், துறவு இல்லத்தின் நான்கு அருட்சகோதரியினருடனும், ரோஸ் அமெரிக்கா புறப்பட்டார். பத்து வாரங்கள் கடல் பயணம் மேற்கொண்டபின் அவர்கள் “நியூ ஒர்லியான்ஸ்” (New Orleans) மாகாணம் சென்றடைந்தனர். அங்கே அவர்களுக்கு தங்குவதற்கான வசதிகள் ஏதும் செய்து தரப்படவில்லை. “உருசுளின்” அருட்சகோதரியருடன் சுருக்கமான ஓய்வு எடுத்தபின்னர், “மிஸிசிப்பி நதியில்” (Mississippi River) ஏழு வாரங்கள் படகு பயணம் செய்து, “செயின்ட் லூயிஸ்” (St. Louis) நகர் சென்றனர். இறுதியில் “செயின்ட் சார்லஸ்” (St. Charles) நகர் சென்று தங்கினார்கள். பண்டைய அமெரிக்க மாகாணங்களின் கடின சூழ்நிலைகளில் கற்பிக்கும் பணிகளுடன் சேவைகளும் செய்து வாழ்ந்தனர்.
கி.பி. 1841ம் ஆண்டு, ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்காவின் மத்திய மேற்க்கத்திய மாநிலமான “கன்சாஸ்” (Kansas) மாநிலத்தின் “பொலவட்டோமி” (Potawatomi) மொழி பேசும் ஆதிவாசி மக்களிடையே பணியாற்ற வருமாறு இவர்களை இயேசுசபை துறவியர் அழைத்தனர். 71 வயதான ரோஸ், ஆரம்பத்தில் அவர்களுடன் செல்ல தேர்வு செய்யப்படவில்லை. ஆனால், “தந்தை வெர்ஹஜென்” (Father Verhaegen) வலியுறுத்தியதால், கடின பணிகளைத் தவிர்த்து அவரும் பணியாற்றினார். உள்ளூர் மொழி தெரியாததால், அவரால் கற்பிக்கும் பணி செய்ய இயலவில்லை. அவர் முழுநேர ஜெபத்திலே ஈடுபட்டிருந்தார்.
கி.பி. 1842ம் ஆண்டு, ரோஸின் உடல்நிலை மோசமானதால் கடின கிராம சேவைகளுக்கு ஒத்துப்போகவில்லை. ரோஸ் “செயின்ட் சார்லஸ்” (St. Charles) திரும்பினார். தமது வாழ்க்கையின் கடைசி பத்து வருடங்களை சிற்றாலயத்தின் அருகேயுள்ள ஏணிப்படிகளுக்கு கீழேயுள்ள ஒரு சிறு அறையில் கழித்தார். வலு குறைந்த, பார்வை மங்கிப்போன, தனிமையில் கஷ்டப்பட்ட, தமது சிநேகிதியான “அன்னை பராட்டின்” (Mother Barat) கடிதங்களுக்காக ஏங்கிய புனிதர் ரோஸ் ஃபிலிப்பைன் டச்செஸ்ன், 1852ம் ஆண்டு, நவம்பர் மாதம், பதினெட்டாம் நாள் மரித்தார். அவருக்கு வயது 83.
Also known as
• The Lady of Mercy
• Woman Who Prays Always
Profile
Born to family with wealth and political connections; her father, Pierre Francois Duchesne, was a lawyer, businessman, and prominent civic leader in Grenoble, France, and her mother, Rose Perier, was a member of a leading family from the Dauphine region of France. From age eight Rose had a desire to evangelize in the Americas, sparked by hearing a Jesuit missionary speak of his work there. She received a basic education at home from tutors, and religious education from her mother. Educated from age 12 at the convent of the Visitation nuns in Grenoble, she joined them in 1788 at age 19 without the permission or knowledge of her family who were violently opposed to her choice, but finally gave in.
Religious communities were outlawed during the Reign of Terror of the French Revolution, and Rose's convent was closed in 1792. She spent the next ten years living as a lay woman again, but still managed to act like a good member of her Order. She established a school for poor children, provided care for the sick, and hid priests from Revolutionaries. When the Terror ended, she reclaimed her convent and tried to re-establish it with a group of sisters she had maintained in Grenoble. However, most of the sistes were long gone, and in 1804 the remainder was incorporated into the Society of the Sacred Heart under Saint Madeline Sophie Barat. They then re-opened the convent of Sainte-Marie-d'en-Haut as the second house of Sacred Heart nuns. Rose became a postulant in December 1804, and made her final vows in 1805.
In 1815 Mother Duschene was assigned to found a Sacred Heart convent in Paris, France. On 14 March 1818 at age 49 she and four sisters were sent as missionaries to the Louisiana Territory to establish the Society's presence in America. Diseases contracted during the trip to America nearly killed her, and after she recovered in New Orleans, the trip up the Mississippi nearly killed her again. She established her first mission at Saint Charles, Missouri, a log cabin that was the first free school west of the Mississippi River. She eventually six other houses in America which included schools and orphanages. She ran into some opposition as her teaching methods were based on French models, and her English was terrible; her students, however, received a good education, and her intentions were obviously for their best.
She was ever concerned about the plight of Native Americans, and much of her work was devoted to educating them, caring for their sick, and working against alcohol abuse. Finally able to retire from her administrative duties at age 71, Mother Duchesne evangelized the Pottowatomies, and taught young girls of the tribe. This work, however, lasted but a year as she was unable to master the Pottowatomi language. She was known to the tribe as "Woman-Who-Prays-Always".
She spent her last ten years in retirement in a tiny shack at the convent in Saint Charles where she lived austerely and in constant prayer.
Born
29 August 1769 at Grenoble, France
Died
18 November 1852 at Saint Charles, Missouri of natural causes
Canonized
3 July 1988 by Pope John Paul II
Saint Odo of Cluny
குளுனி துறவி ஓடோ Odo von Cluny OSB
பிறப்பு
878,
அக்குயிடானியன் Aquitanien, பிரான்சு
இறப்பு
18 நவம்பர் 942,
தூர்ஸ் Tours, பிரான்சு
பாதுகாவல்: மழைக்காக, பாடகர்கள்
இவர் ஓர் படைவீரரின் குடும்பத்தில் பிறந்தார். குளுனி சபையில் சேர்ந்து குருவானார். அச்சபையைத் தொடங்கிய பெர்னோ(Berno) என்பவரின் இறப்பிற்குப்பிறகு ஓடோ அச்சபையை பொறுப்பேற்று வழிநடத்தினார். இவர் சபைத்தலைவராக பொறுப்பேற்றபின்னர், ஏராளமானோர் அச்சபையில் சேர்ந்தனர். இவர் தன் பதவிகாலத்தில் 17 துறவற மடங்களைக் கட்டினார். தன் சபை குருக்கள் அனைவரும் இவரை முன்மாதிரியாக கொண்டு செயல்பட்டனர். அந்தளவிற்கு இவர் மிக எளிமையான வாழ்வை செயல்பட்டனர்.
இவர் ஆலய இசைகளில் அன்புக்கொண்டிருந்தார். திருப்பலிப் பாடல்கள் பலவற்றை இவரே உருவாக்கினார். இவரால் உருவாக்கப்பட்ட பாடல்கள் இன்றுவரை திருச்சபையில் பாடப்பட்டு வருகின்றது. இவர் பிரான்சு நாட்டு மக்களால் "புகழ்பெற்ற இசைக்கலைஞர்" என்ற பட்டம் பெற்றார். இவர் இறந்தபிறகு இவரின் உடல் புனித ஜூலியன் கல்லறை அருகில் புதைக்கப்பட்டார்.
Profile
Born to the nobility, the son of Abbo. Raised in the courts of Count Fulk II of Anjou and Duke William of Aquitaine. Received the Order of Tonsure at age nineteen. Canon of the church of Saint Martin of Tours. Studied music and theology in Paris for four years, studying under Remigius of Auxerre. Returning home, he spent years as a near-hermit in a cell, studying and praying.
Benedictine monk at Baume, diocese of Besancon, France in 909, bringing all his worldly possessions - a library of about 100 books. Spiritual student of the abbot, Saint Berno of Cluny. Headmaster of the monastery school at Baume. Abbot of Baume in 924. Abbot of Cluny, Massey and Deols in 927.
In 931, Pope John XI asked Odo to reform all the monasteries in the Aquitaine, northern France and Italy. Negotiated a peace between Heberic of Rome and Hugh of Provence in 936; returned twice in six years to renegotiate the peace between them. Persuaded many secular leaders to give up control of monasteries so they could return to being spiritual centers, not sources of cash for the state. Founded the monastery of Our Lady on the Aventine in Rome. Wrote a biography of Saint Gerald of Aurillac, three books of essays on morality, some homilies, an epic poem on the Redemption, and twelve choral antiphons in honour of Saint Martin of Tours. Noted for his knowledge, his administrative abilities, his skills as a reformer, and as a writer; also known for his charity, he has been depicted giving the poor the clothes off his back.
Born
c.879 at Le Mans, France
Died
• 18 November 942 in Tours, France of natural causes while travelling to Rome, Italy
• buried in the church of Saint Julian
• most relics burned by Huguenots
Blessed Leonardus Kimura
Also known as
Leonard Chimurra
Profile
His grandfather was the first Japanese person baptized by Saint Francis Xavier, and Leonard was raised Christian; he was related to Blessed Anthony Kimura. Attended the Jesuit school in Nagasaki, Japan. Served as lay catechist. Travelled with Jesuit priests on missionary trips. Jesuit Co-adjutor Brother, serving as cook and tailor. When the Jesuits were expelled from Japan in 1614, Leonard stayed behind and worked alone for years, living as a fugitive for his faith.
In 1619 he was captured with a small group of Christians. He was dressed as a Japanese gentleman, and the priest hunters had no idea they'd nabbed a Jesuit. At his trial the judge offered him the usual 200 pieces of silver if he would reveal the whereabouts of a Jesuit priest. Kimura said, "I know one Jesuit; he is a Co-adjutor Brother and not a priest, and I am that Brother." This admission sent him to prison. There he continued his mission as catechist, converted jailers and prisoners, and turned the prison into a Christian community with fixed times for prayer and meditation; this worked sent him to martyrdom.
Born
c.1575 at Nagasaki, Japan
Died
burned alive on 18 November 1619 before a crowd of 20,000 at Nishizaka, Nagaski, Japan
Beatified
7 May 1867 by Pope Pius IX
Blessed Karoliny Kózkówny
Also known as
• Caroline Kózkówny
• Karolina Kózka
• Karolina Kozkowna
• Karolina Kózkówny
• the Maria Goretti of Poland
Profile
Fourth of eleven children born to the farm family of Jan and Maria Borzechka Kózka. Catechist. A teenaged virgin, she refused the advances of a Russian soldier. He kidnapped her, dragged her into the forest, and murdered her during an attempted rape. Martyr of purity.
Born
2 August 1898 at Wal-Ruda, Poland
Died
• murdered during a rape attempt by a Russian soldier on 18 November 1914 in the forests around Wal-Ruda, Poland
• her body was found on 4 December 1914
• buried at Zabawa, Poland
Beatified
10 June 1987 at Tarnów, Poland by Pope John Paul II
Saint Mawes
Also known as
Mandé, Maodez, Maudet, Maudetus, Maudez, Maudé, Maw, Mawe, Modez
Profile
Hermit in an area of Cornwall, England; the area now has a village named Saint Mawes (Lannvowsedh in Cornish) in his honour. He emigrated to Brittany where he founded a monastery on an island now known as Maudez; he had to drive out the snakes and vermin in order to build. Worked with Saint Budoc of Brittany and Saint Tudwal to found the house. A nearby village is known as Lanmodez in his honour, and there are more than 60 churches in the region dedicated to him.
Born
Wales
Died
• 6th century of natural causes
• relics transferred to Bourges, France and Paris, France in the 9th century to escape invading Normans
• relics later returned to Brittany and spread around nine churches
Noah the Patriarch
Also known as
Noe, Nuh
Profile
Son of Lamech, and ninth patriarch of the Sethite line, who, with his family, was saved in the Ark from the Deluge, dying 350 years later at the age of 950. Father of Sem, Cham and Japhet. Many non-Catholics maintain that the Bible narrative is derived from a Babylonian epic, but numerous and important discrepancies render this untenable. The scriptural story is a parallel independent form of a common tradition.
Blessed Andreas Murayama Tokuan
Also known as
Andrew Toukan
Profile
Layman member of the Confraternity of the Holy Rosary in the archdiocese of Nagasaki, Japan. Arrested for sheltering missionaries. He was offered his freedom if he would deny Christianity; he declined. Martyr.
Born
Nagasaki, Japan
Died
burned alive on 18 November 1619 before a crowd of 20,000 at Nishizaka, Nagaski, Japan
Beatified
7 May 1867 by Pope Pius IX
Blessed Ferdinando Santamaria
Also known as
Grimoaldo of the Purification
Profile
Blessed Ferdinando Santamaria, also known as Blessed Grimoaldo of the Purification, was an Italian Passionist cleric who was beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1995. He was known for his holiness, charity, and devotion to prayer.
Life
Ferdinando Santamaria was born on May 4, 1883, in Pontecorvo, Italy. He was the eldest of five children. His parents were devout Catholics, and they instilled in him a strong faith from an early age.
Ferdinando was an altar server from a young age, and he was also a member of the church choir and the Sodality of the Immaculate Conception. He had a deep love for prayer, and he spent many hours in front of the Blessed Sacrament.
In 1899, Ferdinando entered the Passionist novitiate in Ceccano, Italy. He was given the religious name Grimoaldo of the Purification. He took his final vows in 1900.
Grimoaldo was a diligent student and a devout religious. He was known for his humility, obedience, and charity. He was always willing to help others, and he was especially kind to the poor and the sick.
In November 1902, Grimoaldo was diagnosed with acute meningitis. He suffered greatly, but he offered his suffering up to God with great patience and resignation. He died on November 18, 1902, at the age of 19.
Beatification
Grimoaldo's cause for beatification was opened in 1953. He was declared Venerable by Pope John Paul II in 1992. He was beatified on October 14, 1995.
Feast Day
Blessed Grimoaldo's feast day is celebrated on November 18.
Born
4 May 1883 at Pontecorvo, Frosinone, Italy as Ferdinando Santamaria
Died
18 November 1902 at Ceccano, Italy of natural causes
Beatified
29 January 1995 by Pope John Paul II
Saint Romano of Antioch
Also known as
Romanus
Profile
Deacon in Caesarea. Preached publicly against Christians sacrificing to idols as a way to get along with pagan imperial authorities. For this he was imprisoned, tortured, his tongue cut and martyred in the persecutions of Diocletian.
Died
strangled to death in prison in Antioch, Syria
Blessed Domingos Jorge
Also known as
Dominic Jorjes
Profile
Soldier. Immigrant to Japan. Layman. Member of the Confraternity of the Rosary. Arrested for hiding the Christian missionary Blessed John Spinola during a persecution of the faith. Martyr.
Born
San Román, Aguiar de Sousa, Porto, Portugal
Died
burned alive on 18 November 1619 in Nishizaka, Nagasaki, Japan
Beatified
7 May 1867 by Pope Pius IX
Blessed Ioannes Yoshida Shoun
Also known as
• John Shoun
• John Xoun
Profile
Convert, baptized by Jesuits in the archdiocese of Nagasaki, Japan. Layman member of the Confraternity of the Holy Rosary. Martyr.
Born
at Miyako, Japan
Died
burned alive on 18 November 1619 at Nishizaka, Nagaski, Japan
Beatified
7 May 1867 by Pope Pius IX
Blessed Cosmas Takeya Sozaburo
Profile
Layman member of the Confraternity of the Holy Rosary in the archdiocese of Nagasaki, Japan. Married to Blessed Agnes Takeya; father of Franciscus Takeya. Martyr.
Born
in Korea
Died
burned alive on 18 November 1619 before a crowd of 20,000 at Nishizaka, Nagaski, Japan
Beatified
7 May 1867 by Pope Pius IX
Saint Barulas
Also known as
Barula
Profile
A boy of seven who learned Christianity from Saint Romanus the Abbot. When he publicly announced his Christianity, he was tortured and martyred in the persecutions of Diocletian.
Died
beheaded in 303
Saint Mummolus of Lagny
Also known as
Momble, Momleolus, Mumbolus
Profile
Saint Mummolus of Lagny was an Irish monk who lived in the seventh century. He was a companion of Saint Fursey, and he succeeded him as abbot of the monastery of Lagny in France.
Early life
Mummolus was born in Ireland in the early seventh century. He was a member of a noble family, and he received a good education. He was also a devout Christian, and he was drawn to the monastic life.
Life as a monk
Mummolus traveled to France in the company of Saint Fursey. They settled in the monastery of Lagny, which was located on the Marne River. Mummolus was a gifted monk, and he quickly rose through the ranks of the monastery.
In 650, Saint Fursey died. Mummolus was elected to succeed him as abbot. He ruled the monastery wisely and justly, and he was a model of holiness for his monks.
Death and legacy
Mummolus died in 690. He was buried in the monastery church, and he was soon venerated as a saint. His feast day is celebrated on November 18.
Born
Ireland
Died
c.690 of natural causes
Saint Amandus of Lérins
Also known as
• Amand, Amantius, Amatius
Profile
Saint Amandus of Lérins was a seventh-century Benedictine monk and abbot who lived on the island of Lérins, off the coast of France. He is best known for his Commonitorium, a treatise on the development of Christian doctrine.
Life
Amandus was born in the early seventh century in Gaul (modern-day France). He entered the monastery of Lérins as a young man, and he quickly rose through the ranks. He was elected abbot in 676.
As abbot, Amandus was known for his wisdom and his ability to resolve disputes. He also oversaw a period of great growth for the monastery.
Commonitorium
Amandus's Commonitorium is a short treatise on the development of Christian doctrine. In it, Amandus argues that the Church's teaching should be based on quod ubique, quod semper, quod ab omnibus creditum est, which means "what is believed everywhere, always, and by everyone."
This principle, known as the rule of faith, has been an important guide for the development of Christian doctrine throughout history.
Death and legacy
Amandus died in 708. He was buried on the island of Lérins, and he is venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church. His feast day is celebrated on November 18.
Influence
Amandus's Commonitorium has been a major influence on the development of Christian doctrine. It has been cited by many theologians, including St. Thomas Aquinas, Martin Luther, and John Calvin.
The rule of faith that Amandus articulated has been used to defend the traditional teachings of the Church against challenges from new ideas. It is still used today as a guide for interpreting Scripture and tradition.
Virtues
Amandus was known for his wisdom, his holiness, and his commitment to the Church. He was a great example of how a monk can live a holy and fulfilling life.
Died
708 of natural causes
Saint Oriculus
Profile
One of a group of martyrs killed by Arian Vandals; the names of his fellow martyrs have not come down to us.
Died
c.430 near Carthage, North Africa
Blessed Guilminus
Profile
Blessed Guilminus was a Cistercian monk who lived in the 12th century. He was known for his piety, humility, and devotion to prayer. He is best known for his role in the foundation of the Cistercian abbey of Villers in Belgium.
Life
Guilminus was born in the village of Ramelot in Belgium in 1090. He was the son of a wealthy landowner. As a young man, he was educated at the cathedral school in Liège.
In 1115, Guilminus had a conversion experience. He decided to renounce his worldly possessions and enter the Cistercian monastery of Clairvaux in France.
At Clairvaux, Guilminus was a model monk. He was known for his obedience, his humility, and his devotion to prayer. He was also a skilled administrator, and he was appointed cellarer of the monastery.
In 1142, Guilminus was sent to Belgium to found a new Cistercian abbey. He chose the site of Villers, which was located on a hill overlooking the Meuse River.
Guilminus was abbot of Villers for 20 years. He oversaw the construction of the monastery buildings, and he also recruited monks to join the community.
Under Guilminus's leadership, Villers became a flourishing abbey. It was known for its strict observance of the Cistercian rule, and it attracted many visitors from all over Europe.
Death and legacy
Guilminus died in 1162. He was buried in the abbey church, and he was soon venerated as a saint. His feast day is celebrated on November 18.
Virtues
Guilminus was known for his piety, humility, and devotion to prayer. He was also a skilled administrator and a wise leader. He was a great example of how a monk can live a holy and fulfilling life.
Died
c.1065 of natural causes
Saint Teofredo of Vellaicum
Profile
Saint Teofredo of Vellaicum (also known as Theophilus of Le Puy) was a 6th-century Visigoth monk and hermit who lived in the region of Auvergne, France. He is known for his founding of the monastery of Vellaicum, which became a center of learning and piety in the region.
Life
Teofredo was born in the early 6th century in a wealthy Visigoth family. He received a good education and was exposed to Christian teachings from a young age. However, he was not interested in the material world and felt a strong calling to a life of religious devotion.
In his early adulthood, Teofredo decided to renounce his worldly possessions and become a hermit. He settled in a remote location in the Auvergne region, where he spent his days in prayer, meditation, and study of the Scriptures.
Teofredo's reputation for holiness and wisdom quickly spread throughout the region. People from all walks of life came to seek his guidance and counsel. He was known for his humility, compassion, and his ability to offer spiritual comfort and direction.
Founding of Vellaicum
In the late 6th century, Teofredo decided to establish a monastery to provide a place for others to share his commitment to the monastic life. He chose a site near the town of Le Puy-en-Velay, which was a strategic location on a pilgrimage route.
Teofredo built the monastery with his own hands and attracted a group of disciples who shared his vision. The monastery quickly grew in size and became a center of learning and piety. It attracted scholars and pilgrims from all over France and beyond.
Death and legacy
Teofredo died in the late 6th century. He is venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church, and his feast day is celebrated on November 18. He is considered a patron saint of hermits and of the region of Auvergne.
Virtues
Teofredo was known for his holiness, humility, and compassion. He was a dedicated servant of God and a model of Christian living. He was also a wise leader and a skilled teacher.
Died
Vellaicum, Aquitaine (modern Velay, France)
Saint Maximus of Mainz
Profile
Saint Maximus of Mainzwas an ancient Roman bishop, thought to have been the second bishop of Mogontiacum (Mainz, now in Germany) and possibly the last to hold that position under the Roman Empire.
Early Life and Rise to Prominence
Maximus was born in the late 4th or early 5th century in what is now Germany. He was a devout Christian and gained a reputation for his piety and learning. He was eventually ordained a priest and served in the diocese of Mainz.
Around 436 AD, Maximus was elected bishop of Mainz, succeeding Bishop Aureus, who had been martyred during the Hun campaign against the Burgundians. As bishop, Maximus took on the responsibility of leading the Christian community in a time of great upheaval and uncertainty.
Persecution and Exile
The Huns, a nomadic tribe from Central Asia, had invaded Europe in the 5th century, causing widespread destruction and displacement. They were particularly hostile to the Christian Church, and under their rule, Christians faced persecution and martyrdom.
Maximus, as bishop of Mainz, was a prominent figure in the Christian community. He was also outspoken in his criticism of the Huns and their pagan beliefs. As a result, he became a target for persecution.
In 451 AD, the Huns launched a major invasion of Gaul, and Mainz was one of the first cities to fall. The Huns sacked the city and destroyed the cathedral. Maximus was forced to flee, and he spent the rest of his life in exile.
Legacy
Despite his exile, Maximus continued to serve as bishop of Mainz in absentia. He maintained communication with the Christian community in Mainz and provided them with spiritual guidance and support. He also traveled throughout the region, preaching and teaching the Gospel.
Maximus died in exile sometime in the mid-5th century. He is remembered as a courageous and faithful bishop who stood up for his beliefs in the face of persecution. He is venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church
Died
378
Saint Romacario of Constance
Profile
Sixth century bishop in Constance, Neustria (modern Konstanz, Germany).Saint Romacario of Constance was a Benedictine monk and abbot who lived in the 7th century. He is known for his founding of the abbey of Constance in Germany.
Early Life and Conversion to Christianity
Romacario was born in the late 6th century in Gaul (modern-day France). He was raised in a pagan family and received a pagan education. However, he was drawn to Christianity from an early age.
In the early 7th century, Romacario converted to Christianity. He was baptized and became a devout Christian. He was particularly interested in the monastic life, and he decided to renounce his worldly possessions and become a monk.
Monastic Life and Founding of Constance Abbey
Romacario joined a Benedictine monastery in Gaul. He quickly rose through the ranks of the monastery and was appointed prior (second-in-command). He was known for his piety, humility, and his ability to lead the community.
In the mid-7th century, Romacario was sent to Germany to found a new Benedictine monastery. He chose the site of Constance, which was located on the shores of Lake Constance.
Romacario founded the abbey of Constance in 664 AD. He built the monastery buildings and recruited monks to join the community. Under Romacario's leadership, Constance became a flourishing abbey. It was known for its strict observance of the Benedictine rule, and it attracted many visitors from all over Germany and beyond.
Death and Legacy
Romacario died in 690 AD. He was buried in the abbey church, and he was soon venerated as a saint. His feast day is celebrated on November 18.
Saint Nazarius of Lérins
Profile
1
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Saint Nazarius of Lérinswas the fourteenth abbot of the monastery of Lérins, probably during the reign of the Merovingian Clotaire II (584-629). He successfully attacked the remnants of paganism on the southern coast of France, overthrew a sanctuary of Venus near Cannes, and founded a convent for women on its site, which the Saracens destroyed in the 8th century. His name is inscribed on the calendar of saints of the French Church, on 18 November.
Early Life and Monastic Life
Nazarius was born in Gaul (modern-day France) in the late 6th or early 7th century. He was a devout Christian and was drawn to the monastic life from a young age. He joined the monastery of Lérins, which was located on an island off the coast of Cannes.
Lérins was a renowned center of learning and spirituality, and Nazarius quickly became a respected member of the community. He was known for his piety, humility, and his ability to lead. He also had a gift for teaching, and he was often called upon to instruct the younger monks.
Abbotship and Fight Against Paganism
In the early 7th century, Nazarius was elected abbot of Lérins. He was a wise and compassionate leader, and he oversaw a period of great growth for the monastery. He also took on the task of combating the remnants of paganism that still existed in the region.
Nazarius was particularly concerned about the worship of Venus, which was still practiced by some people living near Cannes. He led a group of monks to destroy a sanctuary of Venus that was located near the city. He also founded a convent for women on the site of the sanctuary, which was intended to provide a Christian alternative to the pagan practices that had taken place there.
Legacy
Nazarius died in the late 7th century. He was buried on the island of Lérins, and he was soon venerated as a saint. His feast day is celebrated on November 18.
Nazarius is remembered as a courageous and faithful leader who fought against paganism and promoted the Christian faith. He is also considered a patron saint of the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France.
Virtues
Nazarius was known for his piety, humility, and his ability to lead. He was also a skilled administrator and a gifted teacher. He was a great example of how a monk can live a holy and fulfilling life.
Saint Anselm of Lérins
Profile
Eighth century abbot of Lérins Abbey in France.There are two saints named Anselm of Lérins. The first was a 7th-century Benedictine monk and abbot who was born in Gaul (modern-day France). He is known for his Commonitorium, a treatise on the development of Christian doctrine.
The second Anselm of Lérins was a 12th-century Cistercian monk and abbot who was born in England. He is known for his Cur Deus homo, a treatise on the atonement.
I will focus on the first Anselm of Lérins in this response.
Life
Anselm was born in the early 7th century in Gaul. He entered the monastery of Lérins as a young man, and he quickly rose through the ranks. He was elected abbot in 676.
As abbot, Anselm was known for his wisdom and his ability to resolve disputes. He also oversaw a period of great growth for the monastery.
Commonitorium
Anselm's Commonitorium is a short treatise on the development of Christian doctrine. In it, Anselm argues that the Church's teaching should be based on quod ubique, quod semper, quod ab omnibus creditum est, which means "what is believed everywhere, always, and by everyone."
This principle, known as the rule of faith, has been an important guide for the development of Christian doctrine throughout history.
Death and legacy
Anselm died in 708. He was buried on the island of Lérins, and he is venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church. His feast day is celebrated on November 18.
Saint Thomas of Antioch
Profile
Thomas was born in Antioch, Syria, in the early 5th century. He was a member of a wealthy family, but he was not interested in the material world. From a young age, he was drawn to the Christian faith and sought out opportunities to learn more about it.
In his early adulthood, Thomas had a conversion experience that transformed his life. He was deeply moved by the teachings of Jesus Christ and decided to renounce his worldly possessions and dedicate himself to a life of prayer and asceticism.
Life as a hermit
Thomas moved to a remote location in the Syrian desert, where he lived as a hermit. He spent his days in prayer, meditation, and study of the Scriptures. He also fasted regularly and practiced other forms of self-denial.
Thomas quickly gained a reputation for his holiness and asceticism. People from all over the region came to seek his guidance and counsel. He was known for his humility, compassion, and his ability to offer spiritual comfort and direction.
Death and legacy
Thomas died in the late 5th century. He was buried in the desert where he had lived as a hermit, and his tomb soon became a place of pilgrimage. He is venerated as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church, and his feast day is celebrated on November 18.
Died
782 of natural causes
Saint Keverne
Profile
Saint Keverne is the patron saint of the village of St Keverne in Cornwall, England. He is also known as Akeveran, Aghevran, and Kieran.
Early life and ministry
Keverne was born in Ireland in the 5th or 6th century. He was a devout Christian and was drawn to a life of ministry. He traveled to Cornwall, where he established a church and monastery in the village that now bears his name.
Keverne was known for his holiness, compassion, and his ability to work miracles. He was also a skilled healer and is said to have cured many people of their illnesses.
Death and legacy
Keverne died in the late 6th or early 7th century. He was buried in the churchyard of his monastery in St Keverne. He is venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church, and his feast day is celebrated on November 18.
Virtues
Keverne was known for his holiness, compassion, and his ability to work miracles. He was also a skilled healer and is said to have cured many people of their illnesses. He was a great example of how a Christian can live a holy and fulfilling life.
Born
6th century Cornwall, England
Saint Constant
Profile
Saint Constant was an Irish priest and hermit who lived in the 8th century. He is known for his martyrdom, which occurred on November 18, 777 AD. Constant is venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church and his feast day is celebrated on November 18.
Early Life and Religious Calling
Constant was born in Ireland in the early 8th century. He came from a devout Catholic family and was raised in the Christian faith. From a young age, he showed a strong inclination towards religious life and felt a deep calling to serve God.
Monastic Life and Hermit's Path
Eager to pursue his religious aspirations, Constant entered a monastery in Ireland. He embraced the monastic life with dedication and fervor, excelling in his studies and devotions. His piety, humility, and obedience quickly gained him the respect and admiration of his fellow monks and superiors.
As Constant delved deeper into his spiritual journey, he felt an increasing desire for solitude and contemplation. He longed for a life of prayer and asceticism, away from the distractions of the world. With the blessing of his abbot, Constant decided to leave the monastery and become a hermit.
Born
Irish
Died
777
Martyred in the Spanish Civil War
• Blessed Amparo Hinojosa Naveros
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• Blessed Laura Cavestany Anduaga
• Blessed Martina Olaizola Garagarza
• Blessed Modesto Sáez Manzanares
• Blessed Vidal Luis Gómara
