St. Mary Salome
கலிலேயா நகர் சலோமி Salome von Galiläa
சலோமி செபதேயுவின் மனைவி. அப்போஸ்தலர் அருளப்பர் மற்றும் யாக்கோபின் தாய். இவர் பெயர் லூக்கா, மத்தேயு, மார்க் ஆகிய மூன்று நற்செய்தியிலும் இடம்பெறுகின்றது. எருசலேமில் சிலுவையின் அடியில் நின்ற பெண்களில் இவரும் ஒருவராவார். இயேசுவின் உயிர்ப்பு திங்களன்று, இயேசுவின் காலியான கல்லறையை சென்று பார்த்தவர்களில் இவரும் உடன் இருந்தார்.
Feastday:
24 April (Roman Catholic)
22 October (Roman Catholic)
3 August (Eastern Orthodox, Eastern Catholic & Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod)
Sunday of the Myrrhbearers (Eastern Orthodox & Eastern Catholic)
Death: 1st century
One of the "Three Marys" who served Christ. She was the mother of St. James the Great and St. John, and was the wife of Zebedee. Mary Salome witnessed the Crucifixion and was among the women who were at the burial place on the day of the Resurrection.
Not to be confused with Salome, the daughter of Herodias, who asked for the head of John the Baptist on a platter.
This article is about the character in the gospels. For other uses, see Salome (disambiguation).
Eastern Orthodox icon of the two Marys and Salome at the Tomb of Jesus (Kizhi, 18th century).
Crucifixion, from the Buhl Altarpiece, 1490s. Salome is one of the two leftmost women with a halo.
In the New Testament, Salome was a follower of Jesus who appears briefly in the canonical gospels and in apocryphal writings. She is named by Mark as present at the crucifixion and as one of the women who found Jesus's tomb empty. Interpretation has further identified her with other women who are mentioned but not named in the canonical gospels. In particular, she is often identified as the wife of Zebedee, the mother of James and John, two of the Twelve apostles.[1] In medieval tradition Salome (as Mary Salome) was counted as one of the Three Marys who were daughters of Saint Anne, so making her the sister or half-sister of Mary, mother of Jesus
In Mark 15:40–41, Salome is named as one of the women present at the crucifixion who also ministered to Jesus: "There were also women looking on afar off: among whom was Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James and of Joses; and Salome who also followed Him and ministered to Him when he was in Galilee. And many other women who followed Him to Jerusalem."(15:40–41, King James Version) The parallel passage of Matthew 27:56 reads thus: "Among which was Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James and Joses, and the mother of Zebedee's children." The Catholic Encyclopedia (1913) concludes that the Salome of Mark 15:40 is probably identical with the mother of the sons of Zebedee in Matthew; the latter is also mentioned in Matthew 20:20, in which she petitions Jesus to let her sons sit with him in Paradise.[4]
In John, three, or perhaps four, women are mentioned at the crucifixion; this time they are named as Jesus' "mother, and his mother's sister, Mary the wife of Cleophas, and Mary Magdalene." (John 19:25 KJV) A common interpretation identifies Salome as the sister of Jesus' mother, thus making her Jesus' aunt.[1] Traditional interpretations associate Mary the wife of Cleophas (the third woman in the Gospel of John) with Mary the mother of James son of Alphaeus (the third woman in the Gospel of Matthew).
In the Gospel of Mark, Salome is among the women who went to Jesus' tomb to anoint his body with spices. "And when the sabbath was past, Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James, and Salome, had bought sweet spices, that they might come and anoint him." (Mark 16:1 KJV) They discovered that the stone had been rolled away, and a young man in white then told them that Jesus had risen, and told them to tell Jesus' disciples that he would meet them in Galilee. In Matthew 28:1, two women are mentioned in the parallel passage: Mary Magdalene and the "other Mary" – identified previously in Matthew 27:56 as Mary the mother of James and Joses.
The canonical gospels never go so far as to label Salome a "disciple" ("pupil" mathētēs), and so mainstream Christian writers usually describe her as a "follower" of Jesus per references to the women who "followed" and "ministered" to Jesus (Mark 15:41). However, feminist critiques have argued that the mainstream tradition consistently underplays the significance of Jesus's female supporters.[5]
In non-canonical works
The Gospel of Thomas found at Nag Hammadi mentions among the "disciples" of Jesus (the Greek expression "apostles" does not appear) two women, Salome and Mary Magdalene (referred to simply as "Mary", The name might also denote Salome's mother Mary[citation needed], the sister of Elizabeth and Anne who is the mother of Christ's mother Mary. Thus Salome's mother Mary[citation needed] would be Jesus' great aunt, the sister of his grandmother Anne and aunt of his mother.[citation needed])
The Diatessaron, which is part of the Ante-Nicene Fathers collection, separates Salome and the mother of the sons of Zebedee as two distinct persons, contrary to tradition that identify them. "And there were in the distance all the acquaintance of Jesus standing, and the women that came with Him from Galilee, those that followed Him and ministered. One of them was Mary Magdalene; and Mary the mother of James the little and Joses, and the mother of the sons of Zebedee, and Salome, and many others which came up with Him unto Jerusalem." (Diatessaron 52:21–23)
The controversial Secret Gospel of Mark, that was referred to and quoted in the Mar Saba letter ascribed by his modern editors[6] to Clement of Alexandria, contains a further mention of Salome which is not present in the canonical Mark at 10:46. Clement quotes the passage in his letter: "Then he came into Jericho. And the sister of the young man whom Jesus loved was there with his mother and Salome, but Jesus would not receive them." The lines complete a well-known lacuna in Mark as the text currently stands.
In the non-canonical Greek Gospel of the Egyptians (2nd century), Salome appears again as a disciple of Jesus. She asks him how long death would hold sway, and he says to her, "So long as women bring forth, for I come to end the works of the female." To this Salome replies, "Then I have done well in not bringing forth." It would appear from this text that there was an early tradition that Salome the disciple was childless, and possibly unmarried.
In the Gospel of Thomas there is a reference to Jesus reclining on a couch and eating at a table that belonged to Salome and being asked by her: "Who are you sir, that you have taken your place on my couch and eaten from my table?" Jesus answers: "I am he who is from the One, and the things that belong to the Father have been given to me." Salome replies, "But I am your disciple", and Jesus answers, "When the disciple is united he will be filled with light, but if he is divided he will be filled with darkness."
A 2nd-century Greek, Celsus, wrote a True Discourse attacking the Christian sects as a threat to the Roman state. He described the variety of Christian sects at the time he was writing, c. AD 178, as extremely broad. His treatise is lost, but quotes survive in the attack written somewhat later by Origen, Contra Celsum ("Against Celsus"): "While some of the Christians proclaim [that] they have the same god as do the Jews, others insist that there is another god higher than the creator-god and opposed to him. And some Christians teach that the Son came from this higher god. Still others admit of a third god – those, that is to say, who call themselves gnostics – and still others, though calling themselves Christians, want to live according to the laws of the Jews. I could also mention those who call themselves Simonians after Simon, and those naming themselves Helenians after Helen, his consort. There are Christian sects named after Marcellina, Harpocratian Christians who trace themselves to Salome, and some who follow Mariamne and others who follow Martha, and still others who call themselves Marcionites after their leader, Marcion."
In the early Christian texts, there are several other references to "Salome". A Salome appears in the infancy gospel attached to the name of James the Just, the Protevangelion of James, ch. XIV:
"14 And the midwife went out from the cave, and Salome met her. 15 And the midwife said to her, "Salome, Salome, I will tell you a most surprising thing, which I saw. 16 A virgin has brought forth, which is a thing contrary to nature." 17 To which Salome replied, "As the Lord my God lives, unless I receive particular proof of this matter, I will not believe that a virgin has brought forth."
18 Then Salome went in, and the midwife said, "Mary, show yourself, for a great controversy has arisen about you." 19 And Salome tested her with her finger. 20 But her hand was withered, and she groaned bitterly, 21 and said, "Woe to me, because of my iniquity! For I have tempted the living God, and my hand is ready to drop off."
That Salome is the first, after the midwife, to bear witness to the Miraculous Birth and to recognize Jesus as the Christ, are circumstances that tend to connect her with Salome the disciple. By the High Middle Ages this Salome was often (but not always) identified with Mary Salome in the West, and therefore regarded as the believing midwife
Pope Saint John Paul II
புனிதர் இரண்டாம் ஜான் பவுல்
264ம் திருத்தந்தை:
பிறப்பு: மே 18, 1920
வாடோவிஸ், போலந்து குடியரசு
இறப்பு: ஏப்ரல் 2, 2005 (வயது 84)
அப்போஸ்தலர் அரண்மனை, வாடிகன் நகரம்
ஏற்கும் சமயம்:
ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை
முக்திபேறு பட்டம்: மே 1, 2011
திருத்தந்தை பதினாறாம் பெனடிக்ட்
புனிதர் பட்டம்: ஏப்ரல் 27, 2014
திருத்தந்தை ஃபிரான்சிஸ்
பாதுகாவல்:
“க்ரகோவ்” உயர்மறைமாவட்டம்
உலக இளைஞர் நாள் (இணை பாதுகாவல்)
உலக குடும்பங்களின் சந்திப்பு 2015 (இணை பாதுகாவல்)
இளம் கத்தோலிக்க குடும்பங்கள்
“ஸ்விட்னிகா” (தென்மேற்கு போலந்து நாட்டின் “சிலேசியா” (Silesia) பிராந்தியத்திலுள்ள நகரம்) (Świdnica)
நினைவுத் திருவிழா: அக்டோபர் 22
1978ம் ஆண்டு திருத்தந்தையாக பதவியேற்ற இரண்டாம் ஜான் பவுல், தமது முதல் திருப்பலியின் மறையுரையில் உலக கத்தோலிக்கர்களை நோக்கி, பின்வருமாறு அறைகூவல் விடுத்தார்.:
“கிறிஸ்துவுக்காக கதவுகளை அகலத் திறந்து வையுங்கள்” (Open wide the doors to Christ).
வாழ்க்கைக் குறிப்பு:
1920ம் ஆண்டு மே 18ம் தேதி போலந்தின் “வாடோவிஸ்” (Wadowice) நகரில் பிறந்த “கரோல் ஜோசெஃப் வோஜ்டிலா” (Karol Józef Wojtyła) என்ற இயற்பெயர் கொண்ட திருத்தந்தை இரண்டாம் ஜான் பவுல் அவர்களது தந்தை பெயர், “கரோல் வோஜ்டிலா” (Karol Wojtyła) ஆகும். தாயாரின் பெயர், “எமிலியா” (Emilia Kaczorowska) ஆகும். தமது பெற்றோருக்குப் பிறந்த மூன்று குழந்தைகளில் இரண்டாவதாகப் பிறந்தவர். இவரது மூத்த சகோதரியான “ஓல்கா” (Olga) இவர் பிறப்பதற்கு முன்னரே மரித்துப்போனார். பள்ளி ஆசிரியையான இவரது தாயார் “எமிலியா”, 1929ம் ஆண்டு, குழந்தைப் பிறப்பின்போது மரித்தார். மருத்துவரான தமது ஒரே சகோதரர் “எட்மண்டை” (Edmund) 1932ல் இழந்தார். “போலிஷ்” இராணுவ (Polish Army) அதிகாரியான இவரது தந்தை 1941ம் ஆண்டு, மாரடைப்பால் இறந்தார். ஜெர்மனிய நாசிகளின் ஆக்கிரமிப்பால் போலந்தில் பல்கலைக்கழகம் 1939ல் மூடப்பட்டது. எனவே ஜெர்மனிக்கு நாடு கடத்தப்படுவதைத் தவிர்க்கும் நோக்கத்திலும் தனது பிழைப்புக்காகவும் முதலில் சுண்ணாம்புக்கல் அகழ்விடத்திலும் பின்னர் சொல்வாய் நகரில் வேதித் தொழிற்சாலையிலும் வேலை செய்தார். இரண்டாம் உலகப் போருக்குப் பின்னர் கல்வியை மீண்டும் தொடர்ந்து 1946ம் ஆண்டில் குருத்துவம் பெற்றார். உடனடியாக ரோம் நகருக்கு அனுப்பப்பட்ட இவர், இறையியலில் முனைவர் பட்டம் வென்றார். பின்னர் போலந்து திரும்பிய அருட்தந்தை வோஜ்டிலா, தத்துவத்தில் முனைவர் பட்டம் வென்றார். பின்னர், “லூப்ளின் பல்கலையில்” (University of Lublin) கற்பிக்க ஆரம்பித்தார்.
1958ம் ஆண்டு, கம்யூனிஸ்ட் அதிகாரவர்க்கத்தினர், அருட்தந்தை வோஜ்டிலாவை “க்ராகோவ்” (Kraków) மறைமாவட்டத்தின் துணை ஆயராக நியமனம் செய்ய அனுமதித்தனர். 1964ம் ஆண்டு, க்ராகோவ் பேராயராகவும், 1967ம் ஆண்டு, கர்தினாலாகவும் உயர்த்தப்பட்டார்.
1978ம் ஆண்டு அக்டோபர் 16ல் திருத்தந்தையாகத் தேர்ந்தெடுக்கப்பட்ட கர்தினால் கரோல் ஜோசெஃப் வோஜ்டிலா, அச்சமயம் இரண்டாம் ஜான் பால் என்ற பெயரைத் தெரிவு செய்தார்.
திருத்தந்தை புனிதர் இரண்டாம் ஜான் பவுல், கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபையின் 264வது திருத்தந்தை ஆவார். இவர் 26 ஆண்டுகள், 168 நாட்கள் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபையின் தலைவராக பணியாற்றினார். இதுவரை பணியாற்றிய திருத்தந்தையர்களில் போலந்து நாட்டைச் சேர்ந்த முதலாவது திருத்தந்தை இவராவர். மேலும் கி.பி. 1520ம் ஆண்டுக்கு பின்னர் இத்தாலியர் அல்லாத ஒருவர் திருத்தந்தையானதும் இதுவே முதல் தடவையாகும். இவர் 1978ம் ஆண்டு, அக்டோபர், 16ம் நாள், பதவியேற்றார். வரலாற்றில் நீண்ட காலம் இப்பதவியில் இருந்தவர்களில் இரண்டாம் இடம் பிடித்தவர் இவராவார்.
இவர் 1340 பேருக்கு அருளாளர் பட்டமும், 483 பேருக்கு புனிதர் பட்டமும் அளித்துள்ளார். இது, இவருக்கு முன், ஐந்து நாற்றாண்டுகளாக இருந்த எல்லா திருத்தந்தையர்களின் கூட்டு எண்ணிக்கையை விட அதிகமாகும். இவர் கி.பி. 20ம் நூற்றாண்டின் மிக முக்கிய தலைவர்களுல் ஒருவராக போற்றப்படுகின்றார். தம் 26 ஆண்டு ஆட்சிகாலத்தில் இவர் 129 நாடுகளுக்கு பயணம் செய்துள்ளார். தம் தாய்மொழியான போலியம் மட்டுமல்லாமல் இத்தாலியம், ஃபிரெஞ்சு, ஜெர்மன், ஆங்கிலம், எசுப்பானியம், போர்த்துக்கீசம், உக்குரேனிய மொழி, ரஷ்யன், குரோவாசிய மொழி, எஸ்பெராண்டோ, பண்டைய கிரேக்கம் (Ancient Greek) மற்றும் இலத்தீன் மொழிகள் இவருக்குத் தெரிந்திருந்தன.
திருத்தந்தை, ரோம் நகரிலுள்ள “பிரதான யூதர் வழிபாட்டுத் தலம்” (அ) “வழிபாட்டுக் கூடத்திற்கும்” (Main Synagogue), “எருசலேமின் மேற்கு சுவர்” (Western Wall in Jerusalem) என்றழைக்கப்படும் யூதர்கள் பாரம்பரியமாக வெள்ளிக்கிழமைகளில் பிரார்த்தனை செய்து வரும் “ஏரோதுவின்” ஆலயத்தின் (Herod's temple) தளத்துக்கும் வருகை தந்தார். கத்தோலிக்கர்களின் தலைமையகமான வாடிகனுக்கும் இஸ்ரேலுக்கும் இடையே இராஜதந்திர உறவுகளை ஏற்படுத்தினார். கத்தோலிக்க-முஸ்லீம் உறவுகளை மேம்படுத்திய திருத்தந்தை இரண்டாம் ஜான் பவுல், 2001ம் ஆண்டு, “சிரியா” (Syria) நாட்டின் தலைநகரான “டமாஸ்கஸில்” (Damascus) உள்ள மசூதிக்கும் வருகை தந்தார்.
ரோம் மற்றும் உலகெங்குமுள்ள கத்தோலிக்கர் மற்றும் பிற கிறிஸ்தவ மக்களிடையே கொண்டாட்டங்களை நிகழ்த்திய சிறப்பு ஜூபிளி ஆண்டான 2000, “ஜான் பவுல்” பணிக்காலத்தின் ஒரு முக்கிய நிகழ்வு ஆகும். “மரபுவழி திருச்சபைகளுடனான” (Orthodox Churches) உறவுகள் கணிசமாக முன்னேறியது.
1979ம் ஆண்டில், திருத்தந்தையின் போலந்து நாட்டு வருகை, அங்கே ஒற்றுமை இயக்கம் வளரவும், பத்து வருடங்களின் பின்னர் மத்திய மற்றும் கிழக்கு ஐரோப்பாவில் கம்யூனிசம் தகர்க்கப்படவும் காரணமாயிருந்தது. உலக இளைஞர் தினத்தை (World Youth Day) தொடங்கிய திருத்தந்தை, அதன் கொண்டாட்டங்களுக்காக பல்வேறு நாடுகளுக்கு விஜயம் தந்தார். அவர், “சோவியத் யூனியன்” (Soviet Union) மற்றும் “சீனா” (China) ஆகிய நாடுகளுக்கு விஜயம் செய்ய மிகவும் ஆர்வமாயிருந்தார். ஆனால், அந்நாடுகளிலுள்ள அரசுகள், அதனைத் தடுத்தன. இவரது திருத்தந்தையர் பணிக்காலத்தைய புகைப்படங்களில் மிகவும் நினைவுகூறத்தக்கது, இரண்டு ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன்னர் தம்மை படுகொலை செய்ய முயன்ற “மெஹ்மெத் அலி அக்கா” (Mehmet Ali Agca) என்பவருடன் 1983ம் ஆண்டு அவர் நேருக்கு நேர் நடத்திய பேச்சுவார்த்தைகளின்போது எடுக்கப்பட்ட புகைப்படங்களாகும்.
திருத்தந்தை இரண்டாம் ஜான் பவுலின் 27 வருட பணிக்காலத்தில், அவர் கத்தோலிக்க ஆயர்களுக்கு 14 சுற்றறிக்கைகளை (Encyclicals) எழுதியிருந்தார். ஐந்து புத்தங்கங்களையும் எழுதியிருந்தார்.
தமது வாழ்க்கையின் இறுதி ஆண்டுகளில் “பார்கின்சன் நோய்” (Parkinson’s disease) எனப்படும் நடுக்கம், தசை இறுக்கம், மற்றும் மெதுவாக, துல்லியமற்ற, இயக்கங்களுடைய நரம்பு மண்டலத்தின் முற்போக்கான நோயால் பாதிக்கப்பட்டிருந்த திருத்தந்தை இரண்டாம் ஜான் பவுல், தமது அன்றாட நடவடிக்கைகள் சிலவற்றை குறைத்துக்கொள்ள கட்டாயப்படுத்தப்பட்டார்.
தூய பேதுரு சதுக்கத்தில் (St. Peter’s Square) நடந்த இறுதிச் சடங்கு திருப்பலிக்காக காத்திருந்த மக்கள் கூட்டத்திடையே, அப்போதைய கர்தினால்களின் கல்லூரியின் தலைவரான “கர்தினால் ஜோசஃப் ரட்சிங்கர்” (Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger) – பின்னால் திருத்தந்தையுமான “பதினாறாம் பெனடிக்ட்” (Pope Benedict XVI) பின்வருமாறு பேசினார்.:
“நோயினால் பாதிக்கப்பட்டிருந்த திருத்தந்தை, தமது வாழ்க்கையின் இறுதி உயிர்த்தெழுதல் ஞாயிறு (Easter Sunday) தினத்தன்று, அப்போஸ்தலர் மாளிகையின் ஜன்னலருகே மீண்டுமொருமுறை வந்து வாட்டிகன் நகருக்கும் உலகத்துக்கும் ஆசீர் தந்ததை நாம் யாரும் மறக்க இயலாது. இன்று, நமது அன்பான திருத்தந்தை தமது வீட்டின் ஜன்னலில் நின்றவாறு, நம்மைப் பார்த்து ஆசீர்வதிக்கிறார் என்பதில் உறுதியாக இருக்கிறோம். ஆமாம், திருத்தந்தையே, எங்களை ஆசீர்வதியுங்கள். உங்கள் அன்பான ஆத்மாவை, ஒவ்வொரு நாளும் உம்மை வழிநடத்திய கடவுளின் தாய், உன் தாயிடம் நாங்கள் ஒப்படைத்து விடுகிறோம். அவர் இனி உம்மை தமது மகனும், எங்கள் ஆண்டவராகிய இயேசு கிறிஸ்துவின் மகிமைக்காக உம்மை வழிநடத்துவாராக. ஆமென்.”
அருளாளர் பட்டம்:
திருத்தந்தை இரண்டாம் ஜான் பவுல் இறந்த சிறிது காலத்திற்குள்ளேயே அவருக்குப் புனிதர் பட்டம் அளிப்பதற்கான விசாரணை தொடங்கியது. வழக்கமாக இவ்வகையான விசாரணை தொடங்குவது ஒருவரது இறப்புக்குப் பின் ஐந்து ஆண்டுகள் கழித்தே தொடங்கும். ஆனால், இரண்டாம் ஜான் பவுலை விரைவில் புனிதராகக் காண பொதுமக்கள் விரும்பியதைத் தொடர்ந்து திருத்தந்தை “பதினாறாம் பெனடிக்ட்” (Pope Benedict XVI) அந்த விசாரணை உடனடியாகத் தொடங்க ஆணையிட்டு, ஐந்து ஆண்டு கால தாமதம் வேண்டாமென்று விதிவிலக்கு அளித்தார்.
திருத்தந்தை பதினாறாம் பெனடிக்ட், 2009ம் ஆண்டு, டிசம்பர் மாதம், 19ம் நாள் திருத்தந்தை இரண்டாம் ஜான் பவுலை வணக்கத்திற்குரியவர் என்று அறிவித்தார். ஃபிரான்ஸ் நாட்டைச் சார்ந்த ஒரு கன்னியர், இரண்டாம் ஜான் பவுலை நோக்கி மன்றாடியதைத் தொடர்ந்து “பார்க்கின்சன் நோயிலிருந்து” திடீரென குணம் பெற்றதை ஆராய்ந்த வாட்டிகன் பேராயம், அந்நிகழ்ச்சி இறையருளால் நிகழ்ந்ததே என்று அறிக்கையிட்டதைத் தொடர்ந்து, திருத்தந்தை பதினாறாம் பெனடிக்ட் 2011ம் ஆண்டு, மே மாதம், முதல் நாளன்று திருத்தந்தை இரண்டாம் ஜான் பவுலை அருளாளர் நிலைக்கு உயர்த்தினார்.
புனிதர் நிலைக்கு உயர்த்தப்படுதல்:
திருத்தந்தை இரண்டாம் ஜான் பவுலுக்கு அருளாளர் பட்டம் அளிக்கப்பட்ட சில மணி நேரம் சென்ற உடனேயே, அவருடைய பரிந்துரையின் பயனாக ஒரு புதுமை நிகழ்ந்ததாக செய்தி வந்தது. “கோஸ்டாரிக்கா” (Costa Rican) நாட்டு “ஃபுளோரிபெத் மோரா” (Floribeth Mora) என்ற பெண்மணிக்கு ஏற்பட்ட மூளை இரத்த அழற்சி, திருத்தந்தை இரண்டாம் ஜான் பவுலை நோக்கி மன்றாடியதன் விளைவாக, அற்புதமான விதத்தில் மறைந்ததாகவும், அதற்கு மருத்துவர்களால் விளக்கம் தர இயலவில்லை என்றும் செய்தி வெளியானது. இந்த நிகழ்வை ஆய்ந்த வாட்டிகன் பேராயம், அதை ஒரு புதுமை என்று அறிக்கையிட்டது.
திருத்தந்தை “ஃபிரான்சிஸ்” (Pope Francis) அவர்கள், 2014ம் ஆண்டு, ஏப்ரல் மாதம், 27ம் நாள், திருத்தந்தை இரண்டாம் ஜான் பவுலுக்கு புனிதர் பட்டம் அளித்தார்.
Also known as
• Karol Wojtyla
• Juan Pablo II
• John Paul the Great
Profile
For many years Karol believed God was calling him to the priesthood, and after surviving two nearly fatal accidents, he responded to the call. He studied secretly during the German occupation of Poland, and was ordained on 1 November 1946. In these years he came to know and practice the teachings of Saint Louis Marie Montfort and Saint John of the Cross. Earned his Doctorate in theology in 1948 at the Angelicum in Rome, Italy.
Parish priest in the Krakow diocese from 1948 to 1951. Studied philosophy at the Jagiellonian University at Krakow. Taught social ethics at the Krakow Seminary from 1952 to 1958. In 1956 he became a professor at the University of Lublin. Venerable Pope Pius XII appointed Wojtyla an auxiliary bishop in Krakow on 4 July 1958. Servant of God, Pope Paul VI appointed him Archbishop of Krakow on 30 December 1963.
Wojtyla proved himself a noble and trustworthy pastor in the face of Communist persecution. A member of the prepatory commission, he attended all four sessions of Vatican II; is said to have written Gaudium et spes, the document on the Church in the Modern World. He also played a prominent role in the formulation of the Declaration on Religious Freedom. Following the Council, Pope Paul VI, appointed Karol Wojtyla cardinal on 26 June 1967.
In 1960 he published Love and Responsibility. Pope Paul VI, delighted with its apologetical defense of the traditional Catholic teaching of marriage, relied extensively on Archbishop Wojytla's counsel in writing Humanae Vitae. In 1976 he was invited by Pope Paul VI to preach the lenten sermons to the members of the Papal Household.
In 1978, Archbishop Wojtyla became the first non-Italian pope since Adrian VI. He took the name of his predecessors (John, Paul, John Paul) to emphasize his desire to continue the reforms of Vatican II.
John Paul II is the most traveled pope in history, having visited nearly every country in the world which would receive him. As the Vicar of Christ he has consecrated each place that he has visited to the Blessed Virgin Mary. On 13 May 1983 he went to Fatima to consecrate the world to the Immaculate Heart of Mary. He later repeated the consecration of the world to Mary in union with all the Bishops of the Catholic Church, in fulfillment of Our Lady's promises at Fatima.
In 1995, Pope John Paul II began a lengthy catechisis on the Blessed Virgin Mary during his weekly Angelus addresses, culminating with his instruction on Our Lady's active participation in the Sacrifice of Calvary. This active participation of Our Lady at Calvary is called the co-redemption. Already in 1982 and 1985 he had used the term "corredemptrix" in reference to Our Lady in public addresses. This is significant, for he is the first Pope to do so since Pope Benedict XV at whose prayer Our Lady came to Fatima to reveal Her Immaculate Heart. Since the time of Pope Benedict XV, this terminology was under review by the Holy See; the present Pope's usage is a confirmation of this traditional view of Mary's role in salvation history.
Born
18 May 1920 as Karol Wojtyla at Wadowice, Poland
Papal Ascension
16 October 1978
Died
2 April 2005 at Rome, Italy of natural causes
Beatified
• 1 May 2011 by Pope Benedict XVI at Rome, Italy
• the beatification miracle involved the cure from Parkinson's disease of a man in France
Canonized
• 27 April 2014 by Pope Francis
• the canonization miracle involved the healing of a Costa Rican woman who suffered from a brain aneurysm
Saint Abercius Marcellus
Also known as
• Abercius of Geropoli
• Abercius of Hieropolis
Profile
Resident of Phrygia Salutaris. Bishop of Hierapolis (an area of modern southwestern Turkey). Active missionary in his region. He was imprisoned for a period as a threat to civil order for opposing paganism. At age 72 he was summoned to Rome, Italy to exorcise a demon from Lucilla, daughter of Emperor Marcus Aurelius; he succeeded, and then returned to his see. He composed his own epitaph, making references of traditions still practised today.
A Greek hagiographer used the exorcism incident as a jumping off point to write a biography of Abercius. Lacking material and details, the writer included incidents from the lives of other saints, and when that ran out, he added plain fiction. Some have considered Abercius to be fictional, and much scholarship has been required to prove his existence and extract the few facts about him that we know.
Died
c.200 of natural causes
Canonized
• Pre-Congregation
• venerated by the Greek Church since the 10th century
Saint Mellon
Also known as
Mallone, Mallonous, Melanius, Mello, Mellonin, Mellouns, Mellonius
Profile
A pagan, Mellon travelled to Rome, Italy to bring tribute to the emperor from the British Isles. While making a sacrifice to the god Mars, he heard Pope Saint Stephen I preaching nearby. He soon after converted to Christianity, and was baptized by Stephen. He sold his property, gave it to the poor, studied further, and was ordained. He and Pope Stephen received a vision of an angel telling Mellon to evangelize the area of Rouen in modern France. First bishop of Rouen. Healer and miracle worker.
Born
• near Cardiff, Wales
• the district is now called Saint Mellon's
Died
11 November 314 of natural causes
Readings
Mellonin take this staff, under the which thou shalt rule and govern the city of Rouen, for all the people there is of God, and all ready to thy service and commandment, and, notwithstanding that it is far from hence, and that the way is to thee right grievable, because thou knowest not the country, nevertheless thou oughtest not to doubt no thing, for Jesu Christ shall ever keep thee under the shadow of his wings. - an unnamed angel to Saint Mellon, as described in The Golden Legend
Saint Alodia of Huesca
Profile
Sister of Saint Nunilo of Huesca, she was born to a Muslim father and Christian mother, and was raised Christian. When her father died, her mother married another Muslim man who persecuted the girls, imprisoned them, and turned them over to die during the persecution of Abdur Rahman II. Martyr.
Born
Huesca, Spain
Died
beheaded at Huesca, Spain in 851
Saint Nunilo of Huesca
Profile
Sister of Saint Alodia of Huesca, she was born to a Muslim father and Christian mother, and was raised Christian. When her father died, her mother married another Muslim man who persecuted the girls, imprisoned them, and turned them over to die during the persecution of Abdur Rahman II. Martyr.
Born
Huesca, Spain
Died
beheaded at Huesca, Spain in 851
Blessed Esclaramunda of Majorca
Also known as
• Esclaramunda of Foix
• Esclarmonde, Esclarmonda
Profile
Daughter of Count Roger IV of Foix and Brunisenda Cardona. Queen of Majorca, married to King James II of Majorca (in modern Spain) on 1 September 1275. Joined the Mercedarians at San Pedro de Amer in 1291, and became a great protector and benefactor of the Order.
Born
1255
Died
1315 in Perpignan, Spain of natural causes
Saint Lupenzius
Profile
Monk. Abbot of the Basilica of Saint-Privat-de-Javols, Chalons, Neustria (in modern France). Tortured and murdered when falsely accused of criticizing Queen Brunechilde.
Died
• beheaded c.584 at Ponthion sur Vitry-le-Francois, Marne, France
• head and body thrown into the river Marne
• body secretly recovered and given proper burial
• his grave became known for miraculous healing
• re-interred in the cathedral of Soissons, France, date unknown
• relics destroyed with the cathedral caught fire in 1667
Saint Moderan of Rennes
Also known as
• Moderan of Berceto
• Moderamnus, Moderanno, Moderano, Modran, Moran
Profile
Benedictine, monk. Bishop of Rennes, France in 703. Pilgrim to Rome, Italy in 720. In his later years he resigned his see to become a hermit monk at the abbey of Berceto, Italy.
Born
Rennes, France
Died
• c.730 at Parma, Italy of natural causes
• relics enshrined in Rennes, France
Saint Philip of Adrianople
Also known as
Filippo
Profile
Deacon to Saint Hermes of Adrianople. During the persecutions of Diocletian, Saint Hermes and Saint Philip were ordered by governor Basso to close their church and turn over all scriptures and other documents, and all altar furnishings. When Hermes explained that he had no authority to do so, the two were imprisoned, flogged and executed. Martyr.
Died
burned to death in Adrianople, Thrace
Saint Benedict of Macerac
Also known as
• Benedict of Massérac
• Benito...
Profile
Monk. Abbot at Petras. Hermit at Macerac, diocese of Nantes, France. His holiness and wisdom attacted so many spiritual students that he founded a Columban monastery for them.
Born
Greece
Died
• 845 in the diocese of Nantes, Brittany (in modern France)
• relics enshrined at the abbey of Redon
Saint Symmachus of Capua
Also known as
Símaco, Simbrico, Simmaco, Simmio, Simo
Profile
Born to a distinguished imperial Roman senatorial family. Bishop of Capua, Italy in 430. Founded the basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore which survived the Saracens invasion and became the core of the rebuilt city.
Born
late 4th century
Died
c.449 of natural causes
Saint Donatus of Fiesoli
Also known as
Donat, Donagh
Profile
Pious and well-educated poet and scholar. While on pilgrimage to Rome, Italy in 816 with Andrew the Scot he was stopped in Tuscany and was compelled to become bishop of Fiesoli, Italy. Known his solicitous hospitality to pilgrims.
Born
Irish
Died
874
Saint Bertharius of Monte Cassino
Profile
Born to the royal house of France. Monk at Monte Cassino Abbey. Abbot there in 856. Murdered by invading Saracens while at prayer. Martyr.
Born
c.810
Died
22 October 823 at Monte Cassino Abbey in Italy
Canonized
26 August 1727 by Pope Benedict XIII (cultus confirmation)
Saint Hermes of Adrianople
Also known as
Ermete
Profile
Bishop of Heraclea. During the persecutions of Diocletian, Saint Hermes and Saint Philip were ordered by governor Basso to close their church and turn over all scriptures and other documents, and all altar furnishings. When Hermes explained that he had no authority to do so, the two were imprisoned, flogged and executed. Martyr.
Died
burned to death in Adrianople, Thrace
Saint Leothadius of Auch
Also known as
Leotaldo, Léothade
Profile
Born to the Frankish nobility. Monk. Abbot of Moissac Abbey in France in 670. Bishop of Auch, France in 691. KDied while travelling as part of a delegation to Charles Martel.
Born
7th century Gaul (in modern France)
Died
• 718 in Burgundy (in modern France of natural causes
• relics enshrined in the cathedral of Auch, France
Saint Cordula
Also known as
Kordula
Profile
One of the companions of Saint Ursula. When she saw the tortures being inflicted on her friends, she hid, but the next day, ashamed of her cowardice, she came out of hiding and proclaimed her Christianity. Martyr, the last of the group.
Died
453 in Cologne, Germany
Saint Apollo of Bawit
Profile
Hermit in Thebes in Egypt for 40 years. Monk. Abbot of Bawit in Hermopolis, a house of 500 monks. Left the monastic life to oppose the decrees of Julian the Apostate.
Born
316 in Egypt
Died
395 of natural causes
Saint Valerius of Langres
Profile
Deacon in the early Church in the area of Langres, France. Worked with Saint Desiderius of Langres. Martyred by area pagans.
aint Valerius of Langres is a legendary saint venerated in Burgundy, especially at Langres and at the Benedictine abbey of Saint-Pierre at Molosme. According to the legend, he was an archdeacon of Langres under Saint Desiderius, and was martyred by the Vandals in the 5th century.
The only source for the life of Saint Valerius is a legendary passio dating from the 11th century. This passio places him under the bishop Saint Desiderius, who died in about 356, but it is more likely that he lived in the 5th century, during the Vandal invasion of Gaul.
The passio tells us that Valerius was a faithful disciple of Desiderius, and that he accompanied him into exile when he was persecuted by the Arian Vandals. When Desiderius was martyred, Valerius was also killed, along with a number of other clergy and laity.
The relics of Saint Valerius are said to have been preserved at the abbey of Saint-Pierre at Molosme, and he was widely venerated in Burgundy
Died
beheaded on 22 October 411 near Besancon, France
Saint Ingbert
Also known as
Ingebert, Ingobert, Ingobertus
Profile
Hermit near modern Saint Ingbert, Saarland, Germany, a town named for him.Saint Ingbert was an Irish monk who lived in the 7th century. He is said to have founded a monastery in what is now the town of Saint Ingbert, Germany. He died in 674 and was buried in his monastery.
Saint Ingbert is venerated as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church.
Died
c.650 of natural causes
Saint Heraclius the Martyr
Profile
Soldier who witnessed the martyrdom of Saint Alexander and companions, and was so moved, he converted and died with them. Martyr.
Died
beheaded
Saint Nunctus of Mérida
Also known as
Nancto, Noint, Nuncto
Profile
Monk. Abbot of a monastery near Mérida, Spain. Murdered by robbers of his house. Martyr.Saint Nunctus of Mérida, also called Noint, was an abbot and martyr who lived in the 6th century. He was the abbot of a monastery near Mérida, Spain. He was known for his piety and his strict adherence to monastic rules.
According to legend, Nunctus was murdered by a group of robbers who broke into his monastery. The robbers were looking for money and valuables, but Nunctus had none to give them. When they could find nothing of value, the robbers killed Nunctus in anger.
Nunctus is venerated as a martyr by the Catholic Church. His feast day is celebrated on October 22.
Died
668
Saint Philip of Fermo
Profile
Saint Philip of Fermo was a bishop of Fermo, Italy, who is believed to have suffered martyrdom during the reign of Emperor Aurelian in the 3rd century. Little is known of his life or death, but he is venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church and his feast day is celebrated on May 22nd.Saint Philip of Fermo also has a feast day on October 22nd. This is a secondary feast day, which is celebrated in addition to his primary feast day on May 22nd.
According to tradition, Saint Philip was a native of Fermo and was ordained a priest at a young age. He was known for his piety and charity, and he quickly gained the respect of the people of Fermo. When the bishop of Fermo died, Saint Philip was unanimously elected to succeed him.
As bishop, Saint Philip continued to devote himself to the care of his flock. He preached the Gospel tirelessly and worked to strengthen the faith of his people. He also founded several churches and charities in Fermo.
During the reign of Emperor Aurelian, a persecution of Christians broke out throughout the Roman Empire. Saint Philip was one of the many Christians who were arrested and imprisoned. He was tortured and eventually beheaded for his faith.
The relics of Saint Philip are enshrined in the cathedral of Fermo. He is a popular saint in the region and is often invoked for protection against persecution and for the healing of the sick.
Died
• c.270 in Fermo, Italy
• relics enshrine in the cathedral of Fermo, Italy
Saint Alexander the Martyr
Profile
Missionary Bishop:
Saint Alexander was a missionary bishop in imperial Rome. He was sent to preach the gospel to the pagans and to convert them to Christianity. He was a successful missionary, and many people converted to Christianity because of his preaching.
Ordered to Sacrifice to Pagan Idols:
Emperor Maximian Hercules issued an edict requiring all citizens to sacrifice to the pagan gods. Saint Alexander refused to obey the edict, even though he knew that he would be punished for his disobedience.
Martyr:
Saint Alexander was arrested and tortured for refusing to sacrifice to the pagan gods. He remained steadfast in his faith, and was eventually beheaded. He is venerated as a martyr and saint by both the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
He is believed to have died on February 25th, 304 AD.
Saint Maroveus of Precipiano
Profile
Saint Maroveus of Precipiano (also known as Meroväus, Moroneus, Maroneus, Meroutuus, or Merovee) was a monk, abbot, and missionary who lived in the 7th century. He was a student of Saint Bertulf of Bobbio, who founded the monastery of Bobbio in Italy in 613.
Maroveus was known for his zeal for evangelization and his commitment to monastic life. He was also known for his courage and boldness in the face of adversity. According to legend, he once encountered a grove of pagan idols near the town of Tortona. He destroyed the idols and set the grove on fire, which angered the local pagans. They beat him half to death and threw him into the river Scrivia, but he miraculously survived and returned to his monastery unharmed.
Maroveus later founded a daughter monastery of Bobbio at Precipiano, near Tortona. He served as the first abbot of this monastery. He died around the year 640 in Vignole Borbera, Italy.
Saint Maroveus is commemorated on October 22nd in the Catholic Church. His relics are enshrined in the church of San Pietro di Precipiano, which is now in private hands.
Died
c.650
Saint Mark of Jerusalem
Profile
First Gentile bishop of Jerusalem c.135, serving for over 20 years. Martyr.
Died
156
Saint Nepotian of Clermont
Saint Nepotian of Clermont was a 4th-century bishop of Clermont-Ferrand in what is now France. He was the successor of Saint Illidius, and his successor was Saint Artemius.
Nepotian is known for his holiness and his kindness to the poor. He is also credited with performing a number of miracles, including healing the sick and raising the dead.
One of the most famous stories about Nepotian is that he once healed Arthemius, a young man who was dying from a fever. Arthemius was so grateful for Nepotian's kindness that he decided to become a Christian. After Nepotian's death, Arthemius became the bishop of Clermont-Ferrand.
Nepotian is also known for his opposition to the Arian heresy. Arianism was a Christian doctrine that denied the divinity of Jesus Christ. Nepotian was a strong defender of the orthodox Christian faith, and he helped to combat the spread of Arianism in Gaul.
Nepotian died in Clermont-Ferrand in 393. He is buried in the cathedral of Clermont-Ferrand,
Died
c.388
Saint Verecundus of Verona
Saint Verecundus of Verona was a bishop of Verona, Italy, in the 5th century. He is commemorated on October 17.
Verona was a major city in the Roman Empire, and the center of a bishopric from at least the 3rd century. Verecundus's predecessor as bishop, Gaudentius, was a well-known figure in the church, and Verecundus himself is mentioned in the writings of Pope Gregory the Great.
The details of Verecundus's life and work are not well known. He is said to have been a wise and compassionate bishop, who was loved by his people. He is also credited with building several churches in Verona.
Verecundus died in 471, and was succeeded as bishop by Valens. He was buried in the Church of Saint Stephen, which he had built himself.
In the centuries since his death, Verecundus has been venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church.
Died
522
Saint Rufus of Egypt
Saint Rufus of Egypt was a 5th-century ascetic hermit who lived in the desert of Upper Egypt. He is known for his strict asceticism and his deep spirituality. He is also known for his writings on the spiritual life, which have been highly influential in the Coptic Orthodox Church.
Very little is known about the early life of Saint Rufus. He is said to have been born into a wealthy family, but he gave up his possessions and became a monk at a young age. He then lived in the desert for many years, where he devoted himself to prayer, fasting, and meditation.
Saint Rufus was known for his extreme asceticism. He ate very little, slept very little, and wore very little clothing. He also spent long hours in prayer and meditation. He was known for his great spiritual wisdom and his ability to guide others on the spiritual path.
Saint Rufus wrote a number of treatises on the spiritual life. His writings are characterized by their depth and clarity. He writes on a variety of topics, including prayer, fasting, meditation, and the discernment of spirits. His writings have been highly influential in the Coptic Orthodox Church, and they are still studied and read by Coptic monks and nuns today.
Saint Rufus is commemorated on October 22 by the Coptic Orthodox Church. He is a beloved saint in the Coptic Church, and he is revered for his holiness and his spiritual wisdom.
Martyrs of Heraclea
Profile
A group of four clerics in Heraclea (modern Marmara Ereglisi, Turkey) who were arrested in the persecutions of Diocletian. They were imprisoned, abused and ordered to turn over all the scriptures that they had hidden from authorities; they refused, and were executed together. Martyrs. - Eusebius, Hermes, Philip and Severus.
Died
burned at the stake in 304 in Adrianople (modern Edirne, Turkey)
Martyred in the Spanish Civil War
• Blessed Estanislao García Obeso
• Blessed Germán Caballero Atienza
• Blessed José Menéndez García
• Blessed Josep Casas Lluch
• Blessed Luis Minguel Ferrer
• Blessed Victoriano Ibañez Alonso
