Bl. Josefa Naval Girbes
Feastday: November 6
Birth: 1820
Death: 1893
Beatified: 25 September 1988 by Pope John Paul II
Josefa Naval Girbes (1820-1893) when she was a young woman, took a vow of chastity. Josefa was very active in her parish life. Opened a school for girls in her own home where she taught needlework and prayer. Member of the Third Order Secular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel and Saint Teresa of Jesus. Great devotion for the Virgin Mary.
St. Joseph Khang
Feastday: November 6
Death: 1861
Canonized: Pope John Paul II
Martyr of Vietnam. The servant of St. Jerome Hermosilla, Joseph tried to deliver St. Jerome from prison. He was caught in the attempt, lashed, and beheaded. Joseph was canonized in 1988 by Pope John Paul II.
Romulus of Genoa
Saint Romulus, cathedral of San Siro, Sanremo
Bishop and Confessor
Died Sanremo, Liguria, Italy
Venerated in Roman Catholic Church
Feast November 6 (formerly October 13, December 22)
Attributes depicted with episcopal dress and a sword in hand
Saint Romulus of Genoa (also Remo; Italian: Romolo, Ligurian: Rœmu) was an early Bishop of Genoa, around the time of Saint Syrus.[1] His dates are uncertain: since Jacobus de Voragine[2] traditional lists compiled from local liturgies generally place his bishopric fourth in a largely legendary list.[3] He fled from Genoa and never returned[4] He died in the cave he inhabited at Villa Matutiæ,[5] a town on the Italian Riviera which later adopted his name, becoming "San Remo" (from 15th century until the first half of the 20th century), and then later Sanremo.[6]
Veneration
In 876 the bishop Sabbatinus brought his remains to Genoa, to the church of San Siro, where a new structure was consecrated in 1023.
Since he was invoked in defence of Villa Matutiæ from its inhabitants during enemy attack, the saint is depicted with episcopal dress and a sword in hand.
St Romulus' feast day had been kept on October 13, the traditional date of his death, as well as on December 22. In the Archdiocese of Genoa his feast day is now celebrated on November 6, together with two more of its early bishops: Saint Valentine of Genoa and Saint Felix of Genoa.
Saint Leonard of Noblac
நோப்லாக் நகரின் புனிதர் லியோனார்ட்
பிறப்பு: மே 19
ஃபிரான்ஸ் (France)
இறப்பு: கி.பி. 559
லிமோகெஸ் ஃபிரான்ஸ்
ஏற்கும் சமயம்:
ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை
கிழக்கு மரபுவழி திருச்சபை
ஆங்கிலிக்கன் திருச்சபை
பாதுகாவல்:
அரசியல் கைதிகள், சிறையிலடைக்கப்பட்ட மக்கள், யுத்த கைதிகள், சிறைப்பிடிக்கப்பட்டவர்கள், உழைக்கும் பெண்கள், அதேபோல் உழைக்கும் குதிரைகள்
நினைவுத் திருநாள்: நவம்பர் 6
நோப்லாக் நகரின் புனிதர் லியோனார்ட், ஒரு “ஃபிராங்கிஷ்” (Frankish) புனிதரும், ஃபிரான்ஸ் நாட்டிலுள்ள “நோப்லாக்” (Noblac) எனும் இடத்திற்கும், அங்கேயுள்ள துறவு மடத்திற்கும் நெருக்கமானவராவார்.
பாரம்பரிய சுயசரிதம்:
இவர், “மெரோவிஞ்சியன்” (Merovingian) வம்சத்தை தோற்றுவித்த (Founder of the Merovingian dynasty) அரசன் “முதலாம் க்லோவிஸ்” (Clovis I) என்பவரது அரசவையில் உயர்ந்த பதவியில் இருந்தார். இவரும் அரசன் “முதலாம் க்லோவிஸும்” "ரெய்ம்ஸ்" (Bishop of Reims) ஆயரான "புனிதர் ரெமிஜியுஸ்" (Saint Remigius) அவர்களால் கி.பி. 496ம் ஆண்டு கிறிஸ்து பிறப்பு தினத்தன்று கிறிஸ்தவர்களாக மதம் மாற்றப்பட்டனர். பின்னர் இவர், தண்டனை பெற்று சிறையிலிருந்த, மன்னிப்பு பேர பொருத்தமான சிறைக் கைதிகளை விடுதலை செய்யும் அதிகாரத்தை அரசன் முதலாம் க்லோவிஸிடமிருந்து கேட்டு வாங்கினார். அரசன் அளித்த பிரபுக்களுக்கான சிறப்புச் சலுகைகளை தாழ்மையுடன் மறுத்தார். இவரது புனிதத் தன்மையை அறிந்த அரசர், இவரது வேண்டுகோளுக்கு இணங்கி, சிறைப்பட்டோரை விடுவித்தார்.
இவ்வித சலுகை, அக்காலத்தில் தூயவரான ஆயர்களுக்கும் இவரைப் போன்றவர்களுக்குமே அளிக்கப்பட்டிருந்தது. கைதிகள் தங்கள் பாவங்களின் தோஷத்தை கண்டு உணரச் செய்தார். அவர்கள் தங்கள் பாவங்களுக்காக துயரப்பட்டு, தவம் செய்து, வாழ்வை திருத்தியமைக்க உதவி செய்தார்.
பின் இவர் "ரெய்ம்ஸ்" ஆயர் "புனித ரெமிஜியுஸின்" சீடரானார். சிறிது காலம் வேதம் போதித்தார். இவர் அரண்மனைக்குத் திரும்பி வரவேண்டுமென்று அரசர் நச்சரித்துக் கொண்டிருந்தமையால், “புனிதர் மெஸ்மின்” (Saint Mesmin) மற்றும் “புனிதர் லீ” (Saint Lie) ஆகியோரது வழிகாட்டுதலின்படி, "ஒர்லியன்ஸ்" (Orléans) என்ற இடத்திற்கருகே இருந்த "மைஸி" (Micy) எனும் இடத்திலிருந்த ஒரு மடத்திற்குப் போய் அங்கு துறவறம் பெற்றுக்கொண்டார். பின்னர், “லிமௌசின்” (Limousin) காடுகளுக்குப் போய், அங்கே வாழ்ந்தார். அங்கே, அவரைப் பின்பற்றுபவர்கள் பலர் கூடினர். இவரது செப வல்லமையால் “ஃபிராங்க்ஸ்” அரசி (Queen of the Franks) ஒரு ஆண்குழந்தையை பாதுகாப்பாக ஈன்றதாக கூறப்படுகிறது. அதன் பிரதியுபகாரமாக, “நோபிலாக்” (Noblac) எனுமிடத்தில் அரசு நிலம் லியோனார்டுக்கு கொடுக்கப்பட்டது.
பின் ஒரு சிற்றாலயத்தை அமைத்து, அங்கு வாழ்ந்து வந்தார். இலைகளும் கனிகளுமே இவரது உணவு. தனிமையில் மறைவான வாழ்வு நடத்தினாலும், அருகில் இருந்த கோயிலுக்குச் சென்று மறையுரைகள் நிகழ்த்துவார்.
போர்க்கைதிகள் மீதும், சிறைப்பட்டோர் மீதும் அதிக இரக்கம் காண்பித்தார். தம்மால் இயன்ற அளவு ஆன்ம சரீர உதவிகளை அவர்களுக்குச் செய்தார்.
சுமார் கி.பி. 559ம் ஆண்டு மரித்த இவரது நினைவுத் திருநாள் நவம்பர் ஆறாம் நாள் கொண்டாடப்படுகின்றது.
Also known as
• Leonard de Noblet
• Leonard of Limoges
• Leonard of Limousin
• Leonardo Nobiliacum
• Leonardo, Leonhard, Lienard, Linhart, Léonard
Profile
Born to the Frankish nobility. Part of the court of the pagan King Clovis I. The Queen suggested to Leonard, possibly as a joke, that he invoke the help of his God to repel an invading army. Leonard prayed, the tide of battle turned, and Clovis was victorious. Archbishop Saint Remigius of Rheims used this miracle to convert the King, Leonard, and a thousand of followers to Christianity.
Leonard began a life of austerity, sanctification, and preaching. His desire to know God grew until he decided to enter the monastery at Orleans, France. His brother, Saint Lifiard, followed his example and left the royal court, built a monastery at Meun, and lived there. Leonard desired further seclusion, and so withdrew into the forest of Limousin, converting many on the way, and living on herbs, wild fruits, and spring water. He built himself an oratory, leaving it only for journeys to churches. Others begged to live with him and learn from him, and so a monastery formed around his hermitage. Leonard had a great compassion for prisoners, obtaining release and converting many.
After his death, churches were dedicated to him in France, England, Belgium, Spain, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Bohemia, Poland and other countries. Pilgrims flocked to his tomb, and in one small town in Bavaria there are records of 4,000 favors granted through Saint Leonard's intercession.
Died
c.559 of natural causes
Saint Winnoc of Wormhoult
Also known as
• Winnoc of Flanders
• Winnoc of Wormhoudt
• Vinocus, Vinnoco, Winnow, Winoc, Winocus, Winok, Wunnoc, Winnok
Additional Memorials
• 18 September (translation of relics)
• 20 February (exaltation of Saint Winnoc)
Profile
Born to the nobility, possibly a prince, and some sources say his father was Saint Judicael. Raised and educated in Brittany, his family running there to escape the Saxons. Monk. Founded Saint Winnow's church in Cornwall, England. Monk at Sithiu (Saint Omer) under abbot Saint Bertin. Founded the monastery, church and hospital of Wormhoult, Belgium, served as abbot, and used it as a base to evangelize the area.
Humble, and ever mindful of the apostolic precept "if any would not work, neither should he eat", Winnoc threw himself into the manual labour of the monasteries, doing as much of the tough and disagreeable as any monk in the house. When enfeebled by old age, Winnoc prayed for help to continue his work; he received divine help to work a hand corn mill, making flour for his brothers and the poor. Another monk, out of curiosity, peeped through a crack in the mill-house door to see how the old man did so much work; he was stuck blind for his impertinence, but was healed by Winnoc's intercession.
Born
7th century Wales
Died
• 6 November 716 or 717 at Wormhoult, Belgium of natural causes
• originally buried at Wormhoult
• relics translated to Bergues-Saint-Winnoc in 899
• people who stood along the route taken by the monks were reported to have been healed of many illnesses, especially coughs and fevers, and they have been brought out to stop drought
• the monastery was burned by Protestants in 1558 destroying some relics
Blessed Christina of Stommeln
Also known as
• Christina Bruzo
• Christina Bruso
• Kristina...
Profile
Born to wealthy farmers Heinrich and Hilla Bruso. Though she learned to read, Christina could not write. At the age of five she received a vision of Jesus, and at age ten believed that she became a bride of Christ. When she was 12, the girl's parents arranged a marriage for her, but she ran off to become a Beguine nun in Cologne, Germany; her extravagant piety caused the nuns to question her sanity, and Christina went home where she taken in by the parish priest, Johannes. Throughout her life she and people near her would be tormented by what were considered demonic attacks - she was thrown around the room, her feet stabbed by invisible forces, and similar physical attacks. She received the stigmata in 1268, and it would return each Easter thereafter. In 1288 the mystical experiences ended and Christina spent the rest of her life living as a cloistered Beguine nun. The Swedish Dominican monk, Peter of Dacia, was a long-time correspondent and recorded many of the incidents involving her.
Born
24 July 1242 at Stommeln, duchy of Juilliers (part of modern Germany)
Died
• 6 November 1312 in an alms house in Cologne, Germany of natural causes
• buried in Stommeln, Germany
• relics moved to Nideggen, Germany in 1342
• relics moved to Jülich, Germany on 22 July 1569
• on 16 November 1944 the church was bombed, but the relics survived
• her skull shows marks and indentations corresponding to a crown of thorns
Beatified
12 August 1908 by Pope Saint Pius X (cultus confirmed)
Blessed Thomas Ochia Jihyoe
Also known as
• Thomas Jihyoe di Sant'Agostino
• Thomas of Saint Augustine
• Kintsuba
Additional Memorial
28 September as one of the Augustinian Martyrs of Japan
Profile
Born to a Christian family, his parents were both catechists, and both died as martyrs. Thomas attended a Jesuit school in Arima, Japan, and when he felt a call to religious life, he continued his studies in Macao. In 1622 he went to Manila, Philippines to study, and there he joined the Augustinians, making his profession in 1624. He studied theology at Cebú, Philippines, and was ordained a priest. Father Thomas returned to Japan in 1631 to minister to Christians during an imperial persecution. Authorities who did not realize his vocation let him visit Christian prisoners, many of whom were missionaries. When the government realized he was conducting a ministry to them, he was forced flee and lived for a while in a cave, the subject of an intense man-hunt. From there, he used disguises, tricks and the name Kintsuba to minister to Christians in the region for years until finally caught, tortured for months, ordered repeatedly to denounce Christianity, and when he would not, he was executed. Martyr.
Born
c.1602 in Omura, Nagasaki, Japan
Died
hanged upside down on 6 November 1637 in Hill of Martyrs, Nishizaka, Nagasaki, Japan
Beatified
24 November 2008 by Pope Benedict XVI
Saint Melaine of Rennes
Also known as
• Apostle of France
• Melan, Melanie, Melanio, Melanius, Melen, Mellion, Mullion
Profile
Monk. Bishop of Rennes, France during the 5th and 6th centuries when the Franks were conquering all of Gaul. Nearly eliminated idolatry in his diocese. Close friend and advisor to King Clovis. Required his priests to stop "wandering from cabin to cabin, celebrating Mass on portable altars, accompanied by women who administered the chalice to the faithful." Had a brief conflict with British evangelists who tried to introduce Celtic liturgical forms, confusing the new converts. Played a leading role at the Council of Orleans in 511.
Born
in Placet, Brittany (in modern France)
Died
• c.535 of natural causes
• the abbey of Saint Melaine, Rennes, France was built around his tomb
Saint Paul of Constantinople
Also known as
• Paul the Confessor
• Paulus
Profile
Chosen Archbishop of Constantinople in 336. For supporting orthodox Christianity against Arianism, he was exiled to Pontus in 337. He returned in 338, but the Arians again exiled him, this time to Trier, Germany. He returned c.340, but Emperor Constantius clapped him in chains and exiled him to Mesopotamia. He returned in 344 but was exiled to Cukusus, Armenia. To prevent another return he was eventually imprisoned, starved and murdered. He never stopped trying to get to his diocese and tend to his parishioners, but spent most of his time as archbishop in exile. Martyr.
Died
strangled to death in 350 in Cukusus, Armenia
Saint Protasius of Lausanne
Also known as
Protase, Protasio
Profile
Seventh-century priest noted for his severe self-denial, and his ministry to widows, orphans and the homeless poor. Bishop of Lausanne, Kingdom of Burgundy (in modern Switzerland). He re-built and expanded what became the Saint-Maure chapel, supported the construction of the church and monastery in Baulmes, Switzerland, and re-built the cathedral of Lausanne after it had been damaged by invading pagans; he was visiting the workmen cutting timber for the cathedral when he had the accident that killed him.
Born
c.640
Died
• struck by a falling tree in the forest of Mont Tendre, Switzerland c.699
• buried in Lausanne, Switzerland
• relics transferred to the cathdral of Lausanne in the 14th century
Saint Emilian of Faenza
Profile
Saint Emilian of Faenza (Irish: Aimhlián Faenza, died c. 740) was an Irish pilgrim and bishop who died in Faenza, Italy, sometime in the 8th century. He was buried in the church of St. Clement in the town, but his body was rediscovered in the 10th century, which led to its removal to what is now the parish church of St Emilian.
Saint Emilian was attributed with miracles banishing demonic possession, which led to a cult in his name, attested in 1139. He is commemorated on November 6.
Little is known about Saint Emilian's life. He is believed to have been born in Ireland and to have made a pilgrimage to Rome. After his pilgrimage, he settled in Faenza, Italy, where he was ordained a bishop.
Saint Emilian was known for his holiness and his devotion to the poor and the sick. He was also known for his ability to exorcise demons.
One of the most famous miracles attributed to Saint Emilian is the exorcism of a demon from the daughter of the governor of Faenza. The girl had been possessed by the demon for many years and had become violent and uncontrollable. Saint Emilian prayed over the girl and commanded the demon to leave her. The demon obeyed and the girl was healed.
Saint Emilian's reputation as an exorcist spread throughout Italy and soon people from all over the country were coming to Faenza to seek his help. Saint Emilian never refused anyone and he was always able to cast out the demons that possessed them.
Saint Emilian died in Faenza in the early 8th century. He is buried in the parish church of St Emilian in Faenza, Italy. His feast day is celebrated on November 6.
Born
Ireland
Died
• c.780 in Faenza, Italy of natural causes
• burial site lost during the Lombard invasions
• his grave was re-discovered following a series of miracles, which vary by source
• relics enshrined in the cathedral of Faenza
Canonized
• Pre-Congregation
• cultus known to have been well-established in Faenza, Italy by the 12th century
• a synod in 1321 officially established his memorial in all cities of the diocese of Faenza
Saint Illtyd
Also known as
Elchut, Eltut, Hildutus, Illtud, Iltuto, Illtut, Iltutus, Iltud Farchog
Profile
Studied under Saint Germanus of Auxerre. Monk under the direction of Saint Cadoc. Founded the influential abbey of Llan-Illtut (Llantwit Major), which housed hundreds of monks, and became home to many Welsh saints. Defended his people against incursions from the north. To relieve famine, he assembled, stocked and led several corn ships to Brittany; in gratitude, some villages and churches there are named for him.
Born
5th century Wales
Died
c.505 in Brittany (in modern France)
Saint Theobald of Dorat
Profile
Born to a poor but pious farm family. Spiritual student of Saint Israel of Limoges at Dorat, France. Augustinian canon. Ordained a deacon, he considered himself unworthy of the priesthood. Treasurer and sacristan of the churches in Dorat. Had a ministry to the sick and the poor. Teacher and spiritual director of Saint Gauthier.
Born
990 in Bazeuge, France
Died
• 6 November 1070 of natural causes
• relics enshrined in the collegiate church of Dorat, France next to Saint Israel of Limoges
Saint Demetrian of Cyprus
Also known as
Demetrio, Demetrius
Profile
Married. Widower. Monk at Saint Anthony's Monastery on Cyprus. Priest. Hegoumenos (abbot) of Saint Anthony's for 40 years. Reluctant bishop of Khytri, Cyprus for 25 years. When Saracens raided Cyprus and kidnapped local Christians to enslave them, Demetrian obtained their release.
Born
Sika, Cyprus
Died
912
Blessed Beatrice of Olive
Profile
Cistercian nun at the convent of the Olive in Morlanwelz, Belgium. Her life in the convent led her to question her vocation, and she became a pilgrim for 15 years after which she received a vision of the Blessed Virgin Mary telling her it was time to return to Cistercian life. Beatrice returned to the convent and spent the rest of her life there, known for her piety and Marian devotion.
Died
• c.1400 of natural causes
• relics venerated in the parish church of Morlanwelz, Belgium
Saint Israel of Limoges
Also known as
Israel Limousin
Profile
Born to the nobility, his was a pious family. Priest. Vicar general of Limoges, France. Canon regular at Dorat, France. Taught theology in the diocese seminary. Wrote a lyric biography of Christ. Nursed plague sufferers during an epidemic in 994. Spiritual teacher of Saint Theobald of Dorat.
Born
950 at Dorat, France
Died
• 22 December 1014 of natural causes
• relics transferred to the Dorat collegiate church on 27 January 1130
Saint Barlaam of Novgorod
Also known as
Alexis
Profile
Born to a wealthy family. When his parents died, Alexis became a hermit on the Volga River. His reputation for holiness spread and attracted so many students that he founded a monastery for them, became a monk, and took the name Barlaam.
Born
Novgorod, Russia as Alexis
Died
6 November 1193 of natural causes
Blessed Leonianus of Autun
Profile
Lay man who was captured and taken to Gaul as a slave. When he regained his freedom he became a hermit near Autun (in modern France). Monk at the Saint Symphorianus Abbey at Autun.
Born
Pannonia (part of modern Hungary)
Died
c.570 in Autun (in modern France) of natural causes
Beatified
1907 by Pope Pius X (cultus confirmed)
Saint Severus of Barcelona
Profile
aint Severus of Barcelona (Catalan: Sant Sever, Spanish: San Severo) is venerated as a saint by the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches. His legend states that he was a bishop of Barcelona and was martyred during the persecution of Christians by Diocletian in AD 304. Details concerning his life and death are uncertain and of questionable historicity.
According to tradition, Saint Severus was born in Barcelona, Spain, in the late 3rd century. He became a Christian and was eventually ordained a bishop. During the persecution of Christians by Diocletian, Saint Severus was arrested and imprisoned. He refused to renounce his faith and was eventually martyred.
There are several different accounts of Saint Severus' martyrdom. One account states that he was beheaded. Another account states that he was nailed to a cross. Still another account states that he was drowned.
Died
nails driven into his temple in 633
Blessed Bernard of Apiano
Profile
Mercedarian at the convent of Saint Martin in Perpignan, France. He was noted for his personal piety, hist observance of the Mercedarian rule, and his depth of education.
Saint Erlafrid of Hirschau
Also known as
Erlafrid of Calw
Profile
Count of Calw, Swabia (modern Germany). Founded Hirschau Abbey which he entered as a Benedictine monk, and where he eventually served as abbot.
Born
late 8th century
Died
mid-9th century
Saint Felix of Thyniss
Also known as
Felix of Thynissa
Profile
Saint Felix of Thyniss (Catalan: Sant Fèlix de Tunis, Spanish: San Félix de Thyniss) was a Spanish priest who was martyred in Tunis in AD 1299. He is venerated as a saint by the Catholic and Orthodox churches.
Saint Felix was born in Pamplona, Spain, in the late 13th century. He entered the Mercedarian Order, which was dedicated to the redemption of Christian captives. In 1299, Saint Felix was sent to Tunis to ransom Christian captives. He was arrested by the Moors and imprisoned for several months. During his imprisonment, he was tortured and beaten, but he remained steadfast in his faith.
On November 6, 1299, Saint Felix was beheaded by the Moors. He was buried in the Mercedarian church in Tunis. His body was later returned to Spain, where it is enshrined in the Mercedarian church in Pamplona.
Saint Felix is a beloved figure in the Mercedarian Order. He is known for his courage, his faith, and his love for God and for his fellow man. He is a model of Christian discipleship and a reminder that even in the face of death, we can remain faithful to God.
Saint Felix is commemorated on November 6, the anniversary of his martyrdom. He is the patron saint of the Mercedarian Order and of the city of Pamplona.
Born
African
Died
Thyniss, north Africa
Blessed Simon of Aulne
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Cistercian lay brother at the Aulne Abbey in the diocese of Liege, Belgium. A mystic and visionary, known to fall into ecstasies during prayer.
Blessed Simon of Aulne (c. 1145-1228) was a Cistercian lay brother who lived at Aulne Abbey in Belgium. He was known for his piety, humility, and holiness. He was also a mystic who experienced visions and was believed to have the gift of reading hearts.
Simon was born into a noble family in Belgium. He joined the Cistercians at Aulne Abbey at the age of sixteen. He was assigned to work in the monastery granaries and tend the sheep. However, Simon was not content with a simple life of manual labor. He sought to grow in his spiritual life and become closer to God.
Simon began to experience visions and ecstasies. He was also believed to have the gift of prophecy. People from all over came to Aulne Abbey to seek Simon's advice and blessing.
In 1215, Pope Innocent III summoned Simon to Rome to advise him during the Fourth Lateran Council. Simon was reluctant to go, but he obeyed the pope's command. The pope was so impressed with Simon that he wanted to ordain him to the priesthood. However, Simon declined, saying that he was content to remain a lay brother.
Simon returned to Aulne Abbey and continued to live a simple and humble life. He died at the age of eighty-four in 1228. He was buried in the abbey church, and his tomb became a place of pilgrimage for many people.
Saint Leonard of Reresby
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Saint Leonard of Reresby is a legendary English saint who is said to have lived in the 13th century. He is said to have been a crusader who was captured by the Moors and imprisoned in the Holy Land. He miraculously escaped from prison and returned to his home in Yorkshire, England.
After his return home, Saint Leonard lived a life of holiness and devotion to God. He was known for his kindness and compassion for the poor and the sick. He was also known for his ability to perform miracles.
One of the most famous miracles attributed to Saint Leonard is the healing of a blind girl. The girl's parents had brought her to Saint Leonard, begging him to heal her. Saint Leonard prayed over the girl and she was miraculously healed.
Another famous miracle attributed to Saint Leonard is the exorcism of a demon from a possessed man. The man had been possessed by the demon for many years and had become violent and uncontrollable. Saint Leonard prayed over the man and commanded the demon to leave him. The demon obeyed and the man was healed.
Saint Leonard died in the 13th century and is buried in the church of St. Leonard in Thrybergh, Yorkshire. His feast day is celebrated on November 6.
Born
Thryberg, Yorkshire, England
Died
13th century Yorkshire, England of natural causes
Saint Felix of Genoa
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Saint Felix of Genoa was an Italian priest and bishop of Genoa in the 4th century AD. He is venerated as a saint by the Catholic and Orthodox churches.
Saint Felix was born in Genoa, Italy, in the late 4th century. He was ordained a priest and became known for his holiness and his devotion to the poor and the sick. In 384 AD, he was elected bishop of Genoa.
As bishop, Saint Felix was a tireless worker. He built new churches and monasteries, and he established schools for the poor and the orphaned. He was also a strong advocate for social justice and he fought to protect the rights of the poor and the oppressed.
Saint Felix died in Genoa in 404 AD. He is buried in the Cathedral of San Lorenzo in Genoa. His feast day is celebrated on November 6.
Died
relics enshrined in the basilica of Twelve Apostles in Genoa, Italy
Saint Valentine of Genoa
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Bishop of Genoa, Italy from c.295.
Saint Valentine of Genoa (Italian: San Valentino di Genova; Latin: Valentinus) was a 3rd-century Roman priest who was martyred for performing secret weddings for Christians. He is also the patron saint of epilepsy and beekeepers.
Saint Valentine was born in Genoa, Italy, around the year 225 AD. He was a priest during the reign of Emperor Claudius II, who had outlawed marriage for Christians in order to strengthen his army. Valentine continued to perform secret weddings for Christians, and was eventually arrested and imprisoned.
While in prison, Valentine reportedly healed the blind daughter of his jailer. This miracle led to the conversion of the jailer and his entire household. Valentine was eventually beheaded on February 14, 269 AD.
Saint Valentine was buried in a Christian cemetery outside of Rome. His relics were later translated to Genoa, where they are now enshrined in the Basilica of San Valentino.
Saint Valentine is often depicted as a young man wearing a red robe and carrying a heart. He is also sometimes accompanied by a dove, which is a symbol of love and peace.
Saint Valentine's Day is celebrated on February 14th, the anniversary of his martyrdom. It is a day to celebrate love and romance, and to remember the courage and sacrifice of Saint Valentine.
Died
• c.307 of natural causes
• his relics were found and enshrined in 985
Saint Efflam of Brittany
Saint Efflam of Brittany (448-525 AD) is a semi-legendary penitent who was born in Britain and who died in Brittany. His feast is celebrated on November 6th.
According to a late tradition forged by the Treguier scriptorium in the 11th century to legitimize the origins of the monastery of Tréguier and the ecclesiastical properties in the surrounding area, Efflam was the son of an Irish king. Born in 448, married very young to Enora, he took a vow of chastity. An angel helped him to resist temptation, and he fled to Brittany, disembarking at Plestin-les-Grèves, in Trégor, where he had lived for a time in the company of Saint Gestin.
Efflam is said to have lived a very austere life, wearing chains and sleeping on the bare ground. He was also known for his healing powers and his ability to exorcise demons. He founded a monastery at Tréguier, which became one of the most important religious centers in Brittany.
Efflam's life is full of miraculous stories. One legend tells that he once saved a group of sailors from a shipwreck by walking on the waves. Another legend tells that he cured a man of leprosy by simply touching him. Efflam is also said to have had the power to control the weather.
Saint Edwen of Northumbria
Saint Edwin of Northumbria (c. 586 – 12 October 632/633) was the king of Deira and Bernicia – which later became known as Northumbria – from about 616 until his death. He was the first Christian king of Northumbria, and is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church, the Anglican Church, and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
Edwin was born into a pagan family, but he was converted to Christianity by his wife, Ethelburga, a Christian princess from Kent. He was baptized in 627, and his conversion led to the widespread adoption of Christianity in Northumbria.
Edwin was a wise and just ruler, and he brought peace and prosperity to his kingdom. He also played an important role in uniting the different Anglo-Saxon kingdoms into a single nation.
In 633, Edwin was killed in battle by the pagan king of Mercia, Penda. However, his death only served to strengthen the Christian faith in Northumbria. Edwin was venerated as a martyr, and his tomb became a place of pilgrimage.
Saint Stephen of Apt
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Saint Stephen of Apt (died 1142) was a Cistercian monk and bishop of Apt in Provence. He was known for his piety, austerity, and love of learning. He was also a skilled negotiator and mediator, and he played a key role in resolving a number of conflicts between different religious and secular factions in Provence.
Stephen was born in Apt, and he joined the Cistercian order at the monastery of Le Thor. He quickly rose through the ranks of the order, and he was elected abbot of Le Thor in 1125. As abbot, Stephen was known for his strict adherence to the Cistercian rule and his commitment to poverty and simplicity. He also oversaw a number of important reforms at the monastery.
In 1133, Stephen was elected bishop of Apt. As bishop, he continued to live a simple and ascetic life. He was also a tireless advocate for the poor and the marginalized. He founded a number of hospitals and schools in Apt, and he worked to improve the lives of the city's inhabitants.
Stephen was also a skilled diplomat. He played a key role in resolving a number of conflicts between different religious and secular factions in Provence. He also worked to promote peace and reconciliation between Christians and Muslims.
Stephen died in 1142, and he was canonized a saint in 1254. He is remembered for his piety, austerity, and dedication to the poor and the marginalized. He is also venerated as a patron saint of peacemakers and negotiators.
Saint Felix of Fondi
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Saint Felix of Fondi (died c. 650 AD) was a Benedictine monk of Fondi, Italy, and a revered friend of Pope St. Gregory I the Great.
Felix was born into a wealthy family in Fondi, but he gave up his inheritance to become a monk. He entered the Benedictine monastery of San Magno, where he soon became known for his holiness and his gift for counsel.
In 590 AD, Pope Gregory I the Great visited the monastery of San Magno. He was so impressed by Felix that he appointed him as his personal secretary and advisor. Felix served Pope Gregory for many years, and he was a trusted confidant of the pope.
Felix was also a gifted writer. He wrote several treatises on spiritual matters, and he also translated some of Pope Gregory's works into Greek.
After Pope Gregory's death in 604 AD, Felix returned to the monastery of San Magno. He continued to live a holy life, and he was known for his kindness and generosity to the poor.
Felix died around 650 AD. He is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church.
Saint Pinnock
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A church in Cornwall, England is dedicated to this saint, but no information about him has survived.
Saint Atticus
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Martyred in Phrygia.
Ten Martyrs of Antioch
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A group of Brothers of the Christian Schools and a Passionist priest martyred in the persecutions during the Spanish Civil War. The are
The Ten Martyrs of Antioch were a group of seven Brothers of the Christian Schools and three Passionist priests who were martyred during the Spanish Civil War. They were killed on July 11, 1936, in the city of Antioch (now known as Antakya) in Turkey.
The seven Brothers of the Christian Schools were:
Brother Anacletus of Antioch (José María Fernández García)
Brother Anthony of Antioch (José María de la Cruz López)
Brother Julian of Antioch (Miguel García Alesanco)
Brother Luis of Antioch (José María Aranda Pérez)
Brother Melchor of Antioch (José María Fernández Castro)
Brother Paul of Antioch (Vicente Blanco García)
Brother Peter of Antioch (Ángel Rodríguez Díez)
The three Passionist priests were:
Father Celestino of Antioch (Celestino Fernández de los Ríos)
Father Lorenzo of Antioch (Lorenzo Rodríguez Dieguez)
Father Manuel of Antioch (Manuel Martínez Robles)
The Ten Martyrs of Antioch were arrested by Republican forces on July 11, 1936, and taken to the local prison. They were tortured and interrogated, but they refused to renounce their faith. On the morning of July 12, they were taken to a nearby beach and shot.
The Ten Martyrs of Antioch were beatified by Pope John Paul II on May 10, 1995, and canonized by Pope Benedict XVI on October 21, 2007. They are commemorated on July 11, the anniversary of their martyrdom.
The Ten Martyrs of Antioch are a powerful example of courage and faith in the face of persecution. They are an inspiration to Christians everywhere.
Martyrs of Gaza
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A group of Christian soldiers who were captured by Saracens invading the area of Gaza in Palestine. When the men continued to profess their Christianity, they were executed. We know the names of some of the martyrs - Himerius, John (2 of them), Kallinikos (Callinoco), Paul, Peter, Stephen and Theodore (2 of them).
Died
beheaded in Gaza, Palestine
Garcia Darlet
Garcia Darlet (1247-1299) was a blessed of the Mercedarian Order who was martyred in 1299. His feast day is celebrated on November 6.
Blessed Garcia Darlet was born in Pamplona, Spain, in 1247. He entered the Mercedarian Order in 1265 and became a famous penitent for his austerity and devotion to God. He was known for his love of the Eucharist and his compassion for the poor and the sick.
In 1299, Blessed Garcia Darlet was sent to Tunis to ransom Christian captives. He was arrested by the Moors and imprisoned for several months. During his imprisonment, he was tortured and beaten, but he remained steadfast in his faith.
On November 6, 1299, Blessed Garcia Darlet was beheaded by the Moors. He was buried in the Mercedarian church in Tunis. His body was later returned to Spain, where it is enshrined in the Mercedarian church in Pamplona.
Bl. Martyrs of Astoria during Spanish Civil War
Feastday: November 6
The Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War are those people killed by Republicans in hatred of their Catholic faith during the Spanish Civil War and therefore venerated in the Catholic Church.[1] More than 6,800 clergy and religious were killed in the Red Terror. As of October 2022, 2,107 Spanish martyrs have been beatified; 11 of them being canonized. For some 2,000 additional martyrs, the beatification process is underway.
History
During the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939, and especially in the early months of the conflict, individual clergymen were executed while entire religious communities were persecuted, leading to a death toll of 13 bishops, 4,172 diocesan priests and seminarians, 2,364 monks and friars and 283 nuns, for a total of 6,832 clerical victims, as part of what is referred to as Spain's Red Terror.[2]
Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War
Martyrs
Born Various
Died 1934, 1936-1939
Venerated in Catholic Church
Beatified 29 March 1987
1 October 1989
29 April 1990
25 October 1992
10 October 1993
1 October 1995
4 May 1997
10 May 1998
7 March 1999
11 March 2001 by Pope John Paul II
29 October 2005
28 October 2007
23 January 2010
17 December 2011 by Pope Benedict XVI[1]
13 October 2013
1 November 2014
5 September 2015
3 October 2015
21 November 2015
23 April 2016
8 October 2016
29 October 2016
25 March 2017
6 May 2017
21 October 2017
11 November 2017
10 November 2018
9 March 2019
23 March 2019
22 June 2019
7 November 2020
29 May 2021
16 October 2021
30 October 2021
6 November 2021
26 February 2022
18 June 2022
22 October 2022 by Pope Francis
Canonized 21 November 1999 (Nine Martyrs of the 1934 Asturias uprising) in Rome[1]
4 May 2003 in Madrid by Pope John Paul II
Feast Various
Pope John Paul II 233 Spanish Martyrs
Pope John Paul II beatified 473 martyrs in the years 1987, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1997 and 2001. Some 233 executed clergy were beatified by John Paul II on 11 March 2001.[3] In 1999 he also canonized a Christian Brother and the nine Martyrs of Turon, the first group of Spanish Civil War martyrs to reach sainthood. Regarding the selection of Candidates, Archbishop Edward Novack from the Congregation of Saints explained in an interview with L'Osservatore Romano: "Ideologies such as Nazism or Communism serve as a context of martyrdom, but in the foreground the person stands out with his conduct, and, case by case, it is important that the people among whom the person lived should affirm and recognize his fame as a martyr and then pray to him, obtaining graces. It is not so much ideologies that concern us, as the sense of faith of the People of God, who judge the person's behavior."[4]
List Of Martyrs-of-the-spanish-civil-war
martyrs-of-the-spanish-civil-war
Pope Benedict XVI
498 Spanish Martyrs
Benedict XVI beatified 530 martyrs in the years 2005, 2007, 2010 and 2011, with the biggest being the 498 Spanish martyrs in October 2007,[5] in the largest beatification ceremony in the history of the Catholic Church.[6] In this group of people, the Vatican has not included all Spanish martyrs, nor any of the 16 priests who were executed by the nationalist side in the first years of the war. This decision has caused numerous criticisms from surviving family members and several political organisations in Spain.[7]
The beatification recognized the extraordinary fate and often brutal death of the persons involved. Some have criticized the beatifications as dishonoring non-clergy who were also killed in the war, and as being an attempt to draw attention away from the church's support of Franco (some quarters of the Church called the Nationalist cause a "crusade").[8] Within Spain, the Civil War still raises high emotions. The act of beatification has also coincided in time with the debate on the Law of Historical Memory (about the treatment of the victims of the war and its aftermath) promoted by the Spanish Government.
Responding to the criticism, the Vatican has described the October 2007 beatifications as relating to personal virtues and holiness, not ideology. They are not about "resentment but ... reconciliation". The Spanish government has supported the beatifications, sending Foreign Minister Miguel Ángel Moratinos to attend the ceremony.[9] Among those present was Juan Andrés Torres Mora, a relative of one of the martyrs and the Spanish MP who had debated the memory law for PSOE .[10]
The October 2007 beatifications have brought the number of martyred persons beatified by the Church to 977, eleven of whom have been canonized as saints.[6] Because of the extent of the persecution, many more cases could be proposed; as many as 10,000 according to Catholic Church sources. The process for beatification has already been initiated for about 2,000 people.[6]
At 28 October 2007 beatifications, Pope Benedict underscored the call to sanctity for all Christians, saying it was "realistic possibility for the entire Christian people".[11] He also noted, "This martyrdom in ordinary life is an important witness in today's secularized society."[11]
Pope Francis
522 Spanish Martyrs
Pope Francis beatified 522 martyrs on 13 October 2013, at Tarragona, Spain; among them was Eugenio Sanz-Orozco Mortera from Manila, Philippines, who became the first Filipino martyr of the Spanish Civil War. He also approved additional beatifications for Spanish martyrs that took place for a priest on 1 November 2014 as well as two sets of group martyrs on both 5 September 2015 and 3 October 2015. The pope also approved the beatification of 26 Capuchin martyrs, which took place on 21 November 2015. The beatification for Valentín Palencia Marquina and his four companions took place on 23 April 2016 in Burgos.[12] The beatification for Genaro Fueyo Castañon and his three companions was celebrated in Oviedo on 8 October 2016 and the beatification of José Antón Gómez and 3 companions was celebrated in Madrid on 29 October 2016.[citation needed] The 114 Almerian martyrs were beatified on 25 March 2017, and Antonio Arribas Hortigüela and his six companions were beatified on 6 May 2017 in Girona.[13][14] The beatification of Mateo Casals Mas & 108 companions were beatified in Barcelona on 21 October 2017 and Vicenç Queralt Lloret & 20 companions as well as José Maria Fernández Sánchez & 38 companions were beatified in Madrid on 11 November 2017. The beatification of Teodoro Illera del Olmo & 15 Companions was held on 10 November 2018. The beatification of Ángel Cuartas Cristobal and his 8 companions was held in Oviedo on 9 March 2019 while María Isabel Lacaba Andia and her 13 companions were beatified in Madrid on 22 June 2019. María Pilar Gullón Yturriaga and 2 companions was beatified in Astorga on 29 May 2021. The beatification of Juan Elías Medina and 126 companions will be held in Córdoba on 16 October 2021, Francisco Cástor Sojo López and 3 companions in Tortosa on 30 October 2021 Benet Domènech Bonet & 2 companions in Barcelona on 6 November 2021 The beatifications of Cayetano Giménez Martín & 15 Companions in Granada on 26 February 2022, Angel Marina Álvarez & 19 Companions, Isabel Sánchez Romero, Juan Aguilar Donis & 5 Companions in Almería on 18 June 2022 and Vicente Nicasio Renuncio Toribio & 11 Companions in Madrid on 22 October 2022.
Individual cases
Martyrs of Turon
The martyrs of Turon were a group of eight De La Salle Brothers, and the Passionist priest who was with them, who were executed by striking miners at Turon in October 1934. Although this was nearly two years before the outbreak of the civil war, their deaths were part of the same violence and anti-clerical feeling of that period in Spain's history, and are regarded as martyrs of the Spanish Civil War. They were beatified by Pope John Paul II on 29 April 1990, and were canonized by him on 21 November 1999.
Innocencio of Mary Immaculate
Saint Innocencio of Mary Immaculate, born Emanuele Canoura Arnau, was a member of the Passionist Congregation and martyr of the Spanish Civil War. Born on 10 March 1887 in Santa Cecelia del Valle de Oro in Galicia, Spain, he died at Turon, with his eight companions, on 9 October 1934. He was beatified on 29 April 1990 and was canonized by Pope John Paul II on 21 November 1999.
Jaime Hilario Barbal
Jaime Hilario Barbal, born Manuel Barbal Cosán, was raised in a pious and hardworking family near the Pyrenees mountains. Entered the seminary at age 12, but when his hearing began to fail in his teens, he was sent home. Joined the Brothers of the Christian Schools at age 19, entering the novitiate on 24 February 1917 at Irun, Spain, taking the name Jaime Hilario. Exceptional teacher and catechist, he believed strongly in the value of universal education, especially for the poor. However, his hearing problems grew worse, and in the early 1930s, he was forced to retire from teaching, and began work in the garden at the La Salle house at San Jose, Tarragona, Spain. Imprisoned in July 1936 at Mollerosa, Spain when the Spanish Civil War broke out and religious people were swept from the street. Transferred to Tarragona in December, then confined on a prison ship with some other religious. Convicted on 15 January 1937 of being a Christian Brother. Two rounds of volley fire from a firing squad did not kill him, possibly because some of the soldiers intentionally shot wide; their commander then murdered Jaime with five shots at close range. First of the 97 La Salle Brothers killed in Catalonia, Spain during the Spanish Civil War to be recognized as a martyr. He was beatified on 29 April 1990, and was canonized by Pope John Paul II on 21 November 1999.
Pedro Poveda
He was a priest, the founder of the Teresian Association and a Martyr of the Spanish civil war. He was beatified on 10 October 1993 and canonized on 4 May 2003.
Passionist Martyrs of Daimiel
They were a group of priests and brothers of the Passionist Congregation killed by Republican forces during the Spanish Civil War. They were beatified by Pope John Paul II on 1 October 1989. Eyewitnesses reported that all of the Passionists had forgiven their murderers before they died. A witness to the murder of Father Niceforo reported that after being shot the priest turned his eyes to heaven then turned and smiled at his murderers. At this point one of them, now more infuriated than ever, shouted:
What, are you still smiling?[15]
With that he shot him at point blank range.
Eugenio Sanz-Orozco Mortera
Eugenio Sanz-Orozco Mortera (Jose Maria of Manila) was born on 5 September 1880 in Manila, Philippines. He was a Franciscan Capuchin priest. He died a martyr on 17 August 1936, in Madrid, Spain, during the Spanish civil war. He is venerated in the Catholic Church, which celebrates his feast on 6 November. He was beatified on 13 October 2013.
Bartolomé Blanco Márquez
Bartolomé Blanco Márquez was born in Cordoba, Spain in 1914. He was arrested as a Catholic leader—he was the secretary of Catholic Action and a delegate to the Catholic Syndicates—on 18 August 1936. He was executed on 2 October 1936, at age 21, while he cried out, "Long live Christ the King!" Born in Pozoblanco 25 November 1914, Bartolome was orphaned as a child, and raised by family with whom he worked. He was an excellent student, studying under the tutelage of the Salesians.
Victoria Díez Bustos de Molina
She was a religious, the member of the same congregation and also a Martyr of the Spanish civil war. She was beatified on 10 October 1993.
Pedro Asúa Mendía
Pedro was educated by Jesuits. Trained as an architect, graduating in 1915. he worked on schools, churches and houses for religious. He was ordained priest in the diocese of Vitoria, Spain in 1924. He was executed on 29 August 1936. He was beatified on 1 November 2014.
Mariano Mullerat i Soldevila
Mariano was a Spanish Roman Catholic doctor who also served as the mayor for Arbeca from 1924 until March 1930. He died on 13 August 1936. He was beatified on 23 March 2019.
Joan Roig i Diggle
Joan was a young layperson of the Archdiocese of Barcelona. He died on 11 September 1936. He was beatified on 7 November 2020.
Isabel Sánchez Romero
Isabel was a religious from the Dominican Order. She died on 15 February 1937. She was set to be beatified on 19 September 2020 but it was postponed to 18 June 2022 due to COVID-19 pandemic.
José María of Manila (Spanish: José María de Manila : 5 September 1880 – 17 August 1936) was a Filipino-born Spanish Catholic priest and friar of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin. He was martyred in the early phase of the Spanish Civil War, and is the third Filipino to have been declared blessed by the Roman Catholic Church.
Born Eugenio del Sanz-Orozco Mortera
5 September 1880
Manila, Captaincy General of the Philippines
Died 17 August 1936 (aged 55)
Madrid, Spain
Venerated in Catholic Church
Beatified 13 October 2013, Tarragona,
Spain by Angelo Amato
Major shrine Filipino Saints Gallery, Manila Cathedral,
Philippines
Feast 6 November
Beatification
Background
During the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries, the Catholic Church in Spain supported and was strongly supported by and associated with the Spanish monarchy. The Second Spanish Republic saw an alternation of leftist and conservative coalition governments between 1931 and 1936. Amidst the disorder caused by the military coup of July 1936, many supporters of the Republican government pointed their weapons against individuals they considered local reactionaries, including priests and nuns.
A paradoxic case for foreign Catholics was that of the Basque Nationalist Party, at the time a Catholic party from the Basque areas, who after some hesitation supported the Republican government in exchange for an autonomous government in the Basque Country. Although virtually every other group on the Republican side was involved in the anticlerical persecution, the Basques did not play a part.[16] The Vatican diplomacy tried to orient them to the National side, explicitly supported by Cardinal Isidro Goma y Tomas, but the BNP feared the centralism of the Nationals. Some Catalan nationalists also found themselves in the same situation, such as members of de Unió Democràtica de Catalunya party whose most relevant leader, Manuel Carrasco i Formiguera was killed by the Nationalists in Burgos in 1938.
Controversy
A number of controversies have arisen around the beatification of some of these clerics. Some objectors oppose the notion of these priests being killed for mere religious hatred and, while not excusing their brutal murders, putting them in the context of the historical moment. Others question the appropriateness of beatification for some individuals who have less than saintly backgrounds. A third objection is the perceived partiality of the Church, where victims of the left have been proposed for beatification, while victims of the right have been ignored.
Of the first objection, one of the most notable cases has centered on Cruz Laplana y Laguna, Bishop of Cuenca, a well-known supporter of the monarchist regime. After the proclamation of the Second Republic he carried out a number of right-wing political campaigns throughout the province, and had established close contacts with military officials such as General Joaquín Fanjul, a supporter of the Nationalist rebellion. Laplana y Laguna was described by his biographer as "supreme advisor" to the general, as well as being closely involved with the Falange. In 1936 he personally endorsed Falangista leader José Antonio Primo de Rivera as a candidate in the 1936 local elections. When the Nationalist uprising in Cuenca failed, Laplana y Lagun was arrested by Republican militiamen for treason. He was tried for conspiring against the Republican government and executed on 8 August.[17]
Another is Fulgencio Martínez, a priest in the village of La Paca in Murcia, who was shot after the uprising, who was reported by many locals to be closely allied to the local landowners. Over several days before the uprising, Father Fulgencio met with these landowners in the village casino—the hub of social life for the local elites in rural Spain—to organize support for the rebellion. He offered guns and money to anyone who would join an improvised militia. On 18 July, the day of the uprising, Father Fulgencio was among the persons who went through the village streets on lorries, rallying support for the uprising with shouts of "Viva el Ejército!" ("Long live the Army") and "Viva General Queipo de Llano!"[18]
Public statements by some of these clerics have also been widely publicised as a form of criticism against their beatification. Rigoberto Domenech, Archbishop of Zaragoza, declared publicly on 11 August 1936 that the military uprising was to be supported, and its defensive actions approved, because "it is not done in the service of anarchy, but in the benefit of order, fatherland, and religion" in response to the Red Terror. Another statement was that given in November 1938 by Leopoldo Eijo Garay, Bishop of Madrid-Alcalá, regarding a possible truce between Republican and rebel forces: "To tolerate democratic liberalism... would be to betray the martyrs."[19]
Of the second, the controversy surrounding the beatification of Augustinian Friar Gabino Olaso Zabala, listed as a companion of Avelino Rodriguez Alonso, concerns his previous life. Friar Zabala was martyred during the Civil War and was beatified. Attention was called to the fact that Fr. Olaso had been a missionary in the Philippines during the Katipunan rebellion against Spanish rule, and had been accused of torturing Friar Mariano Dacanay, an alleged rebel sympathizer.[20] However this objection ignores the Church proclamation that even sinners can repent and turn into saints, such as in the case of Augustine of Hippo. It also misunderstands the nature of a cause for martyrdom, where the primary factor is the person's death due to religious hatred of the faith, rather than the saintliness of his previous life.
The third objection refers to the Church's attitude to victims of Nationalist repression. Regarding the attitude of the Vatican, Manuel Montero, lecturer of the University of the Basque Country commented on 6 May 2007:
The Church, which upheld the idea of a 'National Crusade' in order to legitimize the military rebellion, was a belligerent part during the Civil War, even at the cost of alienating part of its members. It continues in a belligerent role in its unusual answer to the Historical Memory Law by recurring to the beatification of 498 "martyrs" of the Civil War. The priests executed by Franco's Army are not counted among them... Its selective criteria regarding the religious persons that were part of its ranks are difficult to fathom. The priests who were victims of the republicans are "martyrs who died forgiving", but those priests who were executed by the Francoists are forgotten.[21]
While much of Republican Spain was anti-clerical in sentiment, the Basque region, which also supported the Republic, was not; the clergy of the region stood against the Nationalist coup, and suffered accordingly. At least 16 Basque nationalist priests (among them the arch-priest of Mondragón) were killed by the Nationalists,[22] and hundreds more were imprisoned or deported.[23] This included several priests who tried to halt the killings.[24] To date, the Vatican has failed to consider these clergy as martyrs of the Spanish Civil War, since they were not murdered in hatred of the Faith (odium fidei), a prerequisite for the recognition of martyrdom
