St. Menehould
Feastday: October 14
Death: 5th century
Patron saint of the French town in the Argonne that bears her name. She had five sisters who were also venerated. Menehould was active in Chalons-sur-Marne.
Bl. Marie Poussepin
✠ அருளாளர் மேரீ பௌஸ்செபின் ✠
(Blessed Marie Poussepin)
நிறுவனர்/ பொதுநிலை சகோதரி:
(Founder and Lay Sister)
பிறப்பு: அக்டோபர் 14, 1653
டோர்டன், ஃபிரான்ஸ்
(Dourdan, France)
இறப்பு: ஜனவரி 24, 1744 (வயது 90)
ஏற்கும் சமயம்:
ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை
(Roman Catholic Church)
முக்திபேறு பட்டம்: 1994
திருத்தந்தை இரண்டாம் ஜான் பவுல்
(John Paul II)
நினைவுத் திருநாள்: அக்டோபர் 14
அருளாளர் மேரீ பௌஸ்செபின், ஒரு ஃபிரெஞ்ச் டொமினிக்கன் பொதுநிலை சகோதரியும், “கருணை முன்னிலைப்படுத்தும் டொமினிக்கன் சகோதரியர்” (Dominican Sisters of Charity of the Presentation) என்னும் அருட்கன்னியர்க்கான ஆன்மீக சபையை தோற்றுவித்தவரும் ஆவார்.
டோர்டன் (Dourdan) நகரின் உள்ளூர் அறக்கட்டளை அமைப்பின் பொருளாளராக பணியாற்றிய அரசு அதிகாரியான “கிளாட் பௌஸ்செபின்” (Claude Poussepin) என்பவரின் மகளான மேரீ, தமது சிறுவயது காலம் முழுதும் நோயுற்ற தமது தாயாரை கவனிப்பதிலேயே செலவிட்டார்.
தாயாரின் மரணத்தின் பிறகு, தமது 22 வயதில், கன்னியர்க்கான ஒரு தியான சபையில் சேர விரும்பினார். ஆனால், அந்நேரம் நோயில் வீழ்ந்த தகப்பனாரை கவனிக்க வீட்டில் இருக்கவேண்டிய நிலையிலிருந்த மேரீ, தமது விருப்பத்தை தள்ளி வைத்தார். அதே சமயத்தில் அவர், ஏழைகளையும், நோயுற்றோரையும் கவனித்து சேவை செய்யும் சுருசுருப்பான டொமினிக்கன் துறவியானார். 1690ம் ஆண்டு, தமது தந்தையார் மரித்ததும், தமது குடும்ப வியாபாரங்களை தமது சகோதரரிடம் ஒப்படைத்தார். “ஆங்கர்வில்” (Angerville) நகரில் “கருணையின் டொமினிக்கன் சகோதரியர்” சபையின் கிளை ஒன்றினை நிறுவும் பணிகளில் ஈடுபட்டிருந்தார்.
உள்ளூர் ஆயரின் விருப்பமின்மை காரணமாக, சபையினர் உடனடியாக டொமினிகன் சபையுடன் முறையாக இணைக்கப்படவில்லை. அதற்கு பதிலாக “ஜாகோபைன்ஸ்” (Jacobines) என அறியப்பட்டது. “ஜாகோபைன்ஸ்” தலைவராக, அவர் ஃபிரான்சின் கிராமப்புறங்களில் ஆரம்பப் பள்ளிகளைத் திறந்துவைத்ததுடன், சீர்திருத்த சுகாதாரப் பாதுகாப்புத் திட்டத்தையும் ஆரம்பித்தார்.
டொமினிகன் சபையின் முறையான ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளுதல் மற்றும் அங்கீகாரம் பெறுவதற்கு தொடர்ந்து முயற்சி செய்த போதிலும், அது அவரது வாழ்நாளில் கிட்டவில்லை. 1744ம் ஆண்டு, அவர் தமது மரணப்படுக்கையில் இருக்கும்போது, அவர் இந்த பிரச்சினையைத் தொடர்ந்தால், ஜேக்கப்பைன்கள் (Jacobines) பெற்றுள்ள சிறிய அங்கீகாரத்தையும் திரும்பப் பெற நேரிடும் என்று மிரட்டப்பட்டார்.
இறுதியாக, 1897ம் ஆண்டில், ஜேக்கப்பைன்கள் (Jacobines) முறையாக அங்கீகரிக்கப்பட்டு, அவர்களது சபை, அதிகாரப்பூர்வமாக டொமினிகன் சகோதரிகள் என்ற பெயரிடப்பட்டது.
Feastday: October 14
Birth: 1653
Death: 1744
Beatified: Pope John Paul II
Mary Poussepin was born in the diocese of Versailles in 1653. Her well to do family had a reputation for both sanctity and sound business. She was a gay hearted and generous girl, well liked by all her friends. Her gifts of mind and judgment were far beyond her years. She might have entered religion earlier, but the illness of her mother required her constant care. When Mary was twenty two, her mother died, and the girl took over the management of the house. She had the consoling thought that as soon as the shock of her mother's death had worn off, she would approach her father on the question of becoming a cloistered nun. In the meantime, she busied herself with the care of her young brother, and all the pious works she could do in a day. It soon became apparent that her plans for contemplative life would have to be revised, for her father fell ill, and she was needed to care for him.
Since her home was situated conveniently between the hospital of the Sisters of Charity and the church where the Dominican Third Order regularly met, Mary Poussepin soon found herself involved in the charities of the one and the spiritual life of the other. She became a Tertiary, and she placed herself under the guidance of a Dominican confessor, who was to watch over her for nearly half a century. Working with the Sisters of Charity, she was constantly aware of the needs of the sick and the unfortunate, and she began to dream of a Dominican community in which these works could become a part of the apostolate. Not until after her father's death could she set about making this dream a reality, but, from the records of those intervening years, it is clear that she lost neither time nor opportunity in either charitable works or spirituality.
Mary Poussepin was thirty years old when at last she was free to follow her heart and begin the institute that she had so long dreamed of. It is a little hard for us to see why she should have had such difficulty in making the ideas attractive to higher authorities, for in America we have a proud tradition of Dominican sisters doing the various works of charity which she espoused. At that time and place, however, it was evidently a novelty for Dominican sisters to care for the orphans or the poor, the insane or the wayward. Reading between the lines, moreover, one is quite certain that the bishop with whom most of her negotiations had to be made was a man who heartily disliked Dominicans. It is impossible now to know with certainty the reasons for the things that occurred. We can only record the facts, and presume that the reasons at the time were ample.
Mary Poussepin began her institute of the Dominican Sisters of Charity in Angerville. She started with high hopes and one companion, and postulants soon came to fill the ranks. The sisters wore the colors of the Order quite probably they were not permitted the same form of religious habit as that worn by the regular communities of Dominicans. They had a Dominican director, and everyone agrees the Dominican spirit. But when it came to obtaining affiliation with the Order, they were blocked by the bishop's refusal and probably in view of this by the reluctance of the Order to force their claims. The people of the town called the sisters "Jacobines," an allusion to the Dominican fathers; but, for nearly two hundred years, that was as near as they came to regular affiliation.
After several false starts, which necessitated moving and beginning again, the community prospered. It cared for schools, hospitals, kindergartens, and homes for the aged, the insane, and the delinquent. Their houses spread over France and were recognized, both civilly and ecclesiastically, as a religious institute with all the rights and privileges except the one for which the foundress had struggled for a lifetime: official acceptance into the . Dominican family. At the age of ninety, as she lay on her deathbed, her hopes seemed ruined forever when she received word that all affiliations with the Order even the solemnizing of the feast of St. Dominic must be abandoned if she did not wish the rights of her institute taken away completely. All that she had striven to establish had come to nothing. Accepting the will of God, she commanded her sisters to remain spiritually close to the great Order she loved, and she died with no assurance that they would ever realize her desire.
Half a century after the death of Mary Poussepin, the French Revolution broke upon the country. Dispersed, and wearing secular clothes, hiding and working in dangerous places, the sisters took advantage of the occasion to resume the first habit and all the customs from the primitive days. A few years later, more Dominican privileges were granted, and the sisters pressed the question of affiliation. Not until 1897, two full centuries after the foundress first began her project, was her community allowed to use the full tide "Dominican Sisters of Charity of the Presentation of the Most Blessed Virgin Mary."
Sisters of Mother Poussepin's foundation have been in Near East missions, Mesopotamia, and Kurdistan, as well as France, Spain, and Italy, for the past century. They also have missions in South America, and they have been in the United States, in Fall River, Massachusetts, since 1906.
St. Fortunata
Feastday: October 14
Death: 303
Virgin martyr in Caesarea, in Israel, reportedly with her brothers, Sts. Carphonius, Evaristus, and Priscian. Her relics have been venerated in Naples, Italy, since the eighth century.
St. Carponius
Feastday: October 14
Death: 303
Martyr with his sister, Fortunata, and his brothers, Evaristus and Priscian.They were executed for the faith in Caesarea in Palestine in the reign of Emperor Diocletian. Their relics were translated to Naples, Italy.
St. Burkard
Feastday: October 14
St. Burkard or Buchard, feast day October 14, Bishop, Benedictine d. c 754 An English priest and monk who joined the German mission under St Boniface (c 732). He was ordained first bishop of Würzburg (Herbipolis), and founded there several Benedictine abbeys of which the most important was St Andrew's, afterwards called after him. About the year 753 he resigned his bishopric to a monk of Fritzlar and spent the remaining months of his life in monastic retirement.
St. Calixtus
திருத்தந்தை புனித முதலாம் கலிஸ்டஸ்
Pope Saint Callixtus (Callixtus I)
நினைவுத் திருவிழா : அக்டோபர் 14
இறப்பு : 222
திருத்தந்தை புனித முதலாம் கலிஸ்டஸ் (Pope Saint Callixtus I or Callistus I) உரோமை ஆயராகவும் திருத்தந்தையாகவும் கிபி 217இலிருந்து 222 வரை திருப்பணி செய்தார். அவருக்கு முன் பதவியிலிருந்தவர்திருத்தந்தை செஃபரீனுஸ் ஆவார். கலிஸ்டசின் இறப்புக்குப் பின் அர்பன் திருத்தந்தையாகப் பதவி ஏற்றார். திருத்தந்தை புனித முதலாம் கலிஸ்டஸ் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபையின் 16ஆம் திருத்தந்தை ஆவார். இவரது திருவிழா அக்டோபர் 14ஆம் நாள் கொண்டாடப்படுகிறது. இவர் கல்லறைத் தொழிலாளர்களின் பாதுகாவலராகப் போற்றப்படுகிறார்.
கலிஸ்டஸ் (பண்டைக் கிரேக்கம்: Callixtus அல்லது Callistus; இலத்தீன்: Callixtus அல்லது Callistus) என்னும் பெயர் "அழகுமிக்கவர்","எழில் நிறைந்தவர்" என்னு பொருள்படும்.
வரலாறு
முதலாம் கலிஸ்டஸ் திருப்பணி புரிந்த காலத்தில் உரோமை மன்னர்களாக இருந்தோர் எலகாபலுஸ் (Elagabalus) என்பவரும் அவருக்குப் பின் அலக்சாண்டர் செவேருஸ் (Alexander Severus) என்பவருமாவர். கலிஸ்டஸ் மறைச்சாட்சியாக இரத்தம் சிந்தி இறந்தார்.
கலிஸ்டசின் வரலாறு பற்றிய குறிப்புகள் அவருடைய எதிரிகளின் எழுத்துகளிலிருந்தே தெரிய வருகின்றன. உரோமை நகர் இப்போலித்து (Hippolytus of Rome) என்னும் புகழ்பெற்ற இறையிலார் கலிஸ்டசின் எதிரிகளுள் ஒருவர். அவர் தம் "Philosophumena" என்னும் நூலில் கலிஸ்டசைப் பற்றிப் பின்வருமாறு கூறுகிறார்:
கலிஸ்டஸ் இளமைப் பருவத்தில் ஓர் அடிமையாக இருந்தார். அவரது தலைவர் கார்ப்போஃபொருஸ் (Carpophorus) என்பவர் கைம்பெண்களையும் கைவிடப்பட்ட குழந்தைகளையும் பராமரிப்பதற்காகக் கிறித்தவர்களிடமிருந்து பெறப்பட்ட நிதியை கலிஸ்டசின் பொறுப்பில் கொடுத்திருந்தார். அந்நிதியைத் தொலைத்துவிட்ட கலிஸ்டஸ் உரோமையிலிருந்து தப்பியோடினார். ஆனால் போர்த்துஸ் என்னும் இடத்தில் பிடிபட்டார். தப்பிப்பதற்காகக் கடலில் குதித்த கலிஸ்டசை அவருடைய தலைவரிடம் ஒப்படைத்தனர்.
கலிஸ்டசிடம் தாம் கொடுத்த பணத்தை மீண்டும் பெறவேண்டும் என்ற எண்ணத்தில் மக்கள் அவரை விடுதலை செய்யுமாறு கோரினார்கள். அவர் உரோமையிலிருந்த சில யூதர்களிடம் பணம் கடன் வாங்கவோ திரும்பப் பெறவோ சென்றபோது எழுந்த தகராறில் மீண்டும் கைதுசெய்யப்பட்டார்.
கலிஸ்டஸ் கிறித்தவர் என்று தெரிந்ததும் சார்தீனியா தீவில் சுரங்கங்களில் கட்டாய வேலை செய்ய அனுப்பப்பட்டார். உரோமை அரசன் கோம்மொதுஸ் என்பவரை மார்சியா என்னும் பெண்மணி அணுகி, கிறித்தவர்களை விடுதலை செய்யுமாறு கேட்டார். எனவே ஹையசிந்த் என்னும் குரு சார்தீனியாவுக்குச் சென்று அங்கே கட்டாய வேலை செய்ய அனுப்பப்பட்ட கலிஸ்டசுக்கும் பிறருக்கும் விடுதலை பெற்றுக் கொடுத்தார். அப்போது கலிஸ்டசின் உடல்நிலை மிகவும் மோசமானதால் அவர் ஆன்சியும் என்னும் நகருக்கு அனுப்பப்பட்டார். அங்கே முதலாம் விக்டர் என்னும் திருத்தந்தையிடமிருந்து பெற்ற உதவித் தொகை கொண்டு வாழ்ந்துவந்தார்.
திருத்தந்தை செஃபிரீனுசின் உதவியாளர்
திருத்தந்தை முதலாம் விக்டர் இறந்ததும் செஃபிரீனுஸ் திருத்தந்தையாகப் பதவியேற்றார். இவர் திருத்தொண்டராக இருந்த கலிஸ்டசிடம் உரோமை ஆப்பியா நெடுஞ்சாலையில் அமைந்திருந்த கல்லறைத் தோட்டத்தைப் பராமரிக்கும் பொறுப்பைக் கொடுத்தார்.
மேலும், கலிஸ்டஸ் திருத்தந்தை செஃஃபிரீனுசின் வலது கைபோல் செயல்பட்டு, அவரது ஆலோசனையாளராகவும் விளங்கினார்.
கலிஸ்டஸ் கல்லறைத் தோட்டம்
கலிஸ்டசின் பொறுப்பில் ஒப்படைக்கப்பட்டகல்லறைத் தோட்டம் இன்று "புனித கலிஸ்டஸ் கல்லறைப் புதைநிலம்" (Catacomb of St. Callixtus) என்று அழைக்கப்படுகின்றது. கிபி மூன்றாம் நூற்றாண்டில் வாழ்ந்த ஒன்பது திருத்தந்தையர் அப்புதைநிலத்தில் அடக்கம் செய்யப்பட்டுள்ளனர். அவர்கள் அடக்கம் செய்யப்பட்ட இடம் "திருத்தந்தையரின் சிறுகோவில்" என்று அழைக்கப்படுகிறது. திருத்தந்தை கலிஸ்டஸ் அவருடைய பெயர்கொண்ட கல்லறைத் தோட்டத்தில் அடக்கப்படவில்லை.
பல நூற்றாண்டுகளாகப் புதைந்து கிடந்த அக்கல்லறைத் தோட்டப் பகுதி 1849இல் ஜொவான்னி பத்தீஸ்தா தெ ரோஸ்ஸி (Giovanni Battista de Rossi) என்னும் அகழ்வாய்வு வல்லுநரால் கண்டுபிடிக்கப்பட்டது.
கலிஸ்டஸ் திருத்தந்தையாகத் தேர்ந்தெடுக்கப்படல்
திருத்தந்தை செஃபிரீனுஸ் இறந்ததும் அவருக்கு நெருங்கிய துணையாளராகவிருந்த கலிஸ்டஸ் திருத்தந்தையாகத் தேர்ந்தெடுக்கப்பட்டார். விடுதலை பெற்ற ஓர் அடிமை திருத்தந்தையாகப் பதவி ஏற்பதற்கு அக்காலத்தில் தடையிருக்கவில்லை. கிபி ஐந்தாம் நூற்றாண்டில்தான் திருத்தந்தை முதலாம் லியோ சட்டம் இயற்றி, விடுதலை பெற்ற அடிமை திருத்தந்தையாக முடியாது என்று வரையறுத்தார்.
கலிஸ்டசுக்கு எதிரான குற்றச்சாட்டுகள்
திருத்தந்தை கலிஸ்டசைப் பற்றி அவருடைய எதிரியாக இருந்த இப்போலித்து என்பவர் பல குற்றச்சாட்டுகளை முன்வைத்தார். அவற்றுள் சில:
• கலிஸ்டஸ் திருச்சபையின் உண்மையான போதனையைத் திரித்ததாகக் குற்றச்சாட்டு. ஒரே கடவுள் மூன்று ஆள்களாக உள்ளார் என்னும் கிறித்தவக் கொள்கையை கலிஸ்டஸ் "ஒரே கடவுள் மூன்று வடிவங்களில் தந்தை, மகன், தூய ஆவி என விளங்குகிறார்" என்று கலிஸ்டஸ் கூறியதாகக் குற்றம் சாட்டினார்.
• இருமுறை அல்லது மூன்றுமுறை திருமணம் செய்தவர்களையும் குருத்துவ நிலைபெற அனுமதித்தது தவறு என்னும் குற்றச்சாட்டு.
• அடிமைகளுக்கும் சுதந்திர மக்களுக்கும் இடையே நிகழும் திருமணம் செல்லுபடியாகாது என்று கலிஸ்டஸ் கூறவில்லை என்னும் குற்றச்சாட்டு.
• விபசாரத்தில் ஈடுபட்டோர் மனம் திரும்பி பாவப் பரிகாரம் செய்தபின் திருச்சபையில் சேர்த்துக்கொள்ளப்பட்டது தவறு என்னும் குற்றச்சாட்டு.
ஆக, இப்போலித்து கடுமையான ஒழுக்க நெறியைப் போதித்தார். கலிஸ்டசோ மக்களின் நலனைக் கருத்தில் கொண்டு செயல்பட்டார். எனவே, இருவருக்கும் இடையே மோதல் ஏற்பட்டது.
கலிஸ்டஸ் திருத்தந்தையாகத் தேர்ந்தெடுக்கப்பட்டதும், இப்போலித்துவின்ஆதரவாளர்கள் அவரை எதிர்-திருத்தந்தையாக தேர்ந்தெடுத்தனர். இப்போலித்து தம் கிறித்தவ நம்பிக்கையின் பொருட்டு நாடுகடத்தப்பட்டு மறைச்சாட்சியாக உயிர்துறந்தார். இறப்பதற்கு முன் அவர் திருச்சபையோடு நல்லுறவு ஏற்படுத்திக் கொண்டார். அவர் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபையால் புனிதராகப் போற்றப்படுகிறார்.
மொந்தானியக் கொள்கைக்கு ஆதரவு அளித்த தெர்த்தூல்லியன் என்னும் பண்டைக் காலக் கிறித்தவ அறிஞரோடும் கலிஸ்டஸ் மோத வேண்டியதாயிற்று.
திருத்தந்தை கலிஸ்டசின் இறப்பு
"உரோமை மறைச்சாட்சியர் நூல்" (Roman Martyrology) என்னும் பழைய ஏட்டில், புனித பேதுருவுக்கு அடுத்த படியாக "மறைச்சாட்சி" என்னும் பட்டம் புனித கலிஸ்டசுக்கே வழங்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.
அவுரேலியா நெடுஞ்சாலையில் (Via Aurelia) அமைந்திருந்த கலிஸ்டசின் கல்லறை 1960இல் கண்டெடுக்கப்பட்டது. அக்கல்லறை திருத்தந்தை முதலாம் ஜூலியஸ் என்பவரால் கட்டியெழுப்பப்பட்டது. அதில் காணப்பட்ட குறிப்பின்படி, கலிஸ்டஸ் கிறித்தவ நம்பிக்கையின் பொருட்டு மறைச்சாட்சியாக உயிர்துறந்தார். அவரைக் கம்புகளால் அடித்துக் கொன்றார்கள். அவரது உடல் ஒரு குழியில் வீசப்பட்டது. அதனருகே கலிஸ்டசே எழுப்பியிருந்த புனித மரியா கோவில் (Basilica of Santa Maria in Trastevere) உள்ளது.
Feastday: October 14
Patron: of Cemetery workers
St. Calixtus (Callistus) Pope and Martyr October 14 A.D. 222 The name of St. Callistus is rendered famous by the ancient cemetery which he beautified, and which, for the great number of holy martyrs whose bodies were there deposited, was the most celebrated of all those about Rome. He was a Roman by birth, succeeded St. Zephirin in the pontificate in 217 or 218, on the 2d of August, and governed the church five years and two months, according to the true reading of the most ancient Pontifical, compiled from the registers of the Roman Church, as Henschenius, Papebroke, and Moret show, though Tillemont and Orsi give him only four years and some months. Antoninus Caracalla, who had been liberal to his soldiers, but the most barbarous murderer and oppressor of the people having been massacred by a conspiracy, raised by the contrivance of Macrinus, on the 8th of April, 217, who assumed the purple, the empire was threatened on every side with commotions. Macrinus bestowed on infamous pleasures at Antioch that time which he owed to his own safety, and to the tranquillity of the state, and gave an opportunity to a woman to overturn his empire. This was Julia Moesa, sister to Caracallata mother, who had two daughters, Sohemis and Julia Mammaea. The latter was mother of Alexander Severus, the former of Bassianus, who, being priest of the sun, called by the Syrians Elagabel, at Emesa, in Phoenicia, was surnamed Heliogabalus. Moesa, being rich and liberal, prevailed for money with the army in Syria to proclaim him emperor; and Macrinus, quitting Antioch, was defeated and slain in Bithynia in 219, after he had reigned a year and two months, wanting three days. Heliogabalus, for his unnatural lusts, enormous prodigality and gluttony, and mad pride and vanity, was one of the most filthy monsters and detestable tyrants that Rome ever produced. He reigned only three years, nine months, and four days, being assassinated on the 11th of March, 222, by the soldiers, together with his mother and favorites. Though he would be adored with his new idol, the sun, and in the extravagance of his folly and Vices, surpassed, if possible, Caligula himself, yet he never persecuted the Christians. His cousin-german and predecessor, Alexander, surnamed Severus, was, for his clemency, modesty, sweetness, and prudence, one of the best of princes. He discharged the officers of his predecessor, reduced the soldiers to their duty, and kept them in awe by regular pay. He suffered no places to be bought saying, "He that buys must sell." Two maxims which he learned of the Christians were the rules by which he endeavored to square his conduct. The first was, "Do to all men as you would have others do to you." The Second, That all places of command are to be bestowed on those who are the best qualified for them; though he left the choice of the magistrates chiefly to the people, whose lives and fortunes depend on them. He had in his private chapel the images of Christ, Abraham, Apollonius of Tyana, and Orpheus, and learned of his mother, Mammaea, to have a great esteem for the Christians. It reflects great honor on our pope that this wise emperor used always to admire with what caution and solicitude the choice was made of persons that were promoted to the priesthood among the Christians, whose example he often proposed to his officers and to the people, to be imitated in the election of civil magistrates. It was in his peaceable reign that the Christians first began to build Churches, which were demolished in the succeeding persecution. Lampridius, this emperor's historian tells us, that a certain idolater, putting in a claim to an oratory of the Christians, which he wanted to make an eating-house of the emperor adjudged the house ten the bishop of Rome, saying, it were better it should serve in any kind to the divine worship than to gluttony, in being made a cook's shop. To the debaucheries of Heliogabalus, St. Callistus opposed fasting and tears, and he every way promoted exceedingly true religion and virtue. His apostolic labors were recompensed with the crown of martyrdom on the 12th of October, 222. His feast is marked on this day in the ancient Martyrology of Lucca. The Liberian Calendar places him in the list of martyrs, and testifies that he was buried on the 14th of this month in the cemetery of Calepodius, on the Aurelian way, three miles from Rome. The Pontificals ascribe to him a decree appointing the four fasts called Ember-days; which is confirmed by ancient Sacramentaries, and other monuments quoted by Moretti. He also decreed, that ordinations should be held in each of the Ember weeks. He founded the church of the Blessed Virgin Mary beyond the Tiber. In the calendar published by Fronto le Duc he is styled a confessor; but we find other martyrs sometimes called confessors. Alexander himself never persecuted the Christians; but the eminent lawyers of that time, whom this prince employed in the principal magistracies, and whose decisions are preserved in Justinian's Digestum, as Ulpian, Paul, Sabinus, and others, are known to have been great enemies to the faith, which they considered as an innovation in the commonwealth. Lactantius informs us that Ulpian bore it so implacable a hatred, that, in a work where he treated on the office of a proconsul, he made a collection of all the edicts and laws which had been made in all the foregoing reigns against the Christians, to incite the governors to oppress them in their provinces. Being himself prefect of the praetorium, he would not fail to make use of the power which his office gave him, when upon complaints he found a favorable opportunity. Hence several martyrs suffered in the reign of Alexander. If St. Callistus was thrown into a pit, as his Acts relate, it seems probable that he was put to death in some popular tumult. Dion mentions several such commotions under this prince, in one of which the praetorian guards murdered Ulpian, their own prefect. Pope Paul I. and his successors, seeing the cemeteries without walls, and neglected after the devastations of the barbarians, withdrew from thence the bodies of the most illustrious martyrs, and had them carried to the principal churches of the city. Those of SS. Callistus and Calepodius were translated to the church off St. Mary, beyond the Tiber. Count Everard, lord of Cisoin or Chisoing, four leagues from Tournay, obtained of Leo IV., about the year 854, the body of St. Callistus, pope and martyr, which he placed in the abbey of Canon Regulars which he had founded at Cisoin fourteen years before; the church of which place was on this account dedicated in honor of St. Callistus. These circumstances are mentioned by Fulco, archbishop of Rheims, in a letter which he wrote to pope Formosus in 890. The relics were removed soon after to Rheims for fear of the Normans, and never restored to the abbey of Cisoin. They remain behind the altar of our Lady at Rheims. Some of the relics, however, of this pope are kept with those of St. Calepodius martyr, in the church of St. Mary Trastevere at Rome. A portion was formerly possessed at Glastenbury. Among the sacred edifices which, upon the first transient glimpse of favor, or at least tranquillity that the church enjoyed at Rome, this holy pope erected, the most celebrated was the cemetery which he enlarged and adorned on the Appian road, the entrance of which is at St. Sebastian's, a monastery founded by Nicholas I., now inhabited by reformed Cistercian monks. In it the bodies of SS. Peter and Paul lay for some time, according to Anastasius, who says that the devout lady Lucina buried St. Cornelius in her own farm near this place; whence it for some time took her name, though she is not to be confounded with Lucina who buried St. Paul's body on the Ostian way, and built a famous cemetery on the Aurelian way. Among many thousand martyrs deposited in this place were St. Sebastian, whom the lady Lucina interred, St. Cecily, and several whose tombs pope Damasus adorned with verses. In the assured faith of the resurrection of the flesh, the saints, in all ages down from Adam, were careful to treat their dead with religious respect, and to give them a modest and decent burial. The commendations which our Lord bestowed on the woman who poured precious ointments upon him a little before his death, and the devotion of those pious persons who took so much care of our Lord's funeral, recommended this office of charity; and the practice of the primitive Christians in this respect was most remarkable. Julian the Apostate, writing to a chief priest of the idolaters, desires him to observe three things, by which he thought Atheism (so he called Christianity) had gained most upon the world, namely, "Their kindness and charity to strangers, their care for the burial of their dead, and the gravity of their carriage." Their care of their dead consisted not in any extravagant pomp, in which the pagans far outdid them, but in a modest religious gravity and respect which was most pathetically expressive of their firm hope of a future resurrection, in which they regarded the mortal remains of their dead precious in the eyes of God, who watches over them, regarding them as the apple of his eye, to be raised one day in the brightest glory, and made shining lusters in the heavenly Jerusalem.
Pope Callixtus I, also called Callistus I, was the bishop of Rome (according to Sextus Julius Africanus) from c. 218 to his death c. 222 or 223.[3] He lived during the reigns of the Roman Emperors Elagabalus and Alexander Severus. Eusebius and the Liberian catalogue gave him five years of episcopate (217–222). In 217, when Callixtus followed Zephyrinus as Bishop of Rome, he started to admit into the church converts from sects or schisms. He was martyred for his Christian faith and is venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church (the patron saint of cemetery workers).
Life
Callixtus I's contemporaries and enemies, Tertullian and Hippolytus of Rome, the author of Philosophumena, relate that Callixtus, as a young slave from Rome, was put in charge of collected funds by his master Carpophorus, funds which were given as alms by other Christians for the care of widows and orphans; Callixtus lost the funds and fled from the city, but was caught near Portus.[4] According to the tale, Callixtus jumped overboard to avoid capture but was rescued and taken back to his master. He was released at the request of the creditors, who hoped he might be able to recover some of the money, but was rearrested for fighting in a synagogue when he tried to borrow money or collect debts from some Jews.[3]
Philosophumena claims that, denounced as a Christian, Callixtus was sentenced to work in the mines of Sardinia.[4] He was released with other Christians at the request of Hyacinthus, a eunuch presbyter, who represented Marcia, the favourite mistress of Emperor Commodus.[4] At this time his health was so weakened that his fellow Christians sent him to Antium to recuperate and he was given a pension by Pope Victor I.[3]
In 199, Callixtus was ordained a deacon by Pope Zephyrinus and appointed superintendent of the Christian cemetery on the Appian Way. That place, which is to this day called the Catacombs of St. Callixtus, became the burial-ground of many popes and was the first land property owned by the Church.[4] Emperor Julian the Apostate, writing to a pagan priest, said:[4]
Christians have gained most popularity because of their charity to strangers and because of their care for the burial of their dead.
In the third century, nine bishops of Rome were interred in the Catacomb of Callixtus, in the part now called the Capella dei Papi. These catacombs were rediscovered by the archaeologist Giovanni Battista de Rossi in 1849.
In 217, when Callixtus followed Zephyrinus as Bishop of Rome, he started to admit into the church converts from sects or schisms who had not done penance.[5] He fought with success the heretics, and established the practice of absolution of all sins, including adultery and murder.[4] Hippolytus found Callixtus's policy of extending forgiveness of sins to cover sexual transgressions shockingly lax and denounced him for allowing believers to regularize liaisons with their own slaves by recognizing them as valid marriages.[6][7] As a consequence also of doctrinal differences, Hippolytus was elected as a rival bishop of Rome, the first antipope.[8]
The Basilica di Santa Maria in Trastevere was a titulus of which Callixtus was the patron. In an apocryphal anecdote in the collection of imperial biographies called the Augustan History, the spot on which he had built an oratory was claimed by tavern keepers, but Alexander Severus decided that the worship of any god was better than a tavern, hence the structure's name. The 4th-century basilica of Ss Callixti et Iuliani was rebuilt in the 12th century by Pope Innocent II and rededicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary. The 8th-century Chiesa di San Callisto is close by, with its beginnings apparently as a shrine on the site of his martyrdom, which is attested in the 4th-century Depositio martyrum and so is likely to be historical.
Death
It is possible that Callixtus was martyred around 222 or 223, perhaps during a popular uprising, but the legend that he was thrown down a well has no historical foundation, though the church does contain an ancient well. According to the apocryphal Acts of Saint Callixtus, Asterius, a priest of Rome, recovered the body of Callixtus after it had been tossed into a well and buried Callixtus' body at night.[9] Asterius was arrested for this action by the prefect Alexander and then killed by being thrown off a bridge into the Tiber River.
Callixtus was buried in the cemetery of Calepodius on the Aurelian Way[4][10] and his anniversary is given by the 4th-century Depositio Martirum and by subsequent martyrologies on 14 October. The Catholic Church celebrates his optional memorial on 14 October. His relics were transferred in the 9th century to Santa Maria in Trastevere
St. Burchard
Feastday: October 14
Death: 754
Disciple of St. Boniface and a missionary to Germany. Burchard was a priest of Wessex, England, and a Benedictine. In 732, he went to Germany, serving under St. Boniface who consecrated him the first bishop of Würzburg. In 749, Burchard was sent by the Frankish King Pep in the Short to Rome, where he received Pope St. Zachary's approval of Pepin's accession to the Frankish throne. After founding the abbey of St. Andrew's, Burchard resigned from his see around 753. He retired to Hamburg, Germany, and the monastic life, dying there on February 2.
The statue of Saint Burchard on Würzburg's Alte Mainbrücke.
Burchard of Würzburg (in German Burkard or Burkhard) was an Anglo-Saxon missionary who became the first Bishop of Würzburg (741–751).
Life
He was an Anglo-Saxon who left England after the death of his parents and joined Boniface in his missionary labors, some time after 732. When Boniface organized bishoprics in Middle Germany, he placed Burchard over that of Würzburg; his consecration can not have occurred later than the summer of 741, since in the autumn of that year, he was documented as officiating as a bishop at the consecration of Willibald of Eichstädt.[2]
Pope Zachary confirmed the new bishopric in 743. Burchard appears again as a member of the first German council in 742, and as an envoy to Rome from Boniface in 748. With Fulrad of Saint-Denis, he brought to Zachary the famous question of Pepin, whose answer was supposed to justify the assumption of regal power by the Carolingians.[2]
In 751, he resigned his see in favor of Megingoz, a Benedictine monk from St. Peter's Abbey in Fritzlar,[3] and retired to a life of solitude.
His feast day is 14 October.
Saint Angadrisma of Beauvais
புனித_அங்கடிரிஸ்மா (615-619)
அக்டோபர் 14
இவர் (#St_Angadrisma) பிரான்ஸ் நாட்டைச் சார்ந்தவர்.
சிறுவயதிலேயே இறைவன்மீது மிகுந்த பற்றுக்கொண்டு வாழ்ந்து வந்த இவர் ஒரு துறவியாகப் போகவேண்டும் என்று கனவு கண்டிருந்தார்.
இந்நிலையில் இவரது பெற்றோர் இவரை அன்ஸ்பர்ட் என்பவருக்கு மணம் முடித்துக்கொடுக்க முடிவு செய்தனர். இதையறிந்த இவர், தன்னுடைய திருமணம் எப்படியாவது நின்றுவிட வேண்டும் என்றும், தான் எப்படியாவது துறவியாகிவிட வேண்டும் என்றும் இறைவனிடத்தில் மிக உருக்கமாக மன்றாடத் தொடங்கினார்.
இதனால் இவருக்குத் தொழுநோய் வந்தது. இதைப் பார்த்துவிட்டு, அன்ஸ்பர்ட் வேறொரு பெண்ணை மணமுடித்தார். இது நடந்த சில நாள்களிலேயே இவரிடமிருந்து தொழுநோய் நீங்கியது. இதற்குப் பிறகு இவர் ஓமர் மற்றும் லாம்பார்ட் ஆகியோரிடம் கல்விகற்று, பிரான்சில் உள்ள, அர்வர் என்ற இடத்தில் இருந்த புனித பெனடிக்ட் துறவு மடத்தில் சேர்ந்து துறவியானார்.
துறவு மடத்தில் இருந்த நாள்களில் இவர் இறைவேண்டலுக்கும் நோன்பிற்கும் மிகச் சிறந்த எடுத்துக்காட்டாக விளங்கினார். இறைவன் இவருக்கு வல்ல செயல்களைச் செய்யும் ஆற்றலை அளித்திருந்தார். அதைக் கொண்டு இவர் பல்வேறு வல்ல செயல்களைச் செய்தார்.
இவர் 695 ஆம் ஆண்டு இறையடி சேர்ந்தார்.
Also known as
Andragasyna, Angadreme, Angadresima, Angadrême, Angradesma
Additional Memorial
27 June - procession instituted by King Louis XI to celebrate the protection of Saint Angadrême when Beauvais, France was besieged in 1472
Profile
Cousin of Saint Lambert of Lyon. Educated in Therouanne by Lambert and Saint Omer. She felt drawn to religious life from an early age, but was promised in an arranged marriage to Saint Ansbert of Chaussy. Dreading marriage, Angadrisma prayed for a miracle to prevent it; she was striken with leprosy. The marriage was broken off, Ansbert married some one else, and Angadrisma became a nun; the leprosy was cured the moment she received the veil from Saint Ouen, archbishop of Rouen. Abbess of the Benedictine monastery of Oroër-des-Vierge near Beauvais, France. Miracle worker. Once stopped a fire that was about to destroy her monastery by praying while holding up the relics of the house's founder, Saint Ebrulf of Ouche.
Born
c.615 in the Diocese of Thérouanne, France
Died
• c.696 at the Oroër-des-Vierge Abbey, Beauvais, France of natural causes
• relics transferred to the Church of Saint Michael in Beauvais in 851 when invading Normans destroyed Oroër-des-Vierge Abbey
• relics transferred to the Cathedral of Beauvais during the French Revolution
Patronage
• against drought
• against fire
• against slander
• Beauvais, France, city of
• Beauvais-Noyon-Senlis, France, Diocese of
Blessed Richard Creagh
Additional Memorial
20 June as one of the Irish Martyrs
Profile
Son of a wealthy merchant; as a young man Richard worked in his father's business. However, feeling a call to the priesthood, he studied at the University of Leuven, Belgium where he was an excellent student, and was ordained in 1555. He returned to Limerick, Ireland in 1556 and opened a school in an abandoned Dominican friary there. Chosen archbishop of Armagh, Ireland on Low Sunday in 1564. Arrested in December 1564 for the crime of acknowleding the authority of the Pope over the Church. After several months in prison, and multiple interrogations, Creagh escaped from the Tower of London on 29 April 1565 and fled to Leuven. He went from there to Spain and then back to Ireland in July 1566, resuming his ministry and preaching peace between the Irish and English. Arrested on 30 April 1567 in Kinelea, Ireland. A Dublin jury refused to convict Richard of anything, and his jailer helped him to escape, but in October 1567 Richard was arrested yet again, and again imprisoned in the Tower of London. He was kept chained, periodically interrogated, and systematically abused for years; he lost all his teeth and the use of one leg. Richard was released on bail in March 1570, and returned to Ireland where he resumed his ministry. Arrested again in May 1574, he was imprisoned in Dublin until February 1575 at which point he was returned to the Tower of London where he stayed until his death. While there, the periods when he was unchained, he ministered to other prisoners. Martyr.
Born
1523 in Limerick, Ireland
Died
possibly poisoned (evidence inconclusive) on 14 October 1586 in the Tower of London, England
Beatified
27 September 1992 by Pope John Paul II in Rome, Italy
Blessed Franciszek Roslaniec
Additional Memorial
12 June as one of the 108 Martyrs of World War II
Profile
Priest in the diocese of Radom, Poland, Father Franciszek was a noted Bible scholar, and taught at the University of Warsaw. Arrested by the Gestapo in November 1939 as part of the Nazi occupation of Poland in World War II, he was transferred from one prison to another, ending at the Dachau concentration camp. There he ministered to other prisoners and set an example for them of living the truth of the Faith. Martyr.
Born
19 December 1889 in Wysmierzyce, Mazowieckie, Poland
Died
gassed on 14 October 1942 in the gas chambers of the prison camp at Dachau, Oberbayern, Germany
Beatified
13 June 1999 by Pope John Paul II in Warsaw, Poland
Blessed Stanislaw Mysakowski
Additional Memorial
12 June as one of the 108 Martyrs of World War II
Profile
Priest in the archdiocese of Lublin, Poland. He served as a catechist and developed a personal ministry to the poor, the elderly and the handicapped. He was arrested with several other priests by the Gestapo in November 1939 as part of the Nazi occupation of Poland. For the crime of being a priest, he was sentenced to death, and over the next three years he was imprisoned and repeatedly tortured in the Sachsenhausen and Dachau concentration camps; he spent his time ministering to fellow prisoners. Martyr.
Born
14 September 1896 in Wojslawice, Lubelskie, Poland
Died
gassed on 14 October 1942 in the gas chambers of the prison camp at Dachau, Oberbayern, Germany
Beatified
13 June 1999 by Pope John Paul II in Warsaw, Poland
Saint Donatian of Rheims
Also known as
Donas, Donatianus, Donatien, Donazianus
Profile
Seventh bishop of Rheims, France from 360 to 390.
Born
4th century in Rome, Italy
Died
• 390 of natural causes
• bones enshrined at Corbie, France
• relics relocated to Torhout, Belgium
• Charles the Bald later gave the relics to Earl Baldwin of Flanders
• relics translated to Bruges, Belgium in 863
• relics enshrined in the cathedral in Bruges
Patronage
• Bruges, Belgium, city of
• Bruges, Belgium, diocese of
• Rheims, France
• West Flanders, Belgium
Representation
bishop holding a wheel outlined in candles
Blessed Roman Lysko
Additional Memorial
2 April as one of the Martyrs Killed Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe
Profile
Greek Catholic. Graduated from the Lviv Theological Academy. Married. Ordained on 28 August 1941. Pastor of the Archeparchy of Lviv for the Ukrainians. Arrested for his faith on 9 September 1949 by the NKVD; imprisoned on Lontskoho Street, Lviv. Noted for loudly singing Psalms while in prison; his keepers thought he'd lost his mind. Died in prison; martyr.
Born
14 August 1914 at Horodok, Lviv District, Ukraine
Died
tortured and starved to death on 14 October 1949 in prison at Lviv, Ukraine
Beatified
27 June 2001 by Pope John Paul II at Ukraine
Saint Gaudentius of Rimini
Also known as
Gaudenzo, Gaudenzio
Profile
Immigrant to Rome, Italy c.308; ordained there in 332. Evangelizing bishop of Rimini, Italy in 346. Ordained Saint Marinus as deacon. Attended the Council of Rimini in 359 which condemned Arianism. Murdered by Arians. Martyr.
Born
Ephesus, Asia Minor
Died
14 October 360
Patronage
• Montefabbri, Italy
• Ostra, Italy
• Rimini, Italy
Saint Dominic Loricatus
Also known as
Domenico Loricato
Profile
To get Dominic ordained, his parents made a gift to their local bishop, committing the sin of simony. Learning of it, Dominic devoted himself to penance, even wearing an iron cuirass next to his skin. Hermit at Luceolo, Italy. Hermit in Montefeltro, Italy. Monk at Fonte Avellano Abbey. Spiritual student of Saint Peter Damian.
Born
995 in Italy
Died
1060 of natural causes
Saint Bernard of Arce
Also known as
Berhard of Arce
Additional Memorial
13 September - translation of his relics
Profile
Pilgrim to the Holy Lands and then to Rome, Italy. Hermit at Arpino, Italy.
Died
• 9th century of natural causes
• relics at Rocca d'Arce, Italy where many miracles have been reported in connection with them
Patronage
Rocca d'Arce, Italy
Saint Fortunatus of Todi
Profile
Bishop of Todi, Italy. Saved Todi from being sacked by Totila the Goth. Converted many and showed the power of God over idols by destroying a temple of Pan and using the materials to build a church.
Died
537
Patronage
Falerone, Italy
Saint Manehildis
Also known as
Manechildis, Ménéhould, Manechilde
Profile
Youngest of seven sisters, all of whom are honoured as saints in parts of Champagne, France. Hermitess. Nun, receiving the veil from Saint Alpinus.
Born
Perthois, France
Died
c.490
Patronage
Sainte-Ménéhould, France
Saint Manacca
Also known as
Manaccus, Manakus
Profile
Sixth century monk. Abbot at Caer Gybi in Holyhead, Anglesey, Wales. Worked with Saint Cuby of Caernarvon. Manaccan, Cornwall is named for him.
Died
in Cornwall, England
Patronage
Manaccan, Cornwall, England
Saint Rusticus of Trier
Profile
Bishop of Trier, Germany. Accused of sexual impurity, Rusticus feared the scandal would harm the faith of this parishioners, so he resigned and spent his remaining days as a hermit at Saint Goar.
Died
574 of natural causes
Saint Venanzio of Luni
Profile
Bishop of Luni, Italy from 594 to c.604. Friend of Saint Gregory the Great who wrote about Venanzio’s personal piety and his apostolic zeal.
Born
6th century Piacenza, Italy
Died
early 7th century
Saint Celeste of Metz
Also known as
Celestio, Céleste, Celestius
Profile
Priest. Evangelist in the area of Metz, France. Second bishop of Metz.
Born
3rd century
Died
4th century of natural causes
Saint Lupus of Caesarea
Also known as
Lupulo
Profile
Martyr.
Died
Caesarea, Cappadocia (in modern Turkey)
Saint Saturninus of Caesarea
Profile
Martyr.
Died
Caesarea, Cappadocia (in modern Turkey)
Saint Modesto of Capua
Profile
Martyr.
Died
Capua, Campania, Italy
Saint Lupulo of Capua
Profile
Martyr.
Died
Capua, Campania, Italy
Martyrs of Caesarea
Profile
Three brothers and a sister martyred together in the persecutions of Diocletian - Carponius, Evaristus, Fortunata and Priscian.
Died
• in 303 in Caesarea, Cappadocia (in modern Turkey)
• relics enshrined in Naples, Italy
Martyred in the Spanish Civil War
Thousands of people were murdered in the anti-Catholic persecutions of the Spanish Civil War from 1934 to 1939. I have pages on each of them, but in most cases I have only found very minimal information. They are available on the CatholicSaints.Info site through these links:
• Blessed Ana María Aranda Riera
• Blessed Félix Barrio y Barrio
• Blessed Isaac Carrascal Moso
• Blessed Jacques Laigneau de Langellerie
