Martyrs of Vietnam
புனித ஆண்ட்ரூ, டங்-லாக் மற்றும் குழுவினர்
(St. Andrew Dung-Lac and Companions)
நினைவுத் திருநாள் : நவம்பர் 24
கம்யூனிச அடக்குமுறையிலும் தழைத்து வளர்ந்த கிறிஸ்தவம்!
வியட்னாமை, டான்கின், அன்னாம், கோகின் சினா ஆகிய மூன்று அரசுகள் ஆட்சி செய்துவந்த காலத்தில் போர்த்துக்கீசியர்கள் வழியாக அந்நாட்டில் கிறிஸ்தவம் பரவியது.
1615ம் ஆண்டில் Da Nang என்ற இடத்தில் இயேசு சபையினர் மறைப்பணித்தளத்தை ஆரம்பிதனர். ஜப்பானில் கிறிஸ்தவத்துக்கு எதிராக நடந்த அடக்குமுறைகளுக்குத் தப்பிவந்த ஜப்பானியர்களுக்கு இவர்கள் மறைப் பணியாற்றினார்கள். ஆனால் வியட்நாமை ஆட்சி செய்த அரசர்களில் ஒருவர் அனைத்து வெளிநாட்டு மறைபோதகர்களையும் தடை செய்தார்.
கிறிஸ்தவத்தை ஏற்றுக்கொண்ட வியட்நாம் நாட்டினர் அனைவரையும் விசுவாசத்தை மறுதலிக்குமாறு சிலுவையில் அறைந்து துன்புறுத்தினார்.
1820ம் ஆண்டுக்குப் பின்னர் அறுபது ஆண்டுகளுக்கு இக்கொடுமைகள் அதிகரித்தன. அச்சமயத்தில் ஒரு இலட்சம் முதல் மூன்று இலட்சம் கத்தோலிக்கர் வரை கொல்லப்பட்டனர் மற்றும் மிகவும் கடினமான வேலைகள் கொடுக்கப்பட்டனர். இதில் பல வெளிநாட்டவரும் கொல்லப்பட்டனர். வியட்நாம் பேரரசர் மின்ங் மான்ங் என்பவரின் மகன்களில் ஒருவரால் வழிநடத்தப்பட்ட கிளர்ச்சிக்கு வியட்னாம் கிறிஸ்தவர்களும் வெளிநாட்டு மறைப்பணியாளர்களும் ஆதரவு தருகின்றார்கள் என்று சந்தேகப்பட்டு 1847ல் அடக்குமுறைகள் அதிகமாயின.
1862ம் ஆண்டில் ஒன்பது வயது சிறுவன் உட்பட 17 பொதுநிலையினர் கொல்லப்பட்டனர். 1839ம் ஆண்டு டிசம்பர் 21ம் தேதி ஹனோய்ப் பகுதியில் 117 பேர் தலைவெட்டி கொலை செய்யப்பட்டனர். அவர்களில் ஒருவர் ஆன்ட்ரூ டுங் லாக். வியட்னாமின் வட பகுதியில் வாழ்ந்த இவரது ஏழைக் குடும்பம், பிழைப்பு தேடி ஹனோய்ப் பகுதிக்குச் சென்றது. அப்போது இவர் கிறிஸ்தவம் பற்றி அறிந்து அதை ஏற்றார். 1823ம் ஆண்டு, மார்ச் 15ம் தேதி குருத்துவ அருள்பொழிவும் பெற்றார் ஆன்ட்ரூ. இவரது வாழ்வுமுறை மற்றும் போதனையினால் மக்கள் பெருமளவில் திருமுழுக்குப் பெற்றனர்.
கிறிஸ்தவர்களை வெறித்தனத்தோடு கொலைசெய்துவந்த பேரரசர், ஆன்ட்ரூவைக் கைது செய்தார். ஆயினும் துறவற சபை அருட்பணியாளர்கள் பணம் கொடுத்து இவரை மீட்டனர். இப்படி மீண்டும் மீண்டும் கைது செய்யப்பட்டார் ஆன்ட்ரூ. இறுதியில் கொலை செய்யப்பட்டார்.
Also known as
• Martyrs of Tonkin
• Martyrs of Annam
• Martyrs of IndoChina
Profile
Between the arrival of the first Portuguese missionary in 1533, through the Dominicans and then the Jesuit missions of the 17th century, the politically inspired persecutions of the 19th century, and the Communist-led terrors of the twentieth, there have been many thousands of Catholics and other Christians murdered for their faith in Vietnam. Some were priests, some nuns or brothers, some lay people; some were foreign missionaries, but most were native Vietnamese killed by their own government and countrymen.
Record keeping being what it was, and because the government did not care to keep track of the people it murdered, we have no information on the vast bulk of the victims. In 1988, Pope John Paul II recognized over a hundred of them, including some whose Causes we do have, and in commemoration of those we do not. They are collectively known as the Martyrs of Vietnam (or Tonkin or Annam or the other older names of that country).
Through the missionary efforts of various religious families beginning in the sixteenth century and continuing until 1866, the Vietnamese people heard the message of the gospel, and many accepted it despite persecution and even death. On June 19, 1988, Pope John Paul II canonized 117 persons martyred in the eighteenth century. Among these were ninety-six Vietnamese, eleven missionaries born in Spain and belonging to the Order of Preachers, and ten French missionaries belonging to the Paris Foreign Mission Society. Among these saints are eight Spanish and French bishops, fifty priests (thirteen European and thirty-seven Vietnamese), and fifty-nine lay people. These martyrs gave their lives not only for the Church but for their country as well. They showed that they wanted the gospel of Christ to take root in their people and contribute to the good of their homeland. On June 1, 1989, these holy martyrs were inscribed in the liturgical calendar of the Universal Church on November 24th.
They include -
• Blessed Andrew the Catechist • Saint Agnes De • Saint Anrê Tran An Dung • Saint Anrê Tran Van Trông • Saint Anrê Tuong • Saint Antôn Nguyen Ðích • Saint Antôn Nguyen Huu Quynh • Saint Augustine Moi Van Nguyen • Saint Augustine Schoffler • Saint Augustinô Nguyen Van Moi • Saint Augustinô Phan Viet Huy • Saint Bênadô Võ Van Duê • Saint Clemente Ignacio Delgado Cebrián • Saint Daminh Ninh • Saint Domingo Henares de Zafra Cubero • Saint Dominic Uy Van Bui • Saint Ðaminh Bùi Van Úy • Saint Ðaminh Ðinh Ðat • Saint Ðaminh Huyen • Saint Ðaminh Mau • Saint Ðaminh Nguyen • Saint Ðaminh Nguyen Ðuc Mao • Saint Ðaminh Nguyen Van Hanh • Saint Ðaminh Nguyen Van Xuyên • Saint Ðaminh Pham Trong Kham • Saint Ðaminh Toai • Saint Ðaminh Trach Ðoài • Saint Ðaminh Tuoc • Saint Emanuele Lê Van Phung • Saint Emmanuel Nguyen Van Trieu • Saint Etienne-Théodore Cuenot • Saint Francesc Gil de Federich de Sans • Saint Francis Trung Von Tran • Saint Francis Xavier Can Nguyen • Saint François Jaccard • Saint François-Isidore Gagelin • Saint Giacôbê Ðo Mai Nam • Saint Gioan Ðat • Saint Gioan Ðoàn Trinh Hoan • Saint Giuse Ðang Van Viên • Saint Giuse Hoàng Luong Canh • Saint Giuse Nguyen Duy Khang • Saint Giuse Nguyen Ðình Nghi • Saint Giuse Nguyen Ðình Uyen • Saint Giuse Pham Trong Ta • Saint Jacinto Castañeda Puchasóns • Saint Jean-Charles Cornay • Saint Jean-Théophane Vénard • Saint John Baptist Con • Saint John-Louis Bonnard • Saint José Fernández de Ventosa • Saint José María Díaz Sanjurjo • Saint José Melchór García-Sampedro Suárez • Saint Joseph Marchand • Saint Luca Pham Trong Thìn • Saint Martinô Ta Ðuc Thinh • Saint Martinô Tho • Saint Mateo Alonso de Leciñana • Saint Matthêô Nguyen Van Ðac Phuong • Saint Micae Nguyen Huy My • Saint Nicolas Bùi Ðuc The • Saint Nicolas Bùi Ðuc The • Saint Pere Josep Almató Ribera Auras • Saint Phanxicô Ðo Van Chieu • Saint Phanxicô Xaviê Can • Saint Phanxicô Xaviê Hà Trong Mau • Saint Phaolô Hanh • Saint Phaolô Lê Bao Tinh • Saint Phaolô Nguyen Ngân • Saint Phaolô Nguyen Van My • Saint Phaolô Vu Van Duong • Saint Phêrô Dung • Saint Phêrô Ða • Saint Pherô Ðoàn Van Vân • Saint Phêrô Khan • Saint Phêrô Lê Tùy • Saint Phêrô Nguyen Bá Tuan • Saint Phêrô Nguyen Khac Tu • Saint Phêrô Nguyen Van Luu • Saint Phêrô Nguyen Van Tu • Saint Phêrô Thuan • Saint Phêrô Truong Van Ðuong • Saint Phêrô Truong Van Thi • Saint Phêrô Võ Ðang Khoa • Saint Phêrô Võ Ðang Khoa • Saint Phêrô Vu Van Truat • Saint Pierre Rose Ursule Dumoulin Borie • Saint Pierre-François Néron • Saint Stêphanô Nguyen Van Vinh • Saint Tôma Ðinh Viet Du • Saint Tôma Nguyen Van Ðe • Saint Tôma Toán • Saint Tôma Tran Van Thien • Saint Valentin Faustino Berri Ochoa • Saint Vihn Son Ðo Yen • Saint Vincent Liêm • Saint Vinh Son Nguyen The Ðiem • Saint Vinh Son Tuong • Saint Vinh-Son Duong •
Died
martyred in various ways and in various locations in Vietnam
Canonized
19 June 1988 by Pope John Paul II
Saint Albert of Louvain
Also known as
• Albert of Leuven
• Albert of Liege
• Alberto di Lovanio
• Albrecht of...
Additional Memorial
27 November (Belgium)
Profile
Son of Duke Godfrey III of Brabant. Made a canon of Liege, Belgium at age 12, a political appointment for guaranteed income rather than a religious vocation. He gave up the position at age 21 to become a knight under Count Baldwin V of Hainault, a bitter enemy of his native Brabant. He talked of going on Crusade, but never did, and eventually realized that religious life was calling him. He became a canon of Liege again, this time as a true vocation.
Archdeacon and provost of Brabant. Bishop of Liege in 1191. Albert of Rethel, cousin of Count Baldwin and uncle of the Empress Constance, wife of Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI, had sought the episcopacy. He appealed to the emperor for help; Henry removed Albert from the position and made a third candidate, Lothaire, who was the provost of Bonn, Germany, the new bishop of Liege. Albert then appealed to the Vatican, both for himself and to help clearly establish the Pope's supremacy in the matter. Celestine III declared Albert's election valid, and returned him to Liege. Lothair refused to surrender the see; Henry backed him, and forced the priests in the diocese to submit to Lothair.
Bruno, archbishop of Cologne, Germany was supposed to ordain Albert, but refused, fearing the emperor. William, archbishop of Rheims, France, ordained Albert as priest, and then as bishop. In an attempt to end the matter in the emperor's favour, a group of Henry's knights ambushed and murdered Albert on the road outside Rheims. The plan backfired, however, as Lothair was excommunicated and exiled, and Henry was forced to submit to Rome and do penance; lay investiture (civil control over ordinations) took another serious blow.
Born
c.1166 in Brabant (in modern Belgium)
Died
• stabbed on 21 November 1192 on the road outside Rheims, France
• buried in Rheims
• relics transferred to a Carmelite convent in Brussels, Belgium in 1612
• some relics re-located to the cathedral in Liege, Belgium in 1822
Canonized
1621 by Pope Paul V
Saint Romanus of Le Mans
Also known as
• Romanus of Blaye
• Romanus of Bordeaux
• Romanus of the Garonne
• Romanus of Tours
Profile
Summoned across the Alps to LeMans by his uncle, Saint Julian, missionary bishop of the area, who ordained him. Missionary to the area around the river Gironde. Noted for being backward, shy, introverted, and a lousy preacher, he still made converts one after another, healing, exorcising demons, and quietly bringing the Gospel to the pagans. Worked especially with the sailors of the area.
When Julian died, Romanus returned to LeMans to mourn and to care for his uncle's tomb. Other people were buried nearby in order to be near a saint, and a group of monks dedicated to caring for the graves, and who called themselves the Grave-Diggers grew up around the churchyard. Romanus joined them, and spent the rest of his days caring for the tombs, bringing the faithful to their final resting place, and bringing the comfort of the faith to the mourners.
Born
Rome, Italy
Died
• November 385 of natural causes at Blaye, France
• interred next to Saint Julian of Le Mans
Patronage
against shipwreck
Blessed Maria Anna Sala
Profile
Daughter of Giovanni and Giovannina Sala; fifth of eight children in a pious family. Educated in the convent school by the Sisters of Saint Marcellina in Vimercate, Italy. She wanted to join the Sisters, but her family needed her help, and Maria returned home. In 1848, her family obligations fulfilled, she returned to the Sisters, and made her profession on 13 September 1852. Over the next four decades she taught at the Marcellina schools in Cernusco, Chambery, Genoa, and Milan. Diagnosed with throat cancer in 1883, she kept the matter to herself and continued to work for another eight years. Throughout the beatification investigation and recognition everyone involved stressed Maria's quiet dignity and her unwavering devotion to Christ no matter how severe her pain or trying her circumstances.
Born
21 April 1829 at Brivio, Italy
Died
• 24 November 1891 at Milan, Italy of throat cancer
• remains found to be incorrupt when her Cause was introduced in 1920
Beatified
26 October 1980 by Pope John Paul II
Saint Flora of Cordoba
Profile
Born to Muslim parents. She and her mother converted to Christianity - Flora was raised Christian, her brother Muslim. She was often abused at home for her faith. She took a private vow of chastity, and ministered to Christian prisoners. When her parents announced an arranged marriage to an Islamic man, Flora and her Christian friend Mary ran away, briefly hiding with the home of Flora's sister. The sister, however, feared being accused of harboring Christians, and threw the two out. Her brother publicly betrayed her to the Islamic authorities. She was imprisoned and scourged, escaped, was recaptured, and martyred as part of the persecutions of Abderrahman II.
Born
Cordoba, Spain
Died
tortured and beheaded by Moors in 851 or 856 (sources vary on the year) in Cordoba, Spain
Patronage
• abandoned people
• betrayal victims
• converts
• martyrs
• single laywomen
Saint Bieuzy of Brittany
Also known as
Beuzi, Beuzit, Bieuzi, Bihi, Bihui, Bihuy, Bihy, Bilhwi, Bili, Bilicus, Bizuy, Budoc
Profile
Spiritual student of Saint Gildas the Wise. Followed Gildas in his work in Brittany (part of modern France). Monk. Known for his gift healing men and animals. Murdered by a nobleman refusing the man's summons to heal some rabid dogs; Bieuzy stayed at the monastery for religious services. Martyr.
Born
6th century in Anglo-Saxon Britain
Died
• stabbed in the head with a sword in the 7th century
• a healing spring of water appeared on the place he died in Pluvigner, France; it's supposed to extremely effective against toothache, rabies, headaches and dog bites
• relics enshrined in the church in Pluvigner
Patronage
• against madness
• against rabies
Saint Pierre Rose Ursule Dumoulin Borie
Also known as
• Peter Dumoulin
• Peter Dumoulin-Borie
Profile
Studied at the seminary of the Paris Foreign Missions Society, beginning in 1829. Ordained in 1832. Missionary to Tonkin (modern Vietnam). Arrested for his faith in 1836. During his two years in prison, where he was regularly beaten and tortured, he was appointed titular bishop and vicar apostolic of western Tonkin.
Born
20 February 1808 in Beynat, Corrèze, diocese of Tulle, France
Died
• beheaded on 24 November 1838 at Ðong Hoi, Quang Bình, Vietnam
• relics transferred to Paris, France in 1843
Canonized
19 June 1988 by Pope John Paul II
Saint Colman of Cloyne
Also known as
• Colman MacLenini
• Colman Mac Lenine
• Colman MacLenine
Profile
Son of Lenin. Poet. Royal bard, poet, musician, court historian, and genealogist at Cashel, Ireland. Adult convert at age fifty, being baptized by Saint Brendan the Navigator; he had become involved with Brendan and Christianity while helping recover the stolen shrine of Saint Ailbhe from a lake. Priest. Evangelist in Limerick and Cork. Teacher of Saint Columba. Bishop of Cloyne, county Cork, Ireland.
Born
530 in Munster, Ireland
Died
c.600 of natural causes
Canonized
1903 (cultus confirmed)
Patronage
diocese of Cloyne, Ireland
Saint Protasius of Milan
Also known as
• Protasius Algisi
• Protasio...
Profile
Born to the Italian nobility. Priest. Bishop of Milan, Italy c.330, serving the rest of his life over 20 years later. Supported Saint Athanasius of Alexandria against the Arians. Attended the synod of Sardica in 343, and used it as a platform against Arianism.
Died
• 352 in Milan, Italy of natural causes
• interred of the church of San Vittore in Milan
• tomb reported to be the site of miraculous cures, including that of a blind child, a miracle witnessed by Saint Augustine of Hippo
Saint Portianus of Miranda
Also known as
Porciano, Pourçain
Profile
Slave. He ran from his masters, and sought refuge in Miaranda monastery, Auvergne, France. He became a monk there, and later abbot. At one point he demanded that the Merovingian king, Thierry of Austrasia, release his Auvergnate prisoners; Portianus was so influential, the king agreed.
Died
533 of natural causes
Saint Chrysogonus
Also known as
Crisogono, Grisogono
Additional Memorial
16 April (Greek calendar)
Profile
Priest. Functionary of the vicarius Urbis. Christian teacher of Saint Anastasia of Sirmium, the daughter of the Roman noble Praetextatus. Thrown into prison during the persecution of Diocletian, he comforted Anastasia by his letters. Martyred under Diocletian.
Died
• beheaded on 23 November 304 at Aquileia, Italy
• his corpse was thrown into the sea, washed ashore, and was buried by the aged priest, Zoilus, at Venice, Italy
• his head is in the Church of Saint Chrysogonus, Rome, Italy
Saint Kenan of Damleag
Also known as
Cianan, Kay, Kea, Quay
Profile
Descended from the royalty of Munster. In his youth, Kenan was one of fifty hostages given to King Leogair by the Irish princes as a guarantee of peace. Freed by the intercession of bishop Kiaran. Spiritual student of Saint Martin of Tours in France. Knew Saint Patrick who admired him and his writing skills. Bishop of Duleek, Ireland. First in Ireland to build his cathedral in stone; it was built on the site of a pagan altar he destroyed when he converted the people.
Born
Irish
Died
24 November 489 of natural causes
Saint Eanfleda of Whitby
Also known as
Eanflaed
Profile
Princess, the daughter of King Saint Edwin of Northumbria and Saint Ethelburga of Kent. Cousin of Saint Hilda of Whitby. Baptized by Saint Paulinus of York. Great supporter and patron of Saint Wilfrid of York. Married to King Oswy of Northumbria, and mother of Saint Elfleda. Widowed. Benedictine nun at Whitby, which was then under the leadership of her daughter Elfleda.
Born
7th century Northumbria, England
Died
c.700 in Whitby, England of natural causes
Saint Mary of Cordoba
Also known as
Maria
Profile
Friend of Saint Flora, and ran away with her, briefly hiding in the home of Flora's sister. The sister, however, feared being accused of harboring Christians, and threw the two out. Betrayed to the Islamic authorities by Flora's brother, she was imprisoned and scourged for her faith, escaped, was recaptured, and executed. Martyr.
Died
tortured and beheaded by Moors in 851 or 856 (sources vary on the year)
Patronage
martyrs
Saint Vinh Son Nguyen The Ðiem
Also known as
Vincent Diem
Profile
Priest in the apostolic vicariate of West Tonkin. Worked with bishop Saint Peter Dumoulin. One of the Martyrs of Vietnam.
Born
c.1761 in An Dó, Quang Tri, Vietnam
Died
martyred on 24 November 1838 in Ðong Hoi, Quang Bình, Vietnam
Canonized
19 June 1988 by Pope John Paul II
Saint Firmina of Amelia
இன்றைய புனிதர்
(நவம்பர் 24)
✠ புனிதர் ஃபிர்மினா ✠
(St. Firmina)
மறைசாட்சி:
(Martyr)
பிறப்பு: ----
இறப்பு: கி.பி. மூன்றாம் நூற்றாண்டு
ஏற்கும் சமயம்:
ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை
(Roman Catholic Church)
முக்கிய திருத்தலம்:
அமெலியா பேராலயம்
(Amelia Cathedral)
நினைவுத் திருநாள்: நவம்பர் 24
பாதுகாவல்:
அமெலியா (Amelia), இத்தாலி (Italy), சிவிடவெச்சியா Civitavecchia
புனிதர் ஃபிர்மினா, இத்தாலியின் ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க புனிதரும், கன்னியரும், மறைசாட்சியுமாவார்.
மூன்றாம் நூற்றாண்டில் வாழ்ந்ததாக கூறப்படும் இவர், “டயக்லேஷியன்” (Diocletian) எனும் ரோமப் பேரரசனின் (Roman emperor) காலத்தில் துன்புறுத்தப்பட்டு மறைசாட்சியாக கொல்லப்பட்டார். ஆனால் அவரைப் பற்றிய அனைத்து தகவல்களும் 6வது நூற்றாண்டுக்கு முன்பே எழுதப்பட்ட ஒரு வரலாற்றுக் குறிப்பிலிருந்து வந்திருக்கின்றன. பின்னர் சில நேரங்களில் முரண்பாடான விவரங்களுடன் வாய்வழி பாரம்பரியம் இதைப் பயன்படுத்துகிறது.
ஃபிர்மினா ஒரு உயர் குடும்பத்தைச் சேர்ந்த பெண்ணாவார். அவரது தந்தை “கல்பர்னியஸ்” (Calpurnius) ரோம அரசின் ஒரு உயர் அதிகாரியாவார். “ஒலிம்பியாடிஸ்” (Olympiadis) எனும் ஒரு ரோம உயர் அதிகாரி, ஃபிர்மினாவை அடைய முயற்ச்சித்தார். ஆனால், ஃபிர்மினா அவரை கிறிஸ்தவ விசுவாசத்திற்கு மனம் மாற வைத்தார். இதன் காரணமாக, பிறகு “ஒலிம்பியாடிஸ்” மறைசாட்சியாக கொல்லப்பட்டார்.
பின்னர், மத்திய இத்தாலியின் பிராந்தியமான “நார்தும்ப்ரியா” (Umbria) எனுமிடத்தினருகேயுள்ள “அமேலியா” (Amelia) எனும் நகரில் தனிமையில் செப வாழ்வு வாழ ஃபிர்மினா சென்றார். அங்கே, அவர் “டயக்லேஷியனால்” (Diocletian) துன்புறுத்தப்பட்டு கொலை செய்யப்பட்டு புதைக்கப்பட்டார்.
Also known as
Fermina
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Maiden martyred in the persecutions of Diocletian.
Born
Roman citizen
Died
tortured to death c.303 at Amelia, Umbria, Italy
Patronage
• Amelia, Italy
• Civitavecchia, Italy
• Terni-Narni-Amelia, Italy, diocese of
Blessed Balsamus of Cava
Also known as
• Belsamus of Cava
• Balsam of...
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Benedictine monk. Abbot of Cava, Italy from 1208 to 1232.
Died
24 November 1232 at Cava, Italy of natural causes
Beatified
16 May 1928 by Pope Pius XI (cultus confirmed)
Saint Phêrô Võ Ðang Khoa
Also known as
• Peter Choa
• Peter Khoa
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Priest. Worked with bishop Saint Peter Dumoulin. Martyr.
Born
c.1790 in Thuan Nghia, Nghe An, Vietnam
Died
strangled to death on 24 November 1838 in Ðong Hoi, Quang Bính, Vietnam
Canonized
19 June 1988 by Pope John Paul II
Blessed Conrad of Frisach
Also known as
Konrad
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Doctor at the university of Bologna, Italy. Dominican, received into the Order by Saint Dominic himself. Missionary to Germany. Died while singing the Psalm, Cantate Domino canticum novum (Sing a new song unto the Lord).
Died
1239 in Magdeburg, Germany of natural causes
Blessed Archangel of Anspagh
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Franciscan friar and confessor known for his zeal for the faith and his simple, ascetic life.
Born
15th century Anspagh, Austria
Died
1496 in Camerino, Italy of natural causes
Saint Crescentian of Rome
Also known as
Crescentianus
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Martyred in the persecutions of Maxentius.
Died
• tortured to death on the rack in 309 at Rome, Italy
• relics re-enshrined in the 9th century
Saint Hitto of Saint-Gall
Also known as
Hatto, Hildo
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Born to the Swabian nobility in the 10th century; brother of Saint Wiborada of Gall. Priest. Provost of Saint Magnus church. Monk at Saint-Gall, Switzerland.
Saint Marinus of Maurienne
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Benedictine monk at Maurienne in Savoy (part of modern France). Hermit near Chandor Abbey. Martyred by Saracens.
Born
Italy
Died
731 at Chandor Abbey
Saint Felicissimus of Perugia
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Martyred under Diocletian.
Died
c.303 in Perugia, Italy
Saint Leopardinus of Vivaris
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Seventh century monk and abbot of the monastery of Saint Symphorian in Vivaris, province of Berry, France.
Saint Alexander of Corinth
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Martyred in the persecutions of Julian the Apostate.
Died
martyred in 361 in Corinth, Greece
Martyred in the Spanish Civil War
Thousands of people were murdered in the anti-Catholic persecutions of the Spanish Civil War from 1934 to 1939. I have pages on each of them, but in most cases I have only found very minimal information. They are available on the CatholicSaints.Info site through these links:
• Blessed Antonia Gosens Sáez De Ibarra
• Blessed Cándida Cayuso González
• Blessed Clara Ezcurra Urrutia
• Blessed Concepción Rodríguez Fernández
• Blessed Daría Campillo Paniagua
• Blessed Erundina Colino Vega
• Blessed Feliciana de Uribe Orbe
• Blessed Félix Alonso Muñiz
• Blessed Francisco Borrás Román
• Blessed Justa Maiza Goicoechea
• Blessed María Concepción Odriozola Zabalía
• Blessed María Consuelo Cuñado González
• Blessed Niceta Plaja Xifra
• Blessed Paula Isla Alonso
