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05 November 2022

இன்றைய புனிதர்கள் நவம்பர் 07 (MONDAY)

 Saint Engelbert of Cologne


Also known as

Engelbert of Berg





Profile

Son of the influential Count Englebert of Berg and Margaret, daughter of the Count of Gelderland. Studied at the cathedral school at Cologne, Germany. In a time when clerical and episcopal positions were a part of political patronage, Englebert was made provost of churches in Cologne and Aachen, Germany while still a young boy, and of the Cologne cathedral at age 14. He led a worldly and dissolute youth; known for his good looks, keen mind, and wild ways. Englebert went to war to support his cousin, Archbishop Adolf, against Archbishop Bruno; for this, and for threatening to attack the Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV, both Engelbert and Adolf were excommunicated in 1206.


In 1208 Engelbert publicly submitted to the pope's authority, and was received back into the Church. He fought the Albigensians in 1212. Chosen archbishop of Cologne on 29 February 1216. By this point, Engelbert had mellowed somewhat, and cared about his see, but still had worldly ambitions. To preserve the possessions and revenues of his see and the countship of Berg, he went to war with the Duke of Limburg and the Count of Cleves, restored civil order, demanded the allegiance of his nobles, erected defences around his lands, and even prosecuted family members when needed. He enforced clerical discipline, helped establish the Franciscans in his diocese in 1219 and the Dominicans in 1221, built monasteries and insisted on strict observance in them, and used a series of provincial synods to regulate church matters.


Engelbert was appointed guardian of the juvenile King Henry VII and administrator of the Holy Roman Empire by Emperor Frederick II in 1221. He supervised the kingdom and the king's education, and placed the crown himself during Henry's coronation in 1222. Worked for a treaty with Denmark at the Diet of Nordhausen on 24 September 1223.


However, for all that he was loved by his people for the stability and security he brought, many of the nobility hated and feared him, and the archbishop had to travel with a troupe of bodyguards. Pope Honorius III and Emperor Frederick II advised Engelbert to protect the nuns of Essen who were being oppressed and harassed by Engelbert's cousin, Count Frederick of Isenberg. To prevent action by the archbishop, Count Frederick and some henchmen ambushed Engelbert on the road from Soest to Schwelm, stabbing him 47 times. Considered a martyr as he died over the defense of religious sisters.


Born

c.1185 at Berg in modern Germany


Died

• stabbed to death on the evening of 7 November 1225 near Schwelm, Germany

• relics translated to the old cathedral of Cologne, Germany on 24 February 1226


Canonized

• no formal canonization

• proclaimed a venerated martyr by Cardinal Conrad von Urach on 24 February 1226, and by Archbishop Ferdinand in 1618

• listed in the Roman Martyrology


Representation

• archbishop with a crosier in one hand and an upraised sword, piercing a crescent moon, in the other

• archbishop blessing his killers




Saint Peter Ou

  வி.  பீட்டர் யு 

 (1768-1814)

 சீனாவில் வாழ்ந்து இயேசுவுக்காக தியாகியாக இருந்த பல புனிதர்களில் பீட்டர் யூவும் ஒருவர்.  கிறிஸ்தவமல்லாத பெற்றோருக்குப் பிறந்த யூ, சிறுவயதிலிருந்தே நல்லொழுக்கங்களால் நிறைந்திருந்தார்.  எல்லா வகையிலும் இருந்த யூ, எப்போதும் ஏழைகளுக்கு உதவவும், ஏழைகளுக்கு உதவவும் முயன்றார்.  அவர் இளமையாக இருந்தபோது, ​​ஒரு பெரிய ஹோட்டலைத் தொடங்கினார்.  வர்த்தகம் பெருகிக் கொண்டிருந்த நேரத்தில் அவர் திருமணம் செய்து கொண்டார்.  யு மிகவும் உற்சாகமாகவும் பேசக்கூடியதாகவும் இருந்தது.  அந்த நேரத்தில் கிறிஸ்தவ மிஷனரிகள் ஒரு குழு அவரது தாயகத்திற்கு வந்தது.  அவர்களின் பேச்சும் நடத்தையும் யூவைக் கவர்ந்தது.  கடவுள் மீதான தனது நம்பிக்கை தவறான பாதையில் இருப்பதை அவர் உணர்ந்தார்.  அவர் வீடு திரும்பி தனது கடவுள்களின் எல்லா உருவங்களையும் அழித்த பிறகு, அவர் முழுக்காட்டுதல் பெற்று ஒரு கிறிஸ்தவராக ஆனார்.  பீட்டர் என்ற பெயரை ஏற்றுக்கொண்டார்.  அவர் சென்ற இடமெல்லாம் கிறிஸ்துவைப் பற்றி பேசிக் கொண்டிருந்தார்.  யூவின் பேச்சு பலரை இயேசுவிடம் ஈர்க்க முடிந்தது.  அந்த நாட்டில் கிறிஸ்தவர்களை வழிநடத்தியது யு.  பின்னர் அவர் சீனாவின் பல பகுதிகளுக்குச் சென்று சுவிசேஷம் செய்தார்.  கிறிஸ்தவத்தை அடக்க அதிகாரிகள் முயன்றபோது யு கைது செய்யப்பட்டார்.  சிறைச்சாலை சித்திரவதை.  ஆனால் அவர் இயேசுவை மறுக்க மறுத்துவிட்டார்.  சிறையில் தன்னுடன் இருந்தவர்களையும் அவர் மாற்றி, அவர்களை இயேசுவின் சீஷர்களாக மாற்றினார்.  அதிகாரிகள் பீட்டர் யூவை சிலுவையில் அறையுமாறு கட்டளையிட்டனர்.  அவர் அதற்குத் தயாராக இல்லை என்பதைக் கண்டதும் அவர் தூக்கிலிடப்பட்டார்.  அக்டோபர் 1, 2000 அன்று போப் இரண்டாம் ஜான் பால் பீட்டர் யூவை நியமனம் செய்தார்.

Also known as

• Peter Wu Gousheng

• Wu Gousheng

• Wu Guosheng Petrus


Additional Memorial

28 September as one of the Martyrs of China



Profile

Born to a non-Christian family. Known from his youth for his sense of justice, his quick defense of the poor and oppressed; his outspoken nature actually frightened people in his traditionalist region. A husband and self-made businessman, he owned and ran a large hotel. One of the first converts made by missionaries to his area. Naturally enthusiastic, Peter tossed out his household idols, and preached Christianity to anyone who came by. Lay leader of the converts in his district, he took the name Peter at baptism. Worked as a catechist for missionaries in Sichuan; instructed 600 people in Christianity. Arrested on 3 April 1814 during a violent backlash against the faith. Imprisoned and tortured to break him from his faith, he worked to inspire the faith in his fellow prisoners, and led prayer services in the cells. Condemned to death for refusing to step on a crucifix. Martyr.


Born

1768 at Longping in Guizhou Province, China


Died

strangled to death on 7 November 1814 at Tsen-y-Fou, Su-Tchuen province, China


Beatified

27 May 1900 by Pope Leo XIII


Canonized

1 October 2000 by Pope John Paul II




Saint Willibrord of Echternach

 புனிதர் வில்லிப்ரார்ட் 

(St. Willibrord)

உட்ரெச்ட் ஆயர்:

(Bishop of Utrecht)

பிறப்பு: கி.பி. 658

நார்தும்ப்ரியா

(Northumbria)

இறப்பு: நவம்பர் 7, 739 (வயது 81)

எக்டேர்னாக், லக்ஸம்பர்க்

(Echternach, Luxembourg)

ஏற்கும் சமயம்:

ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை

(Roman Catholic Church)

கிழக்கு மரபுவழி திருச்சபை

(Eastern Orthodox Church)

ஆங்கிலிக்கன் சமூகம்

(Anglican Communion)

முக்கிய திருத்தலம்:

எக்டேர்னாக் (Echternach)

நினைவுத் திருநாள்: நவம்பர் 7

பாதுகாவல்:

வலிப்பு, கால்-கை வலிப்பு நோய், லக்ஸம்பர்க் (Luxembourg), நெதர்லாந்து (Netherlands), உட்ரெச்ட் பேராயம் (Archdiocese of Utrecht)

புனிதர் வில்லிப்ரார்ட், நவீன நெதர்லாந்தின் “ஃபிரைசியன்ஸ்" (Frisians) இன மக்களின் அப்போஸ்தலர் எனப்படுபவரும், “நார்தும்ப்ரியன்” (Northumbrian) துறவு புனிதரும் ஆவார். இவர், “உட்ரெச்ட்” (Utrecht) மறை மாவட்டத்தின் முதல் ஆயர் ஆவார்.

ஆரம்ப வாழ்க்கை:

வில்லிப்ரார்ட்டின் தந்தை பெயர் “வில்கில்ஸ்” (Wilgils) ஆகும். இவர் புதிதாய் கிறிஸ்தவ மதத்தை தழுவியவர் ஆவார். இவர் தமது மகன் வில்லிப்ரார்டை உலக பந்தங்களிலிருந்து விடுவித்து, “ரிப்பொன்” (Ripon) எனும் இடத்திலுள்ள துறவு மடத்தில் இணைக்க விரும்பினார். புனித ஆண்ட்ரூவுக்கு அர்ப்பணிக்கப்பட்ட, "வாக்குவன்மை" பற்றின இனச் சார்பற்ற சமூகத்தை (Oratory) நிறுவினார். (கி.பி. 1564ல், ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபையில் சார்புநிலையற்ற அருட்பணியாளர்கள் ரோம் நகரில் கூடி, பிரசங்கம் மற்றும் பிரபலமான சேவைகளை வழங்கும் அமைப்பினைத் தொடங்கி, பிற நாடுகளிலும் பரவச் செய்தனர்.

வில்லிப்ரார்ட், அன்றைய “யார்க்” மறைமாவட்ட ஆயர் (Bishop of York) “புனித வில்ஃபிரிடின்” செல்வாக்கின் கீழ் வளர்ந்தார்.

பின்னர், இவர் பெனடிக்டைன் (Benedictines) துறவு மடத்தில் இணைந்தார். நெடுங்கால துறவு வாழ்வில், மறைபோதனையுடன் தவ வாழ்வு வாழ்ந்த வில்லிப்ரார்ட், தமது 81ம் வயதில் மரணமடைந்தார்.

Also known as

• Clement of Echternach

• Apostle of the Frisians

• Willibrordus



Profile

Son of Saint Hilgis. Educated at Ripon, England and in Ireland under Saint Egbert. Missionary to Friesland and Luxembourg with Saint Swithbert. Benedictine monk. Founding bishop of Utrecht, Netherlands in 695. Worked with Saint Boniface, Saint Rumold, Saint Werenfridus, Saint Engelmund, and Saint Adalbert of Egmond. Founded monasteries.


Born

658 at Northumbria, England


Died

• 7 November 739 of natural causes

• relics at Echternach, Luxembourg and in the Cathedral of Saint Catherine in Utrecht, Netherlands


Patronage

• against convulsions; convulsives

• against epilepsy; epileptics

• Belgium

• Luxembourg

• Netherlands

• archdiocese of Utrecht, Netherlands

• Heusden, Belgium

• Waalre, Netherlands


Representation

cleric dipping his staff into a cask



Blessed Anthony Baldinucci


Profile

Joined the Jesuits on 21 April 1681. He taught in Rome and Terni, Italy. Ordained on 28 October 1695. Parish missioner in the area of Colli Albani, Frascati and Viterbo, Italy, preaching 448 missions. Noted for organizing processions during which Anthony and many of his flock wore crowns of thorns, and scourged themselves. His missions were popular, drawing crowds so large that they had to be conducted outdoors; Anthony employed a crowd control gang of thugs - and then converted them all to the faith. Also noted for his spread of devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary whose image was always carried on his missions.



Born

19 June 1665 in Florence, Italy


Died

6 November 1717 of natural causes


Beatified

23 April 1893 by Pope Leo XIII



Saint Vincent Liêm


Also known as

• Vincent Liêm Quang Lê

• Vinh-son Le Quang Liem

• Vinh-son Liêm Quang Lê



Additional Memorial

24 November as one of the Martyrs of Vietnam


Profile

Born to the Tonkinese nobility. Studied in the Philippines. Joined the Dominicans in 1753, making his solemn profession in 1754. Ordained in 1758. Returned to Tonkin in January 1759 where he served as missionary and evangelist. Imprisoned for preaching Christianity, he preached to prisoners. Martyr.


Born

c.1732 in Trà Lu, Nam Ðinh, Vietnam


Died

beheaded on 7 November 1773 in Ðong Mo, Ha Tay, Vietnam


Canonized

19 June 1988 by Pope John Paul II



Saint Vincenzo Grossi

அருளாளர் வின்செண்ட் குரோசி (குரு)

Blessed Vinzenz Grossi

நினைவுத்திருநாள் : நவம்பர் 7

பிறப்பு : 9 மார்ச் 1845, பிச்சிக்ஹெட்டோனே Pizzighettone, இத்தாலி

இறப்பு : 7 நவம்பர் 1917, விகோபெல்லிக்னானோ Vicobellignano, இத்தாலி

முத்திபேறுபட்டம்: 1 நவம்பர் 1975, திருத்தந்தை 6 ஆம் பவுல்

வின்செண்ட் குரோசி தன்னுடைய இளம் வயதிலேயே, பள்ளியில் கற்கும்போது, தன்னுடன் படித்த சக மாணவர்கள் வியக்கும் வகையில் அனைவரையும் சிரிக்கவைப்பார். தினமும் தவறாமல் ஆலயத்திற்கு சென்று, பங்குத்தந்தைக்கு உதவி செய்து வந்தார். தன் கல்வியை முடித்தப்பிறகு, 24 ஆம் வயதில் குருப்பட்டம் பெற்றார். பின்னர் தீர்க்கமுடியாத பிரச்சனைகள் நிறைந்த பங்கிற்கு அனுப்பப்பட்டார். அப்பங்கில் பல துன்பங்களை அனுபவித்தார். தகாத சொற்களால் அவமானப்படுத்தப்பட்டார். இருப்பினும் இவர் தன்னம்பிக்கையை இழக்காமல் அம்மக்களின் ஒற்றுமைக்காகவும், நலமான வாழ்வை சுமூகமான உறவை கொண்டு வருவதற்காகவும் அயராது உழைத்தார். இவரின் செயல்களை கண்டு அப்பங்கு மக்கள் அருட்தந்தைக்கு உதவினர். தங்களிடையே இருந்த எல்லாப் பிரச்சனைகளையும் அவர்களுக்குள்ளாகவே தீர்த்துக்கொண்டனர். பின்னர் வின்செண்ட் அம்மக்களின் ஒற்றுமையை தொடர்ந்து நிலை நிறுத்துவதற்காக காரிதாஸ் அமைப்பு ஒன்று ஏற்படுத்தினார். அவ்வமைப்பின் வழியாக சமூகப்பணிகளிலும் ஈடுபடவைத்தார். அதன்பிறகு இளைஞர்களுக்காக பல மன்றங்களையும் நிறுவி சிறப்பாக தன் மறைப்பணியை ஆற்றினார். 

Profile

One of seven children born to Baldassare Grossi and Maddalena Capellini. Ordained a priest in the diocese of Lodi, Italy on 22 May 1869. Noted for this simple austere life style, and the humour and trust in Christ that he brought to it. Founded the Daughters of the Oratory for the Christian eduction of young people.



Born

9 March 1845 in Pizzighettone, Cremona, Italy


Died

7 November 1917 in Vicobellignano, Cremona, Italy of natural causes


Canonized

18 October 2015 by Pope Francis at Rome, Italy




Saint Jacinto Castañeda Puchasóns


Also known as

Hyacint, Hyacinth


Additional Memorial

24 November as one of the Martyrs of Vietnam



Profile

Dominican priest. Missionary to the Philippines, China, and Tonkin. Martyr.


Born

13 November 1743 in Xàtiva, Valencia, Spain


Died

beheaded on 7 November 1773 in Ðong Mo, Ha Tay, Vietnam


Canonized

19 June 1988 by Pope John Paul II



Saint Prosdocimus of Padua


Also known as

Prosdecimus, Prosdocimo, Prosdozimus



Profile

First bishop of Padua, Italy; he evangelized the entire region. Baptized Saint Daniel of Padua, who served him as deacon. Tradition says Prosdocimus was sent Saint Peter the Apostle.


Died

• c.100

• entombed is situated at the basilica of Santa Giustina at Padua, Italy


Patronage

• Asolo, Italy

• Cittadella, Italy

• Padua, Italy



Blessed Lucia of Settefonti


Profile

Twelfth-century nun in the Camaldolese monastery of Santa Cristina in Ozzana Emilia, Italy. Abbess of her house. Noted for her personal piety, and as a pious and charitable leader of her sisters.



Died

• 12th century Italy of natural causes

• relics enshrined in the church of Sant’Adrea di Ozzano by Cardinal Paleotti on 7 November 1573


Beatified

1779 by Pope Pius VI (cultus confirmation)



Saint Tremorus of Brittany


Also known as

Trémeur



Profile

Son of Saint Triphina. Educated by Saint Gildas the Wise. Murdered as a child by his step-father, Count Conmore due to his hatred of the faith.


Died

6th century at a monastery at Carhaix, Brittany (in modern France)


Patronage

Carhaix, France


Representation

child holding his own severed head and a palm branch of martyrdom



Saint Florentius of Strasbourg


Also known as

Florent



Profile

Immigrated to Alsace (in modern France), and built a monastery at Haselac. Bishop of Strasbourg, France in 678.


Born

Ireland


Died

c.693


Patronage

• against gall stones

• against ruptures



Saint Gébétrude of Remiremont


Also known as

Gertrude of Remiremont


Profile

Grandaughter of Saint Romaricus. Niece of Saint Clare. Sister of Saint Adolphus. Educated at the convent at Saint-Mont where she became a Benedictine nun. Third abbess of Remiremont Abbey.


Died

c.680


Beatified

1051 by Pope Saint Leo IX (cultus confirmation)



Saint Ernest of Mecca


Also known as

Ernest of Zwiefalten



Profile

Benedictine monk and then abbot at Zwiefalten Abbey in southern Germany. Crusader, making it to Arabia. Martyr.


Born

Steißlingen, Germany


Died

1148 in Mecca



Saint Herculanus of Perugia


Also known as

Ercolano, Herculan



Profile

Bishop of Perugia, Italy. Martyred under orders of Ostro-Gothic leader Totila.


Died

beheaded 549 by Ostro-Gothic soldiers


Patronage

Perugia, Italy



Saint Hieron of Mytilene


Also known as

Gerone, Ierone



Profile

Martyred with several fellow Christians in the persecutions of Diocletian.


Born

Armenia


Died

c.300 at Mytilene, Greece



Blessed Lazarus the Stylite


Profile

Set an example of turning his back on the world and living for prayer by living without shelter on top of a series of columns for many year, often surviving on nothing but bread and water.


Died

1054 on Mount Galision near Ephesus, Asia Minor of natural causes



Saint Melasippus of Ancyra


Also known as

Melasippo


Profile

Married to Saint Carina of Ancyra. Father of Saint Anthony of Ancyra. Martyred in the persecutions of Julian the Apostate.


Died

latter 4th century in Ancyra, Galatia



Saint Carina of Ancyra


Also known as

Cassina


Profile

Married to Saint Melassipus of Ancyra. Mother of Saint Anthony of Ancyra. Martyred in the persecutions of Julian the Apostate.


Died

latter 4th century in Ancyra, Galatia



Saint Anthony of Ancyra


Profile

Son of Saints Melasippus and Carina of Ancyra. Martyred at age 13 in the persecutions of Julian the Apostate.


Died

latter 4th century in Ancyra, Galatia



Saint Achillas


புனித_அக்கிலஸ் (-313)

நவம்பர் 07

இவர் எகிப்தில் உள்ள அலெக்சாந்திரியா நகரைச் சார்ந்தவர்.

கல்வியிலும் இறைப் பற்றிலும் சிறந்து விளங்கிய இவர், முதலில் அலெக்சாந்திரியா நகரின் ஆயராகவும், பின்னர் பதினெட்டாவது திருத்தந்தையாகவும் உயர்த்தப்பட்டார். 

இவருடைய காலத்தில் திரு அவைக்குப் பல தரப்பிலிருந்தும் எதிர்ப்புகள் வந்தன. குறிப்பாக ஆரியன் என்ற குருவானவர் இயேசு கிறிஸ்துவின் இறைத் தன்மையை மறுத்து வந்தார். அவரை எதிர்த்து  இவர் போராடியதால், அவர் தன்னோடு ஒருசிலரைச் சேர்த்துக் கொண்டு இவருக்கு எதிராகக் கிளர்ச்சி செய்தார். அப்படிப்பட்ட சூழ்நிலையிலும் இவர் மனவுறுதி இருந்து, அவரையும், அவருடைய தப்பறைக் கொள்கையையும் முறியடித்தார். 


இப்படித் திருஅவையைத் தப்பறைக் கொள்கையிலிருந்தும், எதிரிகளிடமிருந்தும் காப்பாற்றிய இவர், 313 ஆம் ஆண்டு இறையடி சேர்ந்தார்.

புனித அத்தனாசியஸ் இவரிடமிருந்த அறிவையும் ஞானத்தையும் பார்த்துவிட்டு, இவரை பெரிய அக்கிலஸ் என்று அழைப்பது குறிப்பிடத்தக்கது.

Profile

Bishop of Alexandria, Egypt. Ordained Arius, the founder of the Arian heresy. Attacked by Meletianists for his orthodox Christianity.


Died

313 of natural causes



Saint Hesychius of Mytilene


Profile

Martyred in the persecutions of Diocletian.


Born

Armenia


Died

c.300 at Mytilene, Greece



Saint Nicander of Mytilene


Profile

Martyred in the persecutions of Diocletian.


Born

Armenia


Died

c.300 at Mytilene, Greece



Saint Amaranthus


Also known as

Amaranto


Profile

Third century martyr.


Died

• at Vieux, France

• relics in the Cathedral of Albi, France



Saint Prosdocimus of Rieti


Profile

Evangelizing first bishop of Rieti, Italy.


Born

1st century


Died

Rieti, Italy



Saint Taurio of Amphipolis


Also known as


Taurion


Profile

Martyr.


Died

Amphipolis, Macedonia



Saint Thessalonica of Amphipolis


Profile

Martyr.


Died

Amphipolis, Macedonia



Saint Baud of Tours


Also known as

Baldo


Profile

Sixth century bishop of Tours, France, noted for his alms-giving.



Saint Raverranus of Séez


Profile

Bishop of Séez, France.


Died

682



Saint Auctus of Amphipolis


ProfileMartyr.

Died

Amphipolis, Macedonia



Saint Congar


Also known as

Cungaro


Profile

No reliable information available.


Born

Wales



Saint Blinlivet


Also known as

Blevileguetus


Profile

Ninth century bishop of Vannes, France.



Saint Amarand


Profile

Abbot of Moissac, France. Bishop of Albi, Italy.


Died

c.700



Martyred in the Spanish Civil War


Thousands of people were murdered in the anti-Catholic persecutions of the Spanish Civil War from 1934 to 1939. I have pages on each of them, but in most cases I have only found very minimal information. They are available on the CatholicSaints.Info site through these links:


• Alfredo Fanjul Acebal

• Andrés Francisco Simón Gómez

• Gil Belascoain Ilagorri • Isabelino Carmona Fernández

• José Delgado Pérez

• José Vega Riaño

• Juan Mendibelzúa Ocerín

• Manuel Marín Pérez

• Serviliano Riaño Herrero

• Vicente Rodríguez Fernández

• Victoriano Reguero Velasco


அல்காலா நகரின் புனிதர் டிடாக்கஸ் 

(St. Didacus of Alcalá)

ஸ்பேனிஷ் ஃபிரான்சிஸ்கன் பொதுநிலை அருட்சகோதரர்:

(Spanish Franciscan Lay Brother)

பிறப்பு: கி.பி. 1400

சேன் நிக்கோலஸ் டெல் புயேர்டோ, செவில் அரசு, கேஸ்டில் கிரீடம்

(San Nicolás del Puerto, Kingdom of Seville, Crown of Castile)

இறப்பு: நவம்பர் 12, 1463 (வயது 62-63)

அல்காலா டி ஹெனெரெஸ், டோலிடோ அரசு, கேஸ்டில் கிரீடம்

(Alcalá de Henares, Kingdom of Toledo, Crown of Castile)

ஏற்கும் சமயம்:

ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை

(Roman Catholic Church)

புனிதர் பட்டம்: கி.பி. 1588

திருத்தந்தை ஐந்தாம் சிக்ஸ்டஸ்

(Pope Sixtus V)

முக்கிய திருத்தலம்:

எர்மிட்டா டி சான் டியாகோ, சான் நிக்கோலா டெல் பியூர்டோ, செவில், ஸ்பெய்ன்

(Ermita de San Diego, San Nicolás del Puerto, Seville, Spain)

நினைவுத் திருநாள்: 13 November,

7 November (Franciscan Order in the United States and the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Diego)

பாதுகாவல்:

சான் டியாகோ ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க மறைமாவட்டம் (Roman Catholic Diocese of San Diego),

ஃபிரான்சிஸ்கன் பொதுநிலை அருட்சகோதரர்கள் (Franciscan Lay Brothers)

“டியேகோ டி சேன் நிக்கோலஸ்” (Diego de San Nicolás) என்ற பெயரிலும் அறியப்படும் அல்காலா நகரின் புனிதர் டிடாக்கஸ், புதிதாய் வெற்றிகொள்ளப்பட்டிருந்த “கனரி தீவுகளில்” (Canary Islands) பணியாற்றிய முதல் குழுவினருடன் மறைப்பணியாற்றிய “ஸ்பேனிஷ் ஃபிரான்சிஸ்கன் பொதுநிலை அருட்சகோதரரும்” (Spanish Franciscan Lay Brother), ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபையின் புனிதருமாவார்.

கி.பி. 1400ம் ஆண்டு, “செவில்” அரசிலுள்ள (Kingdom of Seville) “சேன் நிக்கோலஸ் டெல் புயேர்டோ” (San Nicolás del Puerto) எனும் நகராட்சிப் பகுதியில் பக்தியான ஏழைக் குடும்பத்தில் பிறந்த இவரது பெற்றோர் இவருக்கு, ஸ்பெயின் நாட்டின் பாதுகாவலரான புனிதர் “சந்தியாகுவின்” (Santiago/ St. James) பெயரிலிருந்து மருவிய பெயரான “டியாகோ” (Diego) என்ற பெயரிட்டிருந்தனர். சிறு வயதிலேயே ஒதுங்கி வாழும் துறவு வாழ்க்கையை தழுவினார். பின்னர், அலைந்து திரியும் துறவு வாழ்வில் தம்மை ஈடுபடுத்திக்கொண்டார். ஆன்மீக வாழ்க்கைக்கு தாம் அழைக்கப்படுவதை உணர்ந்த இவர், “அல்பைதா” (Albaida) எனும் இடத்திலுள்ள “ஃபிரான்சிஸ்கன்” (Order of Friars Minor) சபையின் “விழிப்புடன் கூர்ந்து கவனிக்கும் அல்லது சீர்திருத்த” (Observant (or Reformed) கிளைகளில் இணைய விண்ணப்பித்தார். தென் ஸ்பெயின் நாட்டின் “அண்டலூசியாவின்” (Andalusia) “கொரொடோபா” (Córdoba) பிராந்தியத்திலுள்ள “அர்ருசஃபா” (Arruzafa) எனுமிடத்திலுள்ள துறவு மடத்திற்கு அனுப்பப்பட்டார். அங்கே இவர் “பொதுநிலை அருட்சகோதரராக” (Lay Brother) ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளப்பட்டார்.

டிடாக்கஸ், அங்கே வாழ்ந்த காலத்தில், தமது பிராந்தியத்தின் “கொரொடோபா”, “காடிஸ்”, மற்றும் “செவில்” (Córdoba, Cádiz and Seville) ஆகிய சுற்றுப்புற கிராமங்களில் அலைந்து திரிந்து பயணித்து பிரசங்கித்தார். இன்றும் அப்பகுதிகளில் அவர் மீதான பக்தி பரவியுள்ளது.

“கனரி” (Canary Islands) தீவுகளின் ஒரு பகுதியான “லேன்ஸரோட்” (Lanzarote) தீவின் “அர்ரஸிஃப்” (Arrecife) எனுமிடத்திலுள்ள சபையின் புதிதாய் அமைக்கப்பட்ட துறவு மடத்துக்கு டிடாக்கஸ் அனுப்பப்பட்டார். சுமார் 40 வருடங்களுக்கு முன்னர் ஸ்பேனிஷ் இராணுவத்தால் வெற்றிகொள்ளப்பட்ட அத்தீவுகளின் மக்களை கிறிஸ்தவ மதத்திற்கு அறிமுகம் செய்விக்கும் நடைமுறைப் பணிகளே இன்னமும் நடந்துகொண்டிருந்தன. அவர் போர்ட்டர் பதவிக்கு நியமிக்கப்பட்டார்.

கி.பி. 1445ம் ஆண்டு, “ஃபியூர்டேவெஞ்சுரா” (Fuerteventura) தீவிலுள்ள “ஃபிரான்சிஸ்கன் சமூகத்தினரின்” (Franciscan community) பாதுகாவலராக டிடாக்கஸ் நியமிக்கப்பட்டார். அங்கேயிருந்த “ஃபிரான்சிஸ்கன்” (Order of Friars Minor) சபையின் “விழிப்புடன் கூர்ந்து கவனிக்கும் கிளையினர்”, (Observant Franciscans) “தூய பொனவெஞ்சுரா” (Friary of St. Bonaventure) துரவுமடத்தை நிறுவினார்கள். இந்த நிலைப்பாட்டிற்கு ஒரு “பொதுநிலை அருட்சகோதரராக” சாதாரண விதிகள் விதிவிலக்காக இருந்தபோதிலும், அவருடைய ஆர்வமும், விவேகமும், பரிசுத்தமும் இந்த விருப்பத்தை நியாயப்படுத்தின.

கி.பி. 1450ம் ஆண்டு, ஸ்பெயின் அழைக்கப்பட்ட டிடாக்கஸ், திருத்தந்தை “ஐந்தாம் நிக்கோலஸ்” (Pope Nicholas V) அறிவித்திருந்த “ஜூபிலி ஆண்டில்” (Jubilee Year) பங்கேற்கவும், ஃபிரான்சிஸ்கன் துறவியான “பெர்னார்டின்” (Bernardine) என்பவரது புனிதர் பட்ட அருட்பொழிவு விழாவில் பங்குபெறவும் ரோம் நகருக்கு அனுப்பப்பட்டார். ஜூபிலி ஆண்டில் பங்குபெற வந்திருந்த பெரும் திருப்பயணியர் கூட்டமும், தமது சபையின் தூண்களில் ஒருவரான “பெர்னார்டினுடைய” (Bernardine) புனிதர் பட்ட விழாவில் பங்கேற்க வந்திருந்த ஆயிரக்கணக்கான துறவியர் கூட்டமும் சேர்ந்து, ரோம் நகரில் பல்வேறு நோய்த்தொற்றுகளை வரவழைத்தது. டிடாக்கஸ், மூன்று மாதங்கள் அங்கே தங்கியிருந்து நோயுற்றோருக்கு சேவை செய்வதிலும், தமது செப வல்லமையினால் அவர்களை குணமாக்குவதிலும் ஈடுபட்டிருந்தார்.

பின்னர், ஸ்பெயின் நாட்டுக்கு திரும்ப வரவழைக்கப்பட்ட டிடாக்கஸ், “அல்காலா” (Alcalá) நகரிலுள்ள “சான்ட மரியா டி ஜீசஸ்” (Friary of Santa María de Jesús) எனும் துறவு மடத்துக்கு அனுப்பட்டார். அங்கேயே தமது வாழ்நாளின் மீதமுள்ள நாட்களை தவம், தனிமை, மற்றும் ஆழ்ந்த சிந்தனைகள் தந்த மகிழ்வில் கழித்தார். அங்கே, கி.பி. 1463ம் வருடம், நவம்பர் மாதம், 12ம் நாள், “டியேகோ” என்றழைக்கப்பட்ட “டிடாக்கஸ்” மரித்தார்.



Religious and Missionary:

Born: 1400 AD

San Nicolás del Puerto, Kingdom of Seville, Crown of Castile

Died: November 12, 1463 (Aged 62–63)

Alcalá de Henares, Kingdom of Toledo, Crown of Castile

Venerated in:

Catholic Church

(Franciscans, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seville and the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Diego)

Canonized: 1588 AD

Pope Sixtus V

Major shrine:

Ermita de San Diego, San Nicolás del Puerto, Seville, Spain

Feast: 13 November,

7 November (Franciscan Order in the United States and the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Diego)

Patronage:

Roman Catholic Diocese of San Diego, Franciscan Lay Brothers

Saint Didacus of Alcalá, also known as Diego de San Nicolás, was a Spanish Franciscan lay brother who served as among the first group of missionaries to the newly conquered Canary Islands. He died at Alcalá de Henares on 12 November 1463 and is now honoured by the Catholic Church as a saint.

Today is the Feast of St. Didacus.  While most people are not aware, the City of San Diego, CA is named after St. Didacus of Alcalá.

St. Didacus was a Spanish lay brother of the Order of Friars Minor who served as among the first group of missionaries to the newly conquered Canary Islands. He was born in c. 1400 to poor yet pious parents who named him after St. James, the patron saint of Spain.  In Spanish, St. James is called "St. Santiago" and Diego is a derivative of Santiago.

Even as a young age he was called to the religious life.  He joined the Order of Friars Minor at the friary in Albaida.  He is remembered today for his missionary work in the New World.  For a time he also headed a large monastery he had founded there. St. Didacus was above all a contemplative, and his abundant good works were the fruit of his ardent love of Christ. His charity for the sick was especially moving.

He died at Alcalá de Henares on 12 November 1463.

           "St. Didacus was canonized by Pope Sixtus V in 1588, the first after a long hiatus following the Reformation, and the first of a lay brother of the Order of Friars Minor. His feast day is celebrated on 13 November, since 12 November, the anniversary of his death was occupied, first, by that of Pope Saint Martin I, then by that of the Basilian monk and Eastern Catholic bishop and martyr, Josaphat Kuntsevych"

There are many miracles attributed to the intercession of St. Didacus.  One such miracle follows:

                            On a hunting trip, Henry IV of Castile fell from his horse and injured his arm. In intense pain and with his doctors unable to relieve his agony, he went to Alcalá and prayed to Didacus for a cure. The saint's body was removed from his casket and placed beside the king. Henry then kissed the body and placed the saint's hand on his injured arm. The king felt the pain disappear and his arm immediately regained its former strength.

Saint Didacus was born in Andalusia in Spain, towards the beginning of the fifteenth century. He was remarkable from childhood for his love of solitude, and for conversations concerning holy things. When still young he retired to live with a hermit not far from his village, where he spent several years in vigils, fasting, and manual work. Like the Fathers of the desert, he made baskets and other objects with willow branches and gave them to those who brought alms to the two hermits.

God inspired him to enter into the Order of the seraphic Saint Francis; he did so at the convent of Arrizafa, not far from Cordova. He did not aspire to ecclesiastical honours, but to the perfection and inviolable observance of his Rule — an admirable ideal, the practice of which, according to Saint Thomas Aquinas, is equivalent to martyrdom in merit. He made himself the servant of all his brethren. Any occupation was his choice. All his possessions were a tunic, a crucifix, a rosary, a prayer book and a book of meditations; and these he did not consider as his own and wanted them to be the most worn of all that was in the house. He found ways to nourish the poor who came to the convent, depriving himself of bread and other food given him, and if unable to do so consoled them with such gentle words that they left with profit nonetheless.

At one time he was sent by his superiors to the Canary Islands, and went there joyfully, hoping to win the crown of martyrdom. Such, however, was not God's Will. After making many conversions by his example and holy words, he was recalled to Spain. He was assigned to the care of the sick and when he went to Rome for the Jubilee year of 1450, with 3,800 other religious of his Order, most of whom fell ill there, he undertook to care for them, succeeding in procuring for them all they needed even in that time of scarcity.

Saint Didacus one day heard a poor woman lamenting, and learned that she had not known that her seven-year-old son had gone to sleep in her large oven; she had lighted a fire and lost her senses when she heard his cries. He sent her to the altar of the Blessed Virgin to pray and went with a large group of persons to the oven; although all the wood was burnt, the child was taken from it without so much as a trace of burns. The miracle was so evident that the neighbours took the child in triumph to the church where his mother was praying, and the Canons of the Church dressed him in white in honour of the Blessed Virgin. Since then, many afflicted persons have invoked the Mother of Heaven there.

After a long and painful illness, Saint Didacus ended his days in 1463, embracing the cross which he had so dearly loved during his entire life. He died having on his lips the words of the hymn, Dulce lignum [Sweet wood - a chant of Good Friday]. His body remained incorrupt for several months, exposed to the devotion of the faithful, ever exhaling a marvellous fragrance. He was canonized in 1588; Philip II, king of Spain, had laboured to obtain that grace after his own son was miraculously cured in 1562 by the relics of the Saint when he had fallen from a ladder and incurred a mortal wound on his head.

Reflection: If God is in your heart, He will be also on your lips; for Christ has said, Out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaketh.

Prayer:

Almighty and eternal God, Your wondrous providence has chosen the weak things of the world to confound the strong. Hear our humble prayer and grant that the prayers of Your blessed confessor Didacus may make us worthy of eternal glory in heaven. Through Our Lord!


Also celebrated but no entry yet

• All Dominican Saints

• Eleanor of Portugal


இன்றைய புனிதர்கள் நவம்பர் 06 (SUNDAY)

 Bl. Josefa Naval Girbes


Feastday: November 6

Birth: 1820

Death: 1893

Beatified: 25 September 1988 by Pope John Paul II





Josefa Naval Girbes (1820-1893) when she was a young woman, took a vow of chastity. Josefa was very active in her parish life. Opened a school for girls in her own home where she taught needlework and prayer. Member of the Third Order Secular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel and Saint Teresa of Jesus. Great devotion for the Virgin Mary.


St. Joseph Khang


Feastday: November 6

Death: 1861

Canonized: Pope John Paul II



Martyr of Vietnam. The servant of St. Jerome Hermosilla, Joseph tried to deliver St. Jerome from prison. He was caught in the attempt, lashed, and beheaded. Joseph was canonized in 1988 by Pope John Paul II.



Romulus of Genoa

Saint Romulus, cathedral of San Siro, Sanremo

Bishop and Confessor

Died Sanremo, Liguria, Italy

Venerated in Roman Catholic Church

Feast November 6 (formerly October 13, December 22)

Attributes depicted with episcopal dress and a sword in hand

Saint Romulus of Genoa (also Remo; Italian: Romolo, Ligurian: Rœmu) was an early Bishop of Genoa, around the time of Saint Syrus.[1] His dates are uncertain: since Jacobus de Voragine[2] traditional lists compiled from local liturgies generally place his bishopric fourth in a largely legendary list.[3] He fled from Genoa and never returned[4] He died in the cave he inhabited at Villa Matutiæ,[5] a town on the Italian Riviera which later adopted his name, becoming "San Remo" (from 15th century until the first half of the 20th century), and then later Sanremo.[6]

Veneration

In 876 the bishop Sabbatinus brought his remains to Genoa, to the church of San Siro, where a new structure was consecrated in 1023.


Since he was invoked in defence of Villa Matutiæ from its inhabitants during enemy attack, the saint is depicted with episcopal dress and a sword in hand.

St Romulus' feast day had been kept on October 13, the traditional date of his death, as well as on December 22. In the Archdiocese of Genoa his feast day is now celebrated on November 6, together with two more of its early bishops: Saint Valentine of Genoa and Saint Felix of Genoa.


Saint Leonard of Noblac

 நோப்லாக் நகரின் புனிதர் லியோனார்ட் 

பிறப்பு: மே 19

ஃபிரான்ஸ் (France)

இறப்பு: கி.பி. 559

லிமோகெஸ் ஃபிரான்ஸ்

(Limoges, France)

ஏற்கும் சமயம்:

ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை

(Roman Catholic Church)

கிழக்கு மரபுவழி திருச்சபை

(Eastern Orthodox Church)

ஆங்கிலிக்கன் திருச்சபை

(Anglican Church)

பாதுகாவல்:

அரசியல் கைதிகள், சிறையிலடைக்கப்பட்ட மக்கள், யுத்த கைதிகள், சிறைப்பிடிக்கப்பட்டவர்கள், உழைக்கும் பெண்கள், அதேபோல் உழைக்கும் குதிரைகள்

நினைவுத் திருநாள்: நவம்பர் 6

நோப்லாக் நகரின் புனிதர் லியோனார்ட், ஒரு “ஃபிராங்கிஷ்” (Frankish) புனிதரும், ஃபிரான்ஸ் நாட்டிலுள்ள “நோப்லாக்” (Noblac) எனும் இடத்திற்கும், அங்கேயுள்ள துறவு மடத்திற்கும் நெருக்கமானவராவார்.

பாரம்பரிய சுயசரிதம்:

இவர், “மெரோவிஞ்சியன்” (Merovingian) வம்சத்தை தோற்றுவித்த (Founder of the Merovingian dynasty) அரசன் “முதலாம் க்லோவிஸ்” (Clovis I) என்பவரது அரசவையில் உயர்ந்த பதவியில் இருந்தார். இவரும் அரசன் “முதலாம் க்லோவிஸும்” "ரெய்ம்ஸ்" (Bishop of Reims) ஆயரான "புனிதர் ரெமிஜியுஸ்" (Saint Remigius) அவர்களால் கி.பி. 496ம் ஆண்டு கிறிஸ்து பிறப்பு தினத்தன்று கிறிஸ்தவர்களாக மதம் மாற்றப்பட்டனர். பின்னர் இவர், தண்டனை பெற்று சிறையிலிருந்த, மன்னிப்பு பேர பொருத்தமான சிறைக் கைதிகளை விடுதலை செய்யும் அதிகாரத்தை அரசன் முதலாம் க்லோவிஸிடமிருந்து கேட்டு வாங்கினார். அரசன் அளித்த பிரபுக்களுக்கான சிறப்புச் சலுகைகளை தாழ்மையுடன் மறுத்தார். இவரது புனிதத் தன்மையை அறிந்த அரசர், இவரது வேண்டுகோளுக்கு இணங்கி, சிறைப்பட்டோரை விடுவித்தார்.

இவ்வித சலுகை, அக்காலத்தில் தூயவரான ஆயர்களுக்கும் இவரைப் போன்றவர்களுக்குமே அளிக்கப்பட்டிருந்தது. கைதிகள் தங்கள் பாவங்களின் தோஷத்தை கண்டு உணரச் செய்தார். அவர்கள் தங்கள் பாவங்களுக்காக துயரப்பட்டு, தவம் செய்து, வாழ்வை திருத்தியமைக்க உதவி செய்தார்.

பின் இவர் "ரெய்ம்ஸ்" ஆயர் "புனித ரெமிஜியுஸின்" சீடரானார். சிறிது காலம் வேதம் போதித்தார். இவர் அரண்மனைக்குத் திரும்பி வரவேண்டுமென்று அரசர் நச்சரித்துக் கொண்டிருந்தமையால், “புனிதர் மெஸ்மின்” (Saint Mesmin) மற்றும் “புனிதர் லீ” (Saint Lie) ஆகியோரது வழிகாட்டுதலின்படி, "ஒர்லியன்ஸ்" (Orléans) என்ற இடத்திற்கருகே இருந்த "மைஸி" (Micy) எனும் இடத்திலிருந்த ஒரு மடத்திற்குப் போய் அங்கு துறவறம் பெற்றுக்கொண்டார். பின்னர், “லிமௌசின்” (Limousin) காடுகளுக்குப் போய், அங்கே வாழ்ந்தார். அங்கே, அவரைப் பின்பற்றுபவர்கள் பலர் கூடினர். இவரது செப வல்லமையால் “ஃபிராங்க்ஸ்” அரசி (Queen of the Franks) ஒரு ஆண்குழந்தையை பாதுகாப்பாக ஈன்றதாக கூறப்படுகிறது. அதன் பிரதியுபகாரமாக, “நோபிலாக்” (Noblac) எனுமிடத்தில் அரசு நிலம் லியோனார்டுக்கு கொடுக்கப்பட்டது.


பின் ஒரு சிற்றாலயத்தை அமைத்து, அங்கு வாழ்ந்து வந்தார். இலைகளும் கனிகளுமே இவரது உணவு. தனிமையில் மறைவான வாழ்வு நடத்தினாலும், அருகில் இருந்த கோயிலுக்குச் சென்று மறையுரைகள் நிகழ்த்துவார்.

போர்க்கைதிகள் மீதும், சிறைப்பட்டோர் மீதும் அதிக இரக்கம் காண்பித்தார். தம்மால் இயன்ற அளவு ஆன்ம சரீர உதவிகளை அவர்களுக்குச் செய்தார்.

சுமார் கி.பி. 559ம் ஆண்டு மரித்த இவரது நினைவுத் திருநாள் நவம்பர் ஆறாம் நாள் கொண்டாடப்படுகின்றது.

Also known as

• Leonard de Noblet

• Leonard of Limoges

• Leonard of Limousin

• Leonardo Nobiliacum

• Leonardo, Leonhard, Lienard, Linhart, Léonard



Profile

Born to the Frankish nobility. Part of the court of the pagan King Clovis I. The Queen suggested to Leonard, possibly as a joke, that he invoke the help of his God to repel an invading army. Leonard prayed, the tide of battle turned, and Clovis was victorious. Archbishop Saint Remigius of Rheims used this miracle to convert the King, Leonard, and a thousand of followers to Christianity.


Leonard began a life of austerity, sanctification, and preaching. His desire to know God grew until he decided to enter the monastery at Orleans, France. His brother, Saint Lifiard, followed his example and left the royal court, built a monastery at Meun, and lived there. Leonard desired further seclusion, and so withdrew into the forest of Limousin, converting many on the way, and living on herbs, wild fruits, and spring water. He built himself an oratory, leaving it only for journeys to churches. Others begged to live with him and learn from him, and so a monastery formed around his hermitage. Leonard had a great compassion for prisoners, obtaining release and converting many.


After his death, churches were dedicated to him in France, England, Belgium, Spain, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Bohemia, Poland and other countries. Pilgrims flocked to his tomb, and in one small town in Bavaria there are records of 4,000 favors granted through Saint Leonard's intercession.


Died

c.559 of natural causes


Patronage

• against burglaries

• against robberies or robbers

• barrel makers, coopers

• blacksmiths

• captives, prisoners

• childbirth

• coal miners

• coppersmiths

• farmers

• greengrocers, grocers

• horses

• locksmiths

• miners

• porters

• P.O.W.'s; prisoners of war

• 33 cities


Representation

• abbot holding chain, fetters or a lock

• chain

• fetters

• manacles



Saint Winnoc of Wormhoult


Also known as

• Winnoc of Flanders

• Winnoc of Wormhoudt

• Vinocus, Vinnoco, Winnow, Winoc, Winocus, Winok, Wunnoc, Winnok



Additional Memorials

• 18 September (translation of relics)

• 20 February (exaltation of Saint Winnoc)


Profile

Born to the nobility, possibly a prince, and some sources say his father was Saint Judicael. Raised and educated in Brittany, his family running there to escape the Saxons. Monk. Founded Saint Winnow's church in Cornwall, England. Monk at Sithiu (Saint Omer) under abbot Saint Bertin. Founded the monastery, church and hospital of Wormhoult, Belgium, served as abbot, and used it as a base to evangelize the area.


Humble, and ever mindful of the apostolic precept "if any would not work, neither should he eat", Winnoc threw himself into the manual labour of the monasteries, doing as much of the tough and disagreeable as any monk in the house. When enfeebled by old age, Winnoc prayed for help to continue his work; he received divine help to work a hand corn mill, making flour for his brothers and the poor. Another monk, out of curiosity, peeped through a crack in the mill-house door to see how the old man did so much work; he was stuck blind for his impertinence, but was healed by Winnoc's intercession.


Born

7th century Wales


Died

• 6 November 716 or 717 at Wormhoult, Belgium of natural causes

• originally buried at Wormhoult

• relics translated to Bergues-Saint-Winnoc in 899

• people who stood along the route taken by the monks were reported to have been healed of many illnesses, especially coughs and fevers, and they have been brought out to stop drought

• the monastery was burned by Protestants in 1558 destroying some relics


Patronage

• against fever

• against whooping cough

• millers


Representation

• abbot with a crown and scepter at his feet, turning a hand-mill, often with a church and bridge nearby

• in ecstasy while grinding grain to flour

• with Saint Bertin



Blessed Christina of Stommeln


Also known as

• Christina Bruzo

• Christina Bruso

• Kristina...



Profile

Born to wealthy farmers Heinrich and Hilla Bruso. Though she learned to read, Christina could not write. At the age of five she received a vision of Jesus, and at age ten believed that she became a bride of Christ. When she was 12, the girl's parents arranged a marriage for her, but she ran off to become a Beguine nun in Cologne, Germany; her extravagant piety caused the nuns to question her sanity, and Christina went home where she taken in by the parish priest, Johannes. Throughout her life she and people near her would be tormented by what were considered demonic attacks - she was thrown around the room, her feet stabbed by invisible forces, and similar physical attacks. She received the stigmata in 1268, and it would return each Easter thereafter. In 1288 the mystical experiences ended and Christina spent the rest of her life living as a cloistered Beguine nun. The Swedish Dominican monk, Peter of Dacia, was a long-time correspondent and recorded many of the incidents involving her.


Born

24 July 1242 at Stommeln, duchy of Juilliers (part of modern Germany)


Died

• 6 November 1312 in an alms house in Cologne, Germany of natural causes

• buried in Stommeln, Germany

• relics moved to Nideggen, Germany in 1342

• relics moved to Jülich, Germany on 22 July 1569

• on 16 November 1944 the church was bombed, but the relics survived

• her skull shows marks and indentations corresponding to a crown of thorns


Beatified

12 August 1908 by Pope Saint Pius X (cultus confirmed)


Representation

• novice approached by the devil

• stigmata



Blessed Thomas Ochia Jihyoe


Also known as

• Thomas Jihyoe di Sant'Agostino

• Thomas of Saint Augustine

• Kintsuba



Additional Memorial

28 September as one of the Augustinian Martyrs of Japan


Profile

Born to a Christian family, his parents were both catechists, and both died as martyrs. Thomas attended a Jesuit school in Arima, Japan, and when he felt a call to religious life, he continued his studies in Macao. In 1622 he went to Manila, Philippines to study, and there he joined the Augustinians, making his profession in 1624. He studied theology at Cebú, Philippines, and was ordained a priest. Father Thomas returned to Japan in 1631 to minister to Christians during an imperial persecution. Authorities who did not realize his vocation let him visit Christian prisoners, many of whom were missionaries. When the government realized he was conducting a ministry to them, he was forced flee and lived for a while in a cave, the subject of an intense man-hunt. From there, he used disguises, tricks and the name Kintsuba to minister to Christians in the region for years until finally caught, tortured for months, ordered repeatedly to denounce Christianity, and when he would not, he was executed. Martyr.


Born

c.1602 in Omura, Nagasaki, Japan


Died

hanged upside down on 6 November 1637 in Hill of Martyrs, Nishizaka, Nagasaki, Japan


Beatified

24 November 2008 by Pope Benedict XVI



Saint Melaine of Rennes


Also known as

• Apostle of France

• Melan, Melanie, Melanio, Melanius, Melen, Mellion, Mullion



Profile

Monk. Bishop of Rennes, France during the 5th and 6th centuries when the Franks were conquering all of Gaul. Nearly eliminated idolatry in his diocese. Close friend and advisor to King Clovis. Required his priests to stop "wandering from cabin to cabin, celebrating Mass on portable altars, accompanied by women who administered the chalice to the faithful." Had a brief conflict with British evangelists who tried to introduce Celtic liturgical forms, confusing the new converts. Played a leading role at the Council of Orleans in 511.


Born

in Placet, Brittany (in modern France)


Died

• c.535 of natural causes

• the abbey of Saint Melaine, Rennes, France was built around his tomb


Patronage

• Mullion, Cornwall, England

• Saint Mellyan, Cornwall, England


Representation

• bishop standing on a devil

• bishop driving a devil before him

• dead bishop on a sailing ship carrying his body upstream



Saint Paul of Constantinople


Also known as

• Paul the Confessor

• Paulus



Profile

Chosen Archbishop of Constantinople in 336. For supporting orthodox Christianity against Arianism, he was exiled to Pontus in 337. He returned in 338, but the Arians again exiled him, this time to Trier, Germany. He returned c.340, but Emperor Constantius clapped him in chains and exiled him to Mesopotamia. He returned in 344 but was exiled to Cukusus, Armenia. To prevent another return he was eventually imprisoned, starved and murdered. He never stopped trying to get to his diocese and tend to his parishioners, but spent most of his time as archbishop in exile. Martyr.


Died

strangled to death in 350 in Cukusus, Armenia



Saint Protasius of Lausanne


Also known as

Protase, Protasio


Profile

Seventh-century priest noted for his severe self-denial, and his ministry to widows, orphans and the homeless poor. Bishop of Lausanne, Kingdom of Burgundy (in modern Switzerland). He re-built and expanded what became the Saint-Maure chapel, supported the construction of the church and monastery in Baulmes, Switzerland, and re-built the cathedral of Lausanne after it had been damaged by invading pagans; he was visiting the workmen cutting timber for the cathedral when he had the accident that killed him.


Born

c.640


Died

• struck by a falling tree in the forest of Mont Tendre, Switzerland c.699

• buried in Lausanne, Switzerland

• relics transferred to the cathdral of Lausanne in the 14th century



Saint Emilian of Faenza


Profile

Bishop. Died while returning from a pilgrimage to Rome, Italy where venerated the tombs of the Apostles.


Born

Ireland


Died

• c.780 in Faenza, Italy of natural causes

• burial site lost during the Lombard invasions

• his grave was re-discovered following a series of miracles, which vary by source

• relics enshrined in the cathedral of Faenza


Canonized

• Pre-Congregation

• cultus known to have been well-established in Faenza, Italy by the 12th century

• a synod in 1321 officially established his memorial in all cities of the diocese of Faenza


Patronage

Faenza, Italy



Saint Illtyd


Also known as

Elchut, Eltut, Hildutus, Illtud, Iltuto, Illtut, Iltutus, Iltud Farchog



Profile

Studied under Saint Germanus of Auxerre. Monk under the direction of Saint Cadoc. Founded the influential abbey of Llan-Illtut (Llantwit Major), which housed hundreds of monks, and became home to many Welsh saints. Defended his people against incursions from the north. To relieve famine, he assembled, stocked and led several corn ships to Brittany; in gratitude, some villages and churches there are named for him.


Born

5th century Wales


Died

c.505 in Brittany (in modern France)


Saint Theobald of Dorat


Profile

Born to a poor but pious farm family. Spiritual student of Saint Israel of Limoges at Dorat, France. Augustinian canon. Ordained a deacon, he considered himself unworthy of the priesthood. Treasurer and sacristan of the churches in Dorat. Had a ministry to the sick and the poor. Teacher and spiritual director of Saint Gauthier.



Born

990 in Bazeuge, France


Died

• 6 November 1070 of natural causes

• relics enshrined in the collegiate church of Dorat, France next to Saint Israel of Limoges



Saint Demetrian of Cyprus


Also known as

Demetrio, Demetrius


Profile

Married. Widower. Monk at Saint Anthony's Monastery on Cyprus. Priest. Hegoumenos (abbot) of Saint Anthony's for 40 years. Reluctant bishop of Khytri, Cyprus for 25 years. When Saracens raided Cyprus and kidnapped local Christians to enslave them, Demetrian obtained their release.


Born

Sika, Cyprus


Died

912




Blessed Beatrice of Olive


Profile

Cistercian nun at the convent of the Olive in Morlanwelz, Belgium. Her life in the convent led her to question her vocation, and she became a pilgrim for 15 years after which she received a vision of the Blessed Virgin Mary telling her it was time to return to Cistercian life. Beatrice returned to the convent and spent the rest of her life there, known for her piety and Marian devotion.


Died

• c.1400 of natural causes

• relics venerated in the parish church of Morlanwelz, Belgium


Saint Israel of Limoges

Also known as

Israel Limousin


Profile

Born to the nobility, his was a pious family. Priest. Vicar general of Limoges, France. Canon regular at Dorat, France. Taught theology in the diocese seminary. Wrote a lyric biography of Christ. Nursed plague sufferers during an epidemic in 994. Spiritual teacher of Saint Theobald of Dorat.


Born

950 at Dorat, France


Died

• 22 December 1014 of natural causes

• relics transferred to the Dorat collegiate church on 27 January 1130



Saint Barlaam of Novgorod


Also known as

Alexis


Profile

Born to a wealthy family. When his parents died, Alexis became a hermit on the Volga River. His reputation for holiness spread and attracted so many students that he founded a monastery for them, became a monk, and took the name Barlaam.


Born

Novgorod, Russia as Alexis


Died

6 November 1193 of natural causes



Blessed Leonianus of Autun


Profile

Lay man who was captured and taken to Gaul as a slave. When he regained his freedom he became a hermit near Autun (in modern France). Monk at the Saint Symphorianus Abbey at Autun.


Born

Pannonia (part of modern Hungary)


Died

c.570 in Autun (in modern France) of natural causes


Beatified

1907 by Pope Pius X (cultus confirmed)



Saint Severus of Barcelona


Profile

Bishop of Barcelona, Spain. Martyred by Arian Visigoths.



Died

nails driven into his temple in 633


Patronage

Barcelona, Spain


Representation

bishop with a nail or nails driven into his head



Blessed Bernard of Apiano


Profile


Mercedarian at the convent of Saint Martin in Perpignan, France. He was noted for his personal piety, hist observance of the Mercedarian rule, and his depth of education.



Saint Erlafrid of Hirschau


Also known as

Erlafrid of Calw


Profile

Count of Calw, Swabia (modern Germany). Founded Hirschau Abbey which he entered as a Benedictine monk, and where he eventually served as abbot.


Born

late 8th century


Died

mid-9th century



Saint Felix of Thyniss


Also known as

Felix of Thynissa


Profile

Arrested for his faith, he was found dead in prison the day before for his scheduled execution.


Born

African


Died

Thyniss, north Africa



Blessed Simon of Aulne


Profile

Cistercian lay brother at the Aulne Abbey in the diocese of Liege, Belgium. A mystic and visionary, known to fall into ecstasies during prayer.


Died

1215 of natural causes



Saint Leonard of Reresby


Profile

Crusader. Captured by Saracens, but miraculously freed.


Born

Thryberg, Yorkshire, England


Died

13th century Yorkshire, England of natural causes



Saint Felix of Genoa


Profile

Second bishop of Genoa, Italy, c.400. Spiritual teacher of Saint Syrus of Genoa.


Died

relics enshrined in the basilica of Twelve Apostles in Genoa, Italy



Saint Valentine of Genoa


Profile

Bishop of Genoa, Italy from c.295.


Died

• c.307 of natural causes

• his relics were found and enshrined in 985



Saint Efflam of Brittany


Profile

Son of a British prince. Founded a monastery in Brittany, France and served as its first abbot.


Died

c.700 of natural causes



Saint Edwen of Northumbria


Profile

Seventh century consecrated virgin. Daughter of Saint Edwin of Northumbria.


Patronage

Llanedwen, Anglesey, Wales



Saint Stephen of Apt


Profile


Bishop of Apt, France in 1010. Re-built the cathedral there.


Born

975 in Agde, France


Died

1046 of natural causes



Saint Felix of Fondi


Profile

Benedictine monk at Fondi, Italy. Held in high regard by Saint Gregory the Great.


Died

6th century of natural causes



Saint Pinnock


Profile

A church in Cornwall, England is dedicated to this saint, but no information about him has survived.



Saint Atticus


Profile

Martyred in Phrygia.



Ten Martyrs of Antioch

Profile

A group of Brothers of the Christian Schools and a Passionist priest martyred in the persecutions during the Spanish Civil War. The are


Aniceto Adolfo

Augusto Andrés

Benito de Jesús

Benjamín Julián

Cirilo Bertrán

Inocencio de la Immaculada

Julián Alfredo

Marciano José

Victoriano Pío

Died

637 in Antioch, Syria



Martyrs of Gaza


Profile

A group of Christian soldiers who were captured by Saracens invading the area of Gaza in Palestine. When the men continued to profess their Christianity, they were executed. We know the names of some of the martyrs - Himerius, John (2 of them), Kallinikos (Callinoco), Paul, Peter, Stephen and Theodore (2 of them).


Died

beheaded in Gaza, Palestine





Also celebrated but no entry yet


• Garcia Darlet

• Peter Amelio


Bl. Martyrs of Astoria during Spanish Civil War


Feastday: November 6


The Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War are those people killed by Republicans in hatred of their Catholic faith during the Spanish Civil War and therefore venerated in the Catholic Church.[1] More than 6,800 clergy and religious were killed in the Red Terror. As of October 2022, 2,107 Spanish martyrs have been beatified; 11 of them being canonized. For some 2,000 additional martyrs, the beatification process is underway.


History

During the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939, and especially in the early months of the conflict, individual clergymen were executed while entire religious communities were persecuted, leading to a death toll of 13 bishops, 4,172 diocesan priests and seminarians, 2,364 monks and friars and 283 nuns, for a total of 6,832 clerical victims, as part of what is referred to as Spain's Red Terror.[2]

Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War

Martyrs

Born Various

Died 1934, 1936-1939

Venerated in Catholic Church

Beatified 29 March 1987

1 October 1989

29 April 1990

25 October 1992

10 October 1993

1 October 1995

4 May 1997

10 May 1998

7 March 1999

11 March 2001 by Pope John Paul II

29 October 2005

28 October 2007

23 January 2010

17 December 2011 by Pope Benedict XVI[1]

13 October 2013

1 November 2014

5 September 2015

3 October 2015

21 November 2015

23 April 2016

8 October 2016

29 October 2016

25 March 2017

6 May 2017

21 October 2017

11 November 2017

10 November 2018

9 March 2019

23 March 2019

22 June 2019

7 November 2020

29 May 2021

16 October 2021

30 October 2021

6 November 2021

26 February 2022

18 June 2022

22 October 2022 by Pope Francis

Canonized 21 November 1999 (Nine Martyrs of the 1934 Asturias uprising) in Rome[1]

4 May 2003 in Madrid by Pope John Paul II

Feast Various

Pope John Paul II 233 Spanish Martyrs

Pope John Paul II beatified 473 martyrs in the years 1987, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1997 and 2001. Some 233 executed clergy were beatified by John Paul II on 11 March 2001.[3] In 1999 he also canonized a Christian Brother and the nine Martyrs of Turon, the first group of Spanish Civil War martyrs to reach sainthood. Regarding the selection of Candidates, Archbishop Edward Novack from the Congregation of Saints explained in an interview with L'Osservatore Romano: "Ideologies such as Nazism or Communism serve as a context of martyrdom, but in the foreground the person stands out with his conduct, and, case by case, it is important that the people among whom the person lived should affirm and recognize his fame as a martyr and then pray to him, obtaining graces. It is not so much ideologies that concern us, as the sense of faith of the People of God, who judge the person's behavior."[4]

List Of  Martyrs-of-the-spanish-civil-war

martyrs-of-the-spanish-civil-war

Pope Benedict XVI

 498 Spanish Martyrs

Benedict XVI beatified 530 martyrs in the years 2005, 2007, 2010 and 2011, with the biggest being the 498 Spanish martyrs in October 2007,[5] in the largest beatification ceremony in the history of the Catholic Church.[6] In this group of people, the Vatican has not included all Spanish martyrs, nor any of the 16 priests who were executed by the nationalist side in the first years of the war. This decision has caused numerous criticisms from surviving family members and several political organisations in Spain.[7]


The beatification recognized the extraordinary fate and often brutal death of the persons involved. Some have criticized the beatifications as dishonoring non-clergy who were also killed in the war, and as being an attempt to draw attention away from the church's support of Franco (some quarters of the Church called the Nationalist cause a "crusade").[8] Within Spain, the Civil War still raises high emotions. The act of beatification has also coincided in time with the debate on the Law of Historical Memory (about the treatment of the victims of the war and its aftermath) promoted by the Spanish Government.


Responding to the criticism, the Vatican has described the October 2007 beatifications as relating to personal virtues and holiness, not ideology. They are not about "resentment but ... reconciliation". The Spanish government has supported the beatifications, sending Foreign Minister Miguel Ángel Moratinos to attend the ceremony.[9] Among those present was Juan Andrés Torres Mora, a relative of one of the martyrs and the Spanish MP who had debated the memory law for PSOE .[10]


The October 2007 beatifications have brought the number of martyred persons beatified by the Church to 977, eleven of whom have been canonized as saints.[6] Because of the extent of the persecution, many more cases could be proposed; as many as 10,000 according to Catholic Church sources. The process for beatification has already been initiated for about 2,000 people.[6]


At 28 October 2007 beatifications, Pope Benedict underscored the call to sanctity for all Christians, saying it was "realistic possibility for the entire Christian people".[11] He also noted, "This martyrdom in ordinary life is an important witness in today's secularized society."[11]


Pope Francis

 522 Spanish Martyrs

Pope Francis beatified 522 martyrs on 13 October 2013, at Tarragona, Spain; among them was Eugenio Sanz-Orozco Mortera from Manila, Philippines, who became the first Filipino martyr of the Spanish Civil War. He also approved additional beatifications for Spanish martyrs that took place for a priest on 1 November 2014 as well as two sets of group martyrs on both 5 September 2015 and 3 October 2015. The pope also approved the beatification of 26 Capuchin martyrs, which took place on 21 November 2015. The beatification for Valentín Palencia Marquina and his four companions took place on 23 April 2016 in Burgos.[12] The beatification for Genaro Fueyo Castañon and his three companions was celebrated in Oviedo on 8 October 2016 and the beatification of José Antón Gómez and 3 companions was celebrated in Madrid on 29 October 2016.[citation needed] The 114 Almerian martyrs were beatified on 25 March 2017, and Antonio Arribas Hortigüela and his six companions were beatified on 6 May 2017 in Girona.[13][14] The beatification of Mateo Casals Mas & 108 companions were beatified in Barcelona on 21 October 2017 and Vicenç Queralt Lloret & 20 companions as well as José Maria Fernández Sánchez & 38 companions were beatified in Madrid on 11 November 2017. The beatification of Teodoro Illera del Olmo & 15 Companions was held on 10 November 2018. The beatification of Ángel Cuartas Cristobal and his 8 companions was held in Oviedo on 9 March 2019 while María Isabel Lacaba Andia and her 13 companions were beatified in Madrid on 22 June 2019. María Pilar Gullón Yturriaga and 2 companions was beatified in Astorga on 29 May 2021. The beatification of Juan Elías Medina and 126 companions will be held in Córdoba on 16 October 2021, Francisco Cástor Sojo López and 3 companions in Tortosa on 30 October 2021 Benet Domènech Bonet & 2 companions in Barcelona on 6 November 2021 The beatifications of Cayetano Giménez Martín & 15 Companions in Granada on 26 February 2022, Angel Marina Álvarez & 19 Companions, Isabel Sánchez Romero, Juan Aguilar Donis & 5 Companions in Almería on 18 June 2022 and Vicente Nicasio Renuncio Toribio & 11 Companions in Madrid on 22 October 2022.


Individual cases

Martyrs of Turon

The martyrs of Turon were a group of eight De La Salle Brothers, and the Passionist priest who was with them, who were executed by striking miners at Turon in October 1934. Although this was nearly two years before the outbreak of the civil war, their deaths were part of the same violence and anti-clerical feeling of that period in Spain's history, and are regarded as martyrs of the Spanish Civil War. They were beatified by Pope John Paul II on 29 April 1990, and were canonized by him on 21 November 1999.


Innocencio of Mary Immaculate

Saint Innocencio of Mary Immaculate, born Emanuele Canoura Arnau, was a member of the Passionist Congregation and martyr of the Spanish Civil War. Born on 10 March 1887 in Santa Cecelia del Valle de Oro in Galicia, Spain, he died at Turon, with his eight companions, on 9 October 1934. He was beatified on 29 April 1990 and was canonized by Pope John Paul II on 21 November 1999.


Jaime Hilario Barbal

Jaime Hilario Barbal, born Manuel Barbal Cosán, was raised in a pious and hardworking family near the Pyrenees mountains. Entered the seminary at age 12, but when his hearing began to fail in his teens, he was sent home. Joined the Brothers of the Christian Schools at age 19, entering the novitiate on 24 February 1917 at Irun, Spain, taking the name Jaime Hilario. Exceptional teacher and catechist, he believed strongly in the value of universal education, especially for the poor. However, his hearing problems grew worse, and in the early 1930s, he was forced to retire from teaching, and began work in the garden at the La Salle house at San Jose, Tarragona, Spain. Imprisoned in July 1936 at Mollerosa, Spain when the Spanish Civil War broke out and religious people were swept from the street. Transferred to Tarragona in December, then confined on a prison ship with some other religious. Convicted on 15 January 1937 of being a Christian Brother. Two rounds of volley fire from a firing squad did not kill him, possibly because some of the soldiers intentionally shot wide; their commander then murdered Jaime with five shots at close range. First of the 97 La Salle Brothers killed in Catalonia, Spain during the Spanish Civil War to be recognized as a martyr. He was beatified on 29 April 1990, and was canonized by Pope John Paul II on 21 November 1999.


Pedro Poveda

He was a priest, the founder of the Teresian Association and a Martyr of the Spanish civil war. He was beatified on 10 October 1993 and canonized on 4 May 2003.


Passionist Martyrs of Daimiel

They were a group of priests and brothers of the Passionist Congregation killed by Republican forces during the Spanish Civil War. They were beatified by Pope John Paul II on 1 October 1989. Eyewitnesses reported that all of the Passionists had forgiven their murderers before they died. A witness to the murder of Father Niceforo reported that after being shot the priest turned his eyes to heaven then turned and smiled at his murderers. At this point one of them, now more infuriated than ever, shouted:

What, are you still smiling?[15]

With that he shot him at point blank range.


Eugenio Sanz-Orozco Mortera

Eugenio Sanz-Orozco Mortera (Jose Maria of Manila) was born on 5 September 1880 in Manila, Philippines. He was a Franciscan Capuchin priest. He died a martyr on 17 August 1936, in Madrid, Spain, during the Spanish civil war. He is venerated in the Catholic Church, which celebrates his feast on 6 November. He was beatified on 13 October 2013.


Bartolomé Blanco Márquez

Bartolomé Blanco Márquez was born in Cordoba, Spain in 1914. He was arrested as a Catholic leader—he was the secretary of Catholic Action and a delegate to the Catholic Syndicates—on 18 August 1936. He was executed on 2 October 1936, at age 21, while he cried out, "Long live Christ the King!" Born in Pozoblanco 25 November 1914, Bartolome was orphaned as a child, and raised by family with whom he worked. He was an excellent student, studying under the tutelage of the Salesians.


Victoria Díez Bustos de Molina

She was a religious, the member of the same congregation and also a Martyr of the Spanish civil war. She was beatified on 10 October 1993.


Pedro Asúa Mendía

Pedro was educated by Jesuits. Trained as an architect, graduating in 1915. he worked on schools, churches and houses for religious. He was ordained priest in the diocese of Vitoria, Spain in 1924. He was executed on 29 August 1936. He was beatified on 1 November 2014.


Mariano Mullerat i Soldevila

Mariano was a Spanish Roman Catholic doctor who also served as the mayor for Arbeca from 1924 until March 1930. He died on 13 August 1936. He was beatified on 23 March 2019.


Joan Roig i Diggle

Joan was a young layperson of the Archdiocese of Barcelona. He died on 11 September 1936. He was beatified on 7 November 2020.


Isabel Sánchez Romero

Isabel was a religious from the Dominican Order. She died on 15 February 1937. She was set to be beatified on 19 September 2020 but it was postponed to 18 June 2022 due to COVID-19 pandemic.


José María of Manila (Spanish: José María de Manila : 5 September 1880 – 17 August 1936) was a Filipino-born Spanish Catholic priest and friar of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin. He was martyred in the early phase of the Spanish Civil War, and is the third Filipino to have been declared blessed by the Roman Catholic Church.

Born Eugenio del Sanz-Orozco Mortera

5 September 1880

Manila, Captaincy General of the Philippines

Died 17 August 1936 (aged 55)

Madrid, Spain

Venerated in Catholic Church

Beatified 13 October 2013, Tarragona,

Spain by Angelo Amato


Major shrine Filipino Saints Gallery, Manila Cathedral,

Philippines

Feast 6 November


Beatification

Background

During the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries, the Catholic Church in Spain supported and was strongly supported by and associated with the Spanish monarchy. The Second Spanish Republic saw an alternation of leftist and conservative coalition governments between 1931 and 1936. Amidst the disorder caused by the military coup of July 1936, many supporters of the Republican government pointed their weapons against individuals they considered local reactionaries, including priests and nuns.


A paradoxic case for foreign Catholics was that of the Basque Nationalist Party, at the time a Catholic party from the Basque areas, who after some hesitation supported the Republican government in exchange for an autonomous government in the Basque Country. Although virtually every other group on the Republican side was involved in the anticlerical persecution, the Basques did not play a part.[16] The Vatican diplomacy tried to orient them to the National side, explicitly supported by Cardinal Isidro Goma y Tomas, but the BNP feared the centralism of the Nationals. Some Catalan nationalists also found themselves in the same situation, such as members of de Unió Democràtica de Catalunya party whose most relevant leader, Manuel Carrasco i Formiguera was killed by the Nationalists in Burgos in 1938.


Controversy

A number of controversies have arisen around the beatification of some of these clerics. Some objectors oppose the notion of these priests being killed for mere religious hatred and, while not excusing their brutal murders, putting them in the context of the historical moment. Others question the appropriateness of beatification for some individuals who have less than saintly backgrounds. A third objection is the perceived partiality of the Church, where victims of the left have been proposed for beatification, while victims of the right have been ignored.


Of the first objection, one of the most notable cases has centered on Cruz Laplana y Laguna, Bishop of Cuenca, a well-known supporter of the monarchist regime. After the proclamation of the Second Republic he carried out a number of right-wing political campaigns throughout the province, and had established close contacts with military officials such as General Joaquín Fanjul, a supporter of the Nationalist rebellion. Laplana y Laguna was described by his biographer as "supreme advisor" to the general, as well as being closely involved with the Falange. In 1936 he personally endorsed Falangista leader José Antonio Primo de Rivera as a candidate in the 1936 local elections. When the Nationalist uprising in Cuenca failed, Laplana y Lagun was arrested by Republican militiamen for treason. He was tried for conspiring against the Republican government and executed on 8 August.[17]


Another is Fulgencio Martínez, a priest in the village of La Paca in Murcia, who was shot after the uprising, who was reported by many locals to be closely allied to the local landowners. Over several days before the uprising, Father Fulgencio met with these landowners in the village casino—the hub of social life for the local elites in rural Spain—to organize support for the rebellion. He offered guns and money to anyone who would join an improvised militia. On 18 July, the day of the uprising, Father Fulgencio was among the persons who went through the village streets on lorries, rallying support for the uprising with shouts of "Viva el Ejército!" ("Long live the Army") and "Viva General Queipo de Llano!"[18]


Public statements by some of these clerics have also been widely publicised as a form of criticism against their beatification. Rigoberto Domenech, Archbishop of Zaragoza, declared publicly on 11 August 1936 that the military uprising was to be supported, and its defensive actions approved, because "it is not done in the service of anarchy, but in the benefit of order, fatherland, and religion" in response to the Red Terror. Another statement was that given in November 1938 by Leopoldo Eijo Garay, Bishop of Madrid-Alcalá, regarding a possible truce between Republican and rebel forces: "To tolerate democratic liberalism... would be to betray the martyrs."[19]


Of the second, the controversy surrounding the beatification of Augustinian Friar Gabino Olaso Zabala, listed as a companion of Avelino Rodriguez Alonso, concerns his previous life. Friar Zabala was martyred during the Civil War and was beatified. Attention was called to the fact that Fr. Olaso had been a missionary in the Philippines during the Katipunan rebellion against Spanish rule, and had been accused of torturing Friar Mariano Dacanay, an alleged rebel sympathizer.[20] However this objection ignores the Church proclamation that even sinners can repent and turn into saints, such as in the case of Augustine of Hippo. It also misunderstands the nature of a cause for martyrdom, where the primary factor is the person's death due to religious hatred of the faith, rather than the saintliness of his previous life.


The third objection refers to the Church's attitude to victims of Nationalist repression. Regarding the attitude of the Vatican, Manuel Montero, lecturer of the University of the Basque Country commented on 6 May 2007:


The Church, which upheld the idea of a 'National Crusade' in order to legitimize the military rebellion, was a belligerent part during the Civil War, even at the cost of alienating part of its members. It continues in a belligerent role in its unusual answer to the Historical Memory Law by recurring to the beatification of 498 "martyrs" of the Civil War. The priests executed by Franco's Army are not counted among them... Its selective criteria regarding the religious persons that were part of its ranks are difficult to fathom. The priests who were victims of the republicans are "martyrs who died forgiving", but those priests who were executed by the Francoists are forgotten.[21]


While much of Republican Spain was anti-clerical in sentiment, the Basque region, which also supported the Republic, was not; the clergy of the region stood against the Nationalist coup, and suffered accordingly. At least 16 Basque nationalist priests (among them the arch-priest of Mondragón) were killed by the Nationalists,[22] and hundreds more were imprisoned or deported.[23] This included several priests who tried to halt the killings.[24] To date, the Vatican has failed to consider these clergy as martyrs of the Spanish Civil War, since they were not murdered in hatred of the Faith (odium fidei), a prerequisite for the recognition of martyrdom