இன்றைய புனிதர்கள் ஏப்ரல் 10

 Blessed Pedro María Ramírez Ramos

Profile

The son of Ramón Ramírez Flórez and Isabel Ramos, he was baptized at the age of one day. Feeling a call to the priesthood, Pedro began his studies on 4 October 1915 in the diocese of Garzón, Colombia, but in 1920 he began to have doubts about his vocation, and left the seminary. For the next few years he lived as a single man, worked as a choir director in several places, suffered from severe headaches, and never stopping his discernment of a vocation. By 1928, with the help of a pious female friend, Pedro decided that he was, indeed, called to the priesthood, and returned to his studies. Ordained a priest on 21 June 1930.

Parish priest in the Chaparral region, then in Cunday, Colombia in 1934, in El Fresno, Colombia in 1943, and then in Armero, Colombia in 1948. When the the Colombian civil war, known as La Violencia, broke out, his parishioners tried to smuggle him out of the area – the Socialist Colombian Liberal Party blamed Father Pedro for the killing of their leader, which triggered the conflict. Pedro refused to leave, saying that his parishioners would need him during the conflict. On the afternoon of 10 April 1948, some members of the Colombian Liberal Party broke into his church, found Father Pedro putting the finishing touches on his will, accused him of a number of offenses, dragged him to the town square, and murdered him. Martyr.

Born

23 October 1899 in La Plata, Huila, Colombia

Died

• hanged and beaten with a machete at about 4:00pm on 10 April 1948 in the town square of Armero, Tolima, Colombia

• his body was mutilated, left to hang for a while as a warning to others, then thrown in a ditch near the local cemetery

• on 21 April 1948, government officials took the remains to perform an autopsy

• in May 1948, Pedro's parents were able to get the body released to them

• buried in the family cemetery plot in La Plata, Huila, Colombia

Beatified

• 8 September 2017 by Pope Francis

• the beatification recognition was celebrated at the Parque Temático Las Malocas, Villavicencio, Meta, Colombia with Pope Francis as chief celebrant

Saint Fulbert of Chartres

தூய ஃபுல்பர்ட் ( ஏப்ரல் 10)

இயேசு ஞானத்திலும் உடல்வளர்ச்சியிலும் மிகுந்து கடவுளுக்கும் மனிதருக்கும் உகந்தவராய் வாழ்ந்து வந்தார்.

வாழ்க்கை வரலாறு

ஃபுல்பர்ட், பிரான்ஸ் நாட்டில் உள்ள பிகார்டி என்னும் இடத்தில் பிறந்தார். இவர் எந்த ஆண்டு பிறந்தார், இவருடைய குழந்தைப் பருவம் எப்படி இருந்தது என்பது போன்ற தகவல்கள் சரியாகக் கிடைக்கவில்லை.

தன்னுடைய தொடக்ககால கல்வியை ஃபுல்பர்ட், ஹெர்பர்ட் என்பவரிடம் கற்றார். இந்த ஹெர்பர்ட்தான் பின்னாளில் திருத்தந்தை இரண்டாம் சில்வெஸ்டராக உயர்ந்தார். படிக்கும்போதே திறமையானவராக விளங்கிய ஃபுல்பர்ட் வளர்ந்து, பெரியவரான பிறகு மிகச் சிறந்த கல்வியாளராக மாறினார். எந்தளவுக்கு என்றால், அவரிடம் பாடம் கற்ற மாணவர்கள் அனைவரும் அவரை அன்போடு ‘வணக்கத்திற்குரிய சாக்ரடீஸ்’ என்றே அழைத்து வந்தார்கள்.

ஃபுல்பர்ட்டிடம் இருந்த திறமையைப் பார்த்துவிட்டு ஆயர் பேரவை இவரை சார்ட்ரஸ் என்ற இடத்திற்கு ஆயராக உயர்த்தினார்கள். ஆயராக உயர்ந்தபின்பு ஃபுல்பர்ட் மிகச் சிறப்பான பணிகளைச் செய்து வந்தார். குறிப்பாக திருச்சபையின் சொத்துகளை ஒருசில பொதுநிலையினர் நன்றாக அனுபவித்து வாழ்ந்தபோது, அதனைக் கடுமையாக விமர்சித்தார். அது மட்டுமல்லாமல், தவறு செய்த ஒருசில குருக்களையும் ஏன் ஒருசில ஆயர்களைக் கடுமையாக விமர்சித்தார். இதனால் அவருக்கு கடுமையான எதிர்ப்புகள் கிளம்பின. ஃபுல்பர்ட் அதைக் கண்டு பயப்படாமல், துணிவோடு உண்மையை எடுத்துரைத்தார். இவ்வாறு அவர் ஆண்டவருக்குச் சான்று பகர்ந்தார்.

ஃபுல்பர்ட் மிகச் சிறந்த கவிஞராகவும் விளங்கினார். அதனால் அவர் மரியாவைக் குறித்து அதிகமான கவிதைகளைப் புனைந்தார். இவரைக் குறித்து இன்னொன்றை நாம் சொல்லியாக வேண்டும். அதுதான் மரியன்னையின் பிறப்பு விழாவை முதன்முறையாகக் கொண்டாடியது இவரே ஆகும். இப்படி பல்வேறு பணிகளைச் செய்து வந்த ஃபுல்பர்ட் 1029 ஆம் ஆண்டு, ஏப்ரல் 10 ஆம் நாள் இறையடி சேர்ந்தார். இவருடைய உடல் சாட்ரஸ் பேராலயத்தில் அடக்கம் செய்யப்பட்டது.

Also known as

Fulbertus of Chartres

Profile

Grew up around Rome, Italy, and known as a promising student. Studied the Benedictine abbey in Rheims, France. A favourite student of the future Pope Sylvester II, he was brought to Rome as an advisor to Sylvester. Upon the pope's death, Fulbert returned to France where he served as canon and chancellor of the diocese of Chartres, and ran the cathedral school there, which became known as a leading center of learning in France. Bishop of Chartres in 1007. Advisor to French clergy and secular leaders, including the king of France. Noted preacher and travelling bishop who went from parish to parish ensuring there was proper Christian education of his flock. Re-built the Chartres cathedral after it burned. Wrote a number of poems and hymns, many of them about the Virgin Mary, to whom he was greatly devoted. Fought simony, assigning ecclesiastical benefices to laymen, opposed bishops who acted as generals. Friend of Saint Odilo of Cluny.

Born

c.960 in Italy

Died

10 April 1029 in Chartres, France of natural causes

Representation

• preaching monk

• in his sick bed with the Virgin Mary nearby

Blessed Antoine Neyrot

Also known as

Anthony Neyrot

Profile

Joined the Dominicans at the convent of San Marco in Florence, Italy as a young man. While travelling to preach in Naples, Italy, he was captured by Moorish pirates, he was taken to Tunis, Tunisia. He was initially treated pretty well, but his captors perceived him as arrogant for being sure of his faith and imprisoned him and gave him only bread and water. To escape, he renounced Christianity, began to study Islam, worked on a translation of the Koran, and even married. However, he apparently never completely lost his faith, was overcome with remorse, and after a few months he resumed his Dominican habit, found a priest, came back to the Church and publicly proclaimed himself a Christian. Martyr.

Born

c.1425 at Rivoli, diocese of Turin, Italy

Died

• stoned to death on 10 April 1460 in Tunis, Tunisia

• body returned to Rivoli, Italy by merchants travelling through the region

Beatified

22 February 1767 by Pope Clement XIII (cultus confirmation)

Blessed Boniface Zukowski

Also known as

• Bonifacy Zukowski

• Piotr Zukowski

• prisoner #25447

Additional Memorial

12 June as one of the 108 Martyrs of World War II

Profile

Son of Andrzej Zukowski and Albina Walkiewicz and raised on a farm. Entered the Order of Friars Minor Conventual in Niepokalanów in Teresin, Poland at age 16, taking the name Bonifacy and making his solemn profession on 2 August 1935. Worked at the house's printing presses, publishing The Knight of the Immaculate, helping in the work of Saint Maximilian Kolbe. Priest. Arrested by the Gestapo on 14 October 1941 for his publishing work and for trying to protect the printing presses, and imprisoned in Warsaw, Poland. He spent his time there ministering to other prisoners. Shipped to the Dachau concentration camp, he was put to forced labour in bad weather, beaten for lack of work, and finally died from the mistreatment. Martyr.

Born

13 January 1913 in Rapa-Baran, Nemencine, Vilniaus rajonas, Lithuania as Piotr Zukowski

Died

10 April 1942 of pneumonia in the camp infirmary of Dachau, Oberbayern, Germany

Beatified

13 June 1999 by Pope John Paul II in Warsaw, Poland

Saint Miguel de Sanctis

புனித_மைக்கேல்_தெ_சேங்டிஸ் (1591-1625)

ஏப்ரல் 10

இவர் (#StMichaelDeSantis) ஸ்பெயின் நாட்டைச் சார்ந்தவர். தனது பெற்றோரின் முன்மாதிரியான வாழ்க்கையை பார்த்து வளர்ந்த இவர், 6 வயதிலேயே துறவியாக வேண்டும் என்று எண்ணம் கொண்டார். 

இந்நிலையில் இவரது பெற்றோர் இறந்து விட, இவர் ஒரு வணிகரிடம் பணியாளராகச் சேர்ந்து வேலை செய்து வந்தார்.

இவருக்குப் பன்னிரண்டு வயது நடக்கும்போது பார்சிலோனாவில் இருந்த ஒரு துறவு மடத்தில் சேர்ந்து துறவியானார்; பதினைந்தாவது வயதில் இறுதி வார்த்தைபாட்டை எடுத்துக் கொண்டார். 

இறைவேண்டலுக்கும் ஒறுத்தல் முயற்சிகளுக்கும் மிகுந்த முக்கியத்துவம் கொடுத்து வந்த இவர், 1607 ஆம் ஆண்டு மேட்ரிட் என்ற இடத்திலிருந்த வேறொரு துறவுமடத்தில் போய்ச் சேர்ந்தார். பின்னர் செவிலி என்ற இடத்திற்குச் சென்று, கல்வி கற்று, குருவாக அருள்பொழிவு செய்யப்பட்டார்.

இதன்பிறகு இவர் நற்கருணை ஆண்டவர் முன்பாக மிகுதியான நேரத்தை செலவழித்தார்; திருப்பலி நிறைவேற்றும்போது மெய்ம்மறந்து நின்றார்.

இப்படி நற்கருணை ஆண்டவர்மீது மிகுதியான பற்றுக்கொண்டு வாழ்ந்த இவர், 1625 ஆம் ஆண்டு இறையடி சேர்ந்தார். இவருக்குத் திருத்தந்தை ஒன்பதாம் பயஸ் 1862 ஆம் ஆண்டு புனிதர் பட்டம் கொடுத்தார்.

Also known as

• Michael de Sanctis

• Michael of the Saints

• Michael the Ecstatic

Profile

Michael decided at age six that he wanted to be a monk, and imposed such austerities on himself as a child that he had to be restrained. Orphaned, he became the apprentice of a merchant. Tried to join the Trinitarian monastery in Barcelona, Spain at age 12. Took his vows at age 15 at the monastery of Saint Lambert at Zaragoza, Spain on 5 September 1607. Later felt drawn to the more austere Discalced Trinitarians; began his novitiate at Madrid, Spain, studied in Seville, Spain and Salamanca, Spain, and took vows at Alcalá, Spain. Priest. Twice elected superior of the monastery at Valladolid, Spain. Lived a life of prayer and great mortification; especially devoted to the Holy Eucharist, and is said to have been rapt in ecstasy several times during Consecration. He was considered by his brothers to be a saint in life.

Born

29 September 1591 at Vich, Catalonia, Spain

Died

10 April 1625 at Valladolid, Spain of natural causes

Canonized

8 June 1862 by Pope Pius IX

Blessed Mark Fantucci

Also known as

• Marcus Fantuzzi

• Marco Fantucci

• Marcus of Bologna

• Pace, Pasotto

Profile

Born wealthy and known as an excellent student. Lawyer. In his mid-20's he felt a call to religious life and gave up his career to enter the Franciscan in 1430, taking the name Marcus. Priests. Guardian of the monastery of Monte Colombo. Noted preacher in Italy, Istria, and Dalmatia. Provincial and then Vicar General of the Franciscans. A reformer who worked to take the Order back to the spirituality and observance of their roots. Worked with Saint Catherine of Bologna to set up a Poor Clare monastery in Bologna, Italy. When Pope Paul II said he wanted to elevate Marcus to Cardinal, he fled to Sicily to avoid it. Helped to set up the Monti di Pietà, charitable pawn shops to help the poor escape greedy money lenders. Helped defeat the plan of Pope Sixtus IV to unite all branches of the Franciscans.

Born

c.1405 at Bologna, Italy as Pace or Pasotto

Died

10 April 1479 at Piacenza, Italy of natural causes

Beatified

5 March 1868 by Pope Pius IX (cultus confirmed)

Saint Maddalena of Canossa

புனிதர் மகதலின் கனொஸ்ஸா 

அருட்கன்னி மற்றும் சபை நிறுவனர்:

ஏற்கும் சமயம்:

ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை

பிறப்பு: மார்ச் 2, 1774

வெரோனா, வெனிஸ் குடியரசு

இறப்பு: ஏப்ரல் 10, 1835

வெரோனா, லொம்பார்டி-வெனிஷியா அரசு, ஆஸ்திரிய பேரரசு

முக்திபேறு பட்டம்: டிசம்பர் 7, 1941 

திருத்தந்தை 12ம் பயஸ்

புனிதர் பட்டம்: அக்டோபர் 2, 1988 

திருத்தந்தை 2ம் ஜான் பால்

நினைவுத் திருநாள்: ஏப்ரல் 10

புனிதர் மகதலின் கனொஸ்ஸா ஒரு இத்தாலிய அருட்சகோதரியும், சபை நிறுவனரும் ஆவார். இவர் தமது பிராந்தியத்திலுள்ள ஏழை மக்களின் வழக்குரைஞராக பணியாற்றியவர் ஆவார்.

வெனிஸ் குடியரசிலுள்ள வெரோனா (Verona) எனும் இடத்தில் பிறந்த இவரது தந்தை பெயர் “மார்க்கிஸ் ஒக்டோவியோ டி கனோஸ்ஸா” (Marquis Ottavio di Canossa) ஆகும். இவரது தாயார் பெயர் “தெரேசா ஸ்லூஹா” (Teresa Szluha) ஆகும். இவர் பிறந்த மறுதினமே திருமுழுக்கு பெற்றார்.

மகதலின் ஐந்து வயதாக இருக்கும்போது அவரின் தந்தை ஒரு விபத்தில் இறந்துவிட்டார். இரண்டு வருடங்களின் பிறகு, இவரது தாய் மறுமணம் செய்துகொள்வதற்காக தமது ஐந்து குழந்தைகளையும் விட்டு பிரிந்து 'மான்ட்டுவா' (Mantua) எனும் இடத்திற்கு சென்றார். இதன் காரணமாக, குழந்தைகள் அனைவரும் அவர்களது மாமனது பாதுகாப்பில் வளர்ந்தனர்.

தாழ்ச்சியிலும், பக்தியிலும் சிறந்து விளங்கிய மகதலின் குழந்தையாக இருந்த போதே துறவியாக வேண்டுமென்று ஆசைப்பட்டார். 1791ம் ஆண்டு, மகதலின் தன் ஊரிலிருந்த கார்மேல் மடத்திற்கு சென்று அவ்வப்போது ஜெபித்து வந்தார். கார்மேல் மடத்திற்கு சென்று தஞ்சம் அடைந்தார். அங்கு மகதலின் கார்மேல் மட கன்னியர்களால் வளர்க்கப்பட்டார். மகதலின் கார்மேல் துறவியர் இல்லத்தில் தமது நேரத்தை செலவிட ஆரம்பித்தார். 

பள்ளிப்படிப்பை முடித்தபின், தம் பதினைந்தாம் வயதில் கார்மேல் மடத்தில் துறவற பயிற்சியில் சேர்ந்தார். எட்டு மாதங்கள் கழித்து, தன் சொந்த ஊரிலிருந்து, ட்ரேவிசோ (Treviso) என்ற ஊரிலிருந்த கார்மேல் மடத்திற்கு பயிற்சிக்காக அனுப்பிவைக்கப்பட்டார். ஆனால் அங்கிருந்து சில மாதங்களிலிலேயே விரைவில் வெரொனா திரும்பினார். பின்னர், தமது குடும்ப சொத்தான பெரும் தோட்டங்களை நிர்வகிக்க தொடங்கினார். 

வெரோனாவில் உள்ள ஏழைகள் மகதலின் கவனத்தை ஈர்த்தனர். அவர்கள் ஃபிரெஞ்ச் புரட்சி இராணுவ படையெடுப்பால் பாதிக்கப்பட்டிருந்தனர். இந்நிலை, மகதலினாவை அவர்களுக்காக சேவை செய்யும் மனதை தந்தது.

கி.பி. 1808ம் ஆண்டு, கைவிடப்பட்ட குழந்தைகளை தொடர்ந்து பராமரிக்க வேண்டி, உதவிக்காக ஜெனோவா மாவட்டத்திலிருந்த ஓர் அதிகாரியிடம் பேச்சுவார்த்தை நடத்தினார். இதன் பயனாக 1808ம் ஆண்டு, “கருணையின் மகள்கள்”, "ஏழைகளின் சேவகர்கள்" (Congregation of the Daughters of Charity, Servants of the Poor) என்ற சபையை நிறுவினார். 

பிறகு கி.பி. 1810 மற்றும் கி.பி. 1812ம் ஆண்டுகளில் வெனிஸ் நகரிலிருந்த தெருக் குழந்தைகளுக்கு, வெனிஸில் 2 சபையையும், கி.பி. 1816ம் ஆண்டு மிலானிலுள்ள பெர்கமோவிலும் (Bergamo) சபைகளை நிறுவினார்.

கி.பி. 1828ம் ஆண்டு திருத்தந்தை பன்னிரெண்டாம் லியோ அவர்களால், இச்சபை திருத்தந்தையின் அதிகாரத்திற்குட்பட்ட சபையாக அங்கீகரிக்கப்பட்டது. அதன்பிறகு இச்சபை இத்தாலி, இந்தியா, இந்தோனிசியா, ஆப்பிரிக்கா, தென் அமெரிக்கா என பல நாடுகளில் பரவியது.

மகதலின் கி.பி. 1835ம் ஆண்டு, ஏப்ரல் 10ம் நாள் வெரோனாவில் மரித்தார். 

கி.பி. 1941ம் ஆண்டு, திருத்தந்தை 12ம் பயஸ் அவர்களால் முக்திபேறு பட்டம் கொடுக்கப்பட்டது.

திருத்தந்தை 2ம் ஜான் பால் அவர்களால், கி.பி. 1988ம் ஆண்டு, அக்டோபர் மாதம் இரண்டாம் நாள், புனிதராக அருட்பொழிவு செய்விக்கப்பட்டார்.

Also known as

• Magdalena Gabriela Canossa

• Magdalen Canossa

Additional Memorial

8 May (Canossians)

Profile

One of five children born to a wealthy and famous family, her father died and mother abandoned them all to a governess when Maddalen was five years old. Nun, studying in the Carmel of Trent, Italy and then Conegliano, Italy. Developed a ministery to the poor in Verona, Italy based in the Canossa Castle of her family. Founder of the Canossian Daughters of Charity and the Canossian Sons of Charity with a mission of providing free education to poor children. By the end of the 20th century there were more than 2,600 Canossians working around the world.

Born

1 March 1774 in Verona, Italy

Died

10 April 1835 in Verona, Italy of natural causes

Canonized

2 October 1988 by Pope John Paul II

Saint Macarius of Antioch

Also known as

• Macarius of Ghent

• Macarius of Armenia

• Macaire, Macario

Profile

Bishop of Antioch, Pisidia. Archbishop of Constantinople. Captured by Saracens, but escaped. He then resigned his see to become a pilgrim through Palestine, Epirus, Dalmatia, Bavaria, and other western areas, finally settling with the Benedictine monks of Saint Bavo Abbey in Ghent, Belgium. Miracle worker.

Born

at Antioch, Pisidia

Died

1012 at monastery of Saint Bavo, Ghent, Belgium of the plague

Patronage

• against plague

• Andorra

• Ghent, Belgium

Representation

• bishop with three arrowheads

• with his mitre and crozier on the ground to symbolize his resignation of the bishopric

Saint Bademus

Also known as

Bademo, Vadim

Profile

Born to the wealthy Persian nobility, Bademus cared little for worldly things, and when he was old enough he founded and led a monastery in Bethlapeta, Persia. He and seven of his monks were imprisoned for their faith during the lengthy persecution by King Sapor. Chained and regularly beaten for four months, he was murdered by Nersan, an apostate Persian prince who hacked him to death to prove his renunciation of Christianity.

Died

• clumsily beheaded 10 April 376

• body thrown to the dogs but recovered and secretly buried by Christians

Blessed Paternus the Scot

Also known as

• Paternus Scotus

• Paternus of Abdinghof

• Paternus of Paderborn

• Padarn...

Profile

Hermit. Monk. Joined a group of brothers who emigrated to Westphalia (in modern Germany, and was one of the first monks at Abdinghof Abbey under the leadership of Blessed Meinwerk of Paderborn. Much admired by Saint Peter Damian and Blessed Marianus Scotus.

Born

Ireland or Scotland (the term "the Scot" was used to refer to both places at that time)

Died

burned to death when the Abdinghof Abbey, Westphalia, Germany caught fire in 1058

Saint Bede the Younger

Also known as

Beda

Profile

Courtier to King Charles the Bald of France. After 40 years of service, he gave up the worldly life to become a monk at the monastery of Gavello, Italy. He declined to become a bishop, citing his inadequacy.

Died

• 10 April 883

• buried in the monastery graveyard in Gavello, Italy

• relics translated to church of San Benigno monastery, Genoa, Italy in 1233 as the original monastery had declined

Blessed Eberwin of Helfenstein

Profile

Augustinian canon. In 1121 he and several companions took over the abandoned Benedictine monastery of Springiersbach in Steinfeld, Germany. In 1130 they joined the Premonstratensians, and Eberwin served as provost. Fought heretical teaching throughout the region. Friend of Saint Bernard of Clairvaux.

Died

10 April 1152 in Steinfeld, Germany

Blessed Antonio Vallesio

Profile

Mercedarian missionary to Tunisia. Arrested by Muslim authorities for preaching Christianity, sentenced to forced labour, but simply dragged outside of town and murdered. Martyr.

Born

Liguria, Italy

Died

stoned to death in 1293 outside Tunis, Tunisia

Blessed Marco Mattia

Profile

Joined the Mercedarians at the convent at Maleville, France. Missionary to Tunisia in 1293. Grabbed by a Muslim mob and murdered for preaching Christianity. Martyr.

Born

near Toulouse, France

Died

hacked to pieces on a hill outside Tunis, Tunisia in 1293

Saint Malchus of Waterford

Profile

Benedictine monk at Winchester, England. First bishop of Waterford, Ireland consecrated by Saint Anselm of Canterbury in 1096. Preceptor of Saint Malachy O'More.

Born

Ireland

Saint Ethor of Chertsey

Also known as

Hethor

Profile

Benedictine monk and priest at Chertsey Abbey. Martyred with 90 of his brothers by pagan Danish raiders.

Died

martyred in 869 at Chertsey, England

Saint Hedda of Peterborough

Profile

Benedictine abbot of Peterborough Abbey. Martyred with many of his brother monks by pagan Danish raiders.

Died

martyred in 869 at Peterborough, England

Saint Palladius of Auxerre

Also known as

Palladium

Profile

Abbot of Saint Germanus in Auxerre, France. Bishop of Auxerre; founded several monasteries.

Died

661

Saint Apollonius of Alexandria

Profile

Priest in Alexandria, Egypt. Martyred with five companions in the persecutions of Decius.

Died

c.250 in Alexandria, Egypt

Saint Beocca of Chertsey

Profile

Benedictine abbot at Chertsey Abbey. Martyred with 90 of his brothers by pagan Danish raiders.

Died

869 at Chertsey, England

Saint Gajan

Profile

Fourth century deacon. Martyr.

Died

martyred in Dacia (an area of modern Romania)

Martyrs of Carthage

Profile

A group of 50 Christians who were imprisoned in a pen of snakes and scorpions, and then martyred, all during the persecutions of Decius. Only six of their names have come down to us - Africanus, Alessandro, Massimo, Pompeius, Terence and Teodoro.

Died

beheaded in 250 at Carthage

Martyrs of Georgia

Profile

Approximately 6,000 Christian monks and lay people martyred in Georgia in 1616 for their faith by a Muslim army led by Shah Abbas I of Persia.

Martyrs of Ostia

Profile

A group of criminals who were brought to the faith by Pope Saint Alexander I while he was in prison with them. Martyrs.

Died

drowned by being taken off shore from Ostia, Italy, in a boat which was then scuttled, c.115

இன்றைய புனிதர்கள் ஏப்ரல் 09

 St. Materiana

Feastday: April 9

Patron: of Minster, Cornwall Tintagel, Cornwall Trawsfynydd, Wales

Birth: 440

Death: 6th century

A Welsh or Cornish widow. No details of her life are extant, but some Welsh churches bear her name.

Saint Materiana is a Welsh saint, patron of two churches in Cornwall and one in Wales. Alternative spellings are Madrun and Madryn. The name was corrupted to "Marcelliana" in medieval times. Another spelling of her name sometimes used is "Mertheriana" or "Merthiana", resembling the Welsh merthyr - "martyr".

Origin

Materiana is said to have been a princess of the 5th century, the eldest of three daughters of King Vortimer the Blessed, who, after her father's death, ruled over Gwent with her husband Prince Ynyr. She is said to be the "Madryn" in whose name (along with her handmaiden Anhun (Antonia)) the church at Trawsfynydd is dedicated, and Carn Fadryn/Fadrun is named. Matrona was a widespread Roman name, and there is no evidence of any purported connection with a pre-Christian goddess named Modron.

The Hymn to St Materiana in use at Tintagel calls her "Materiana, holy Mother" and prays her to "Over thy people still preside, over thy household, clothed in scarlet vesture of love and holy pride" and continues "Thy children rise and call thee blessed, gathered around thee at thy side." The 'Hymn to St Materiana' is not an ancient hymn, and of Anglican use.

Minster church

St Materiana depicted on the church banner at Minster, Cornwall

The rood screen of St Materiana's Church, Tintagel (on the left is the banner portraying St Materiana, designed by Sir Ninian Comper)

The mother church of Boscastle is Minster, dedicated to St Materiana, located in the valley of the River Valency half-a-mile east of Boscastle at grid reference SX 110 904. The original Forrabury / Minster boundary crossed the river so the harbour end of the village was in Forrabury and the upriver area in Minster. The churches were established some time earlier than the settlement at Boscastle (in Norman times when a castle was built there). The Celtic name of Minster was Talkarn but it was renamed Minster in Anglo-Saxon times because of a monastery on the site. Until the Reformation St Materiana's tomb was preserved in the church. Traditions of the saint were recorded by William Worcestre in 1478: he states that her tomb was venerated at Minster and that her feast day was 9 April.[1] The parish feast traditionally celebrated at Tintagel was 19 October, the feast day of St Denys, patron of the chapel at Trevena (the proper date is 9 October but the feast has moved forward due to the calendar reform of 1752).

Tintagel and Trawsfynydd churches

The first church at Tintagel was probably in the 6th century, founded as a daughter church of Minster: these are the only churches dedicated to the saint though she is usually identified with Madryn, Princess of Gwent, who has a church dedicated to her at Trawsfynydd in Gwynedd.[2]

St Materiana's Church, Tintagel was restored by architect James Piers St Aubynin 1870. The north doorway dates to around 1080.[3] There are two memorials which portray St Materiana: a statue in the chancel and a stained glass window in the nave.

The Cornish historian Charles Thomas proposed that the Norman church of Tintagel and its dedication to St Materiana were due to the munificence of William de Bottreaux, lord of Boscastle rather than the Earl of Cornwall

Saint Demetrius of Sermium

Also known as

• Demetrius the Great Martyr

• Demetrius the Megalomartyr

• Demetrius the Myrrh-Streamer

• Dimitri....

Additional Memorials

• 8 October (traditional on several older calendars)

• 26 October (Eastern Church)

• 8 November (Serbian Orthodox Church; Coptic Church)

Profile

Born to a wealthy, noble family and raised Christian. Well-educated, he became a professional public speaker and apologist; his explanations of Christianity brought many converts. Soldier. Deacon. Duke of Thessaly under emperor Maximian in 190. When he was found to be a Christian he was arrested and imprisoned in a bath-house during the persecutions of Diocletian. Martyr. His story was extremely popular in the Middle Ages. Reported to have appeared during a battle in 586, centuries after his death, to help defend Thessalonika. Over 200 churches in the Balkans are known to have been dedicated to him.

Born

3rd century in Thessalonia

Died

• run through with spears c.306 at Sirmium (in modern Serbia)

• relics originally housed at Sirmium and Thessalonika where they were reported to exude holy oil

• a bone relic reported to still be in a monastery on Mount Athos

Patronage

• against evil spirits

• Belgrade, Serbia

• Crusaders

• Salonica, Greece

• Thessaloniki, Greece

Blessed Antony of Pavoni

Additional Memorial

3 February (Dominicans)

Profile

Known as a pious, intelligent youth. A Dominican, he was a monk at age 15, priest at 25. Pope Urban V appointed him inquisitor-general to fight heresies in Lombardy and Genoa, Italy in 1360; he was one of the youngest men to hold that office. A complex and difficult job, it was also a near death-sentence as it put him in constant conflict with heretics. His apostolate lasted 14 years. Preacher. Elected prior in Savigliano, Italy in 1368; he built their new abbey without criticism of its luxury, a charge heretics were always anxious to bring against Catholic builders. Great friend of the poor.

Antony's preaching and his simple and unostentatious lifestyle so angered the heretics, who saw no character flaw they could use as a weapon, they decided that they must kill him. He was martyred on the Sunday after Easter; as he preached against heresy, seven heretics stabbed him.

Born

1326 at Savigliano, Italy

Died

• stabbed to death on Sunday 9 April 1374 at Bricherasio, Turin, Italy

• buried in the Dominican church at Savigliano, Italy which was a place of pilgrimage

• relics translated to the Dominican church in Racconigi, Italy in 1827

Beatified

4 December 1856 by Pope Pius IX

Patronage

lost articles

Prayers

God of all truth, to promote the unity of the faith you gave Blessed Anthony a dauntless courage. Help us to follow in his footsteps and so obtain the object of our faith, our eternal salvation. We ask this through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son, who lives and reigns with you and the Holy Spirit, one God, for ever and ever. - General Calendar of the Order of Preachers

Blessed Katarzyna Faron

Also known as

• Celestyna, Catherine, Celestine

• prisoner #27989

Additional Memorial

12 June as one of the 108 Martyrs of World War II

Profile

Orphaned at age five, Katarzyna was raised by childless relatives. Entered the Congregation of the Sisters Servants of Mary Immaculate in 1930, taking the name Celestyna and making pertual vows on 15 September 1938. Catechist and kindergarten teacher. During World War II she ran an orphanage, led a religious house, and continued to work as a catechist. Arrested by the Gestapo on 19 February 1942 at Brzozów, Poland, charged with conspiracy against the Nazi regime. Imprisoned in Jaslo, Poland, then Tarnów, Poland, and finally shipped to Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp where she was put to work digging ditches. Developed tuberculosis and typhoid, and her health finally collapsed completely. Martyr.

Born

24 April 1913 in Zabrzez, Malopolskie, Poland

Died

Easter morning, 9 April 1944 in Auschwitz concentration camp, Oswiecim, Malopolskie, Nazi-occupied Poland

Beatified

13 June 1999 by Pope John Paul II in Warsaw, Poland

Blessed Ubaldo Adimari

Also known as

Ubaldo da Borgo San Sepolcro

Profile

Born to the Florentine nobility, his relics indicate that he was a pretty tall individual. After a mis-spent youth, he became involved in the political and martial conflicts between the Guelphs and the Ghibellines, the Pope and the emperor of Germany. Soldier. He became a spiritual student of Saint Philip Benizi c.1280, had a conversion, and became a Servite friar. Priest, ordained c.1283. Assistant to Saint Philip, and was at his death bed. Prior of the Servite convent of Todi, Italy in 1285. Miracle worker; once, having broken the water jug he was using to carry water, he used the cloth of his habit as a bowel to bring water back to the convent for his brothers. Late in life he returned to the Servite convent on Monte Senario to spent his last days in prayer and penance.

Born

c.1245 in Florence, Italy

Died

• 9 April 1315 on Mount Senario, Tuscany, Italy of natural causes

• buried in the Servite church on Monte Senario near the graves of the Seven Holy Founders

Beatified

3 April 1821 by Pope Pius VII (cultus confirmation)

Saint Liborius of Le Mans

Also known as

Liboire, Liborio

Profile

Born to a noble family of Gaul. Priest. Bishop of Le Mans, France from 348. Friend of Saint Martin of Tours. Served his diocese for 45 years, building many churches. The translation of his relics from Le Mans to Paderborn, Germany led to a sister-city relation that has lasted for over 1,000 years.

Born

early 4th century Gaul (modern France)

Died

• 396 of natural causes

• some relics at Amelia, Umbria, Italy

• some relics transferred to Paderborn, Germany in 836

Patronage

• abdominal pains

• against calculi, gravel, kidney stones or gall stones

• against colic

• against fever

• archdiocese of Paderborn, Germany

• city of Paderborn, Germany

• Paderborn Cathedral

Representation

• bishop carrying small stones on a book

• bishop with a peacock

• peacock (legend days that when his relics were taken to Paderborn, the procession was led by a peacock)

• pebbles

Saint Waltrude of Mons

 புனிதர் வால்ட்ரூட் 

பிறப்பு: ---

இறப்பு: ஏப்ரல் 9, 688 

நினைவுத் திருநாள்: ஏப்ரல் 9

புனிதர் வால்ட்ரூட், "மான்ஸ்" (Mons) மற்றும் "பெல்ஜியம்" (Belgium) ஆகிய இடங்களின் பாதுகாவலர் ஆவார்.

மிகவும் அழகிய பெண்ணாக வளர்ந்த இவரை, பெரும் பணம் படைத்தவர்கள் திருமணம் செய்து கொள்ள விரும்பினார்கள். ஆனால், அவரது பெற்றோர்கள், அவரை, "ஹைனால்ட்" (Count of Hainault) நகரின் பிரபுவுக்கு மணமுடித்து வைத்தனர். இவர்களுக்கு நான்கு குழந்தைகள் பிறந்தன. பணி ஓய்வு பெற்ற வால்ட்ரூட்டின் கணவர் அங்கிருந்த ஒரு துறவு மடத்தில் தஞ்சமடைந்தார்.

கி.பி. 656ம் ஆண்டு, வால்ட்ரூட் தாமே ஒரு பெண் துறவியானார். அவர் தமது சொந்த பள்ளியை நிறுவினார். அதனைச் சுற்றிலும் "மோன்ஸ்" (Mons) நகரம் வளர்ச்சி காண தொடங்கியிருந்தது.

சிறைக் கைதிகளை விடுதலை செய்விப்பதில் அதிக ஆர்வம் காட்டினார். அவர்களை மீட்பதற்காக மீட்பு விலை கொடுக்க வேண்டியிருந்தது. வால்ட்ரூட், தம்மிடமிருந்த வெள்ளிப் பொருட்களை எடை போட்டு விற்றார். கைதிகள் யாவரும் மீட்பு விலை கொடுக்கப்பட்டு மீட்கப்பட்டனர். பின்னர் அவர்கள் அனைவரையும் அவர்களது சொந்த ஊர்களுக்கு அனுப்பி வைத்தார். இதுபோன்ற காரணங்களால் வால்ட்ரூட் சரித்திர ஆர்வலர்களால் கொண்டாடப்படுகின்றார்.

கி.பி. 688ம் ஆண்டு ஏப்ரல் 9ம் நாள், வால்ட்ரூட் பெல்ஜியத்திலுள்ள மோன்ஸ் (Mons) நகரில் இறந்தார். பெல்ஜியத்தில் புனித வால்ட்ரூட் மலையில் இவர் பெயரில் பேராலயமும், கல்லூரிகளும் உள்ளன. 

மோன்ஸ் (Mons) நகரில் இவர் பெயரில் அர்ப்பணிக்கப்பட்ட ஆலயம் ஒன்றுள்ளது. ஒவ்வோர் ஆண்டும் இந்த திருத்தலத்தில் இன்றுவரை புனித வால்ட்ரூட் திருவிழா சிறப்பாக கொண்டாடப்பட்டு வருகிறது.

Also known as

Valdetrudis, Vaudru, Vautrude, Waldeltrude, Waldetrude, Waldetrudis, Waltrudis, Waudru

Profile

Daughter of Saint Bertille and Saint Walbert of Hainault. Sister of Saint Aldegundis. Married to Saint Vincent Madelgaire, count of Hainault, a lord in King Dagobert's court. Mother of two sons and two daughters - including Saint Landericus of Soignies, Saint Madalberta and Saint Aldetrudis. She convinced her husband to become a monk, and he is now known as Saint Vincent Madelgaire. Spiritual student of Saint Guislain. Took the veil from Saint Aubert. Founded a religious community in Mons, Belgium, but lived as a member, not a leader. Target of much slander from the secular world.

Died

9 April 686 of natural causes

Patronage

• Hainault, Belgium

• Mons, Belgium

Blessed Thomas of Tolentino

Profile

Joined the Franciscans as a young man; he was noted by his brothers for his strict adherence to the Rule of the Order. Priest. Missionary in Armenia in 1289. Envoy from King Haython II of Armenia to the papal court. Missionary in Persia (modern Iran) in 1305. Missionary to Hindustan (part of modern India) in 1320, working with Blessed James of Padua, Blessed Peter of Siena, and Blessed Demetrius of Triflis. Martyr.

Born

c.1260 in Tolentino, Italy

Died

• beheaded in 1322 at Thana, Hindustan (in modern India)

• relics recovered by Blessed Odoric of Pordenone and returned to Tolentino, Italy in 1330

• relics later enshrined in the cathedral in Tolentino

Beatified

• 1809 by Pope Pius VII (cultus confirmation)

• 1894 by Pope Leo XIII (cultus confirmation)

Blessed Lindalva Justo de Oliveira

Also known as

Lindalwa

Profile

Born to a large family. Nun. Member of the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul in 1986. Began working at a homeless center in El Salvador on 29 January 1991. Murdered by a man who became obsessed with her and angered that she would not give up her religious life for him. Martyr.

Born

20 October 1953 in Sitio Malhada da Areia, Açu, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

Died

stabbed 44 times with a knife on 9 April 1993 in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil by Augusto da Silva Peixoto

Beatified

2 December 2007 by Pope Benedict XVI

Saint Madrun

Also known as

Madryn, Marcelliana, Materiana, Mertheriana, Merthiana, Modrun

Additional Memorial

9 June (Trawsfynydd, Wales)

Profile

Born a princess, the daughter of King Vortimer Fendigaid. Married to Prince Ynyr. Queen of Gwent. While on pilgrimage, she received a dream in which she was told to build a convent where she slept; the church there has survived to today. Mother of Saint Ceidio; she helped him evangelize the area around Minster in Cornwall. Widow.

Born

c.440

Patronage

Trawsfynydd, Wales

Representation

• crown

• widow's weeds

• queen in widow's weeds

• queen holding a convent and/or church

Saint Gaucherius

Also known as

Gauquerio, Gaucherio, Gaucher, Gautier, Gaultier, Walter

Profile

Hermit near Limousin, France, probably supporting himself as a wood cutter. Founder and abbot of the Augustinian canons regular monastery of Saint John at Aureil, Limousin. Friend and benefactor of Saint Stephen of Muret.

Born

1060 near Maulan, France

Died

9 April 1140 from injuries received in a fall in a riding accident near Limoges, France

Canonized

1194 by Pope Celestine III

Patronage

wood cutters

Saint Hugh of Rouen

Profile

Benedictine monk at Fontenelle Abbey. Primicerius of Metz, France. Bishop of Rouen, France in 722. Bishop of Paris, France. Abbot at Fontenelle. Abbot at Jumieges. He used these positions, several of which he held at once, to inspire and support piety and learning in his diocese, and among his monks. He eventually resigned all his offices and retired to Jumieges as a choir monk.

Died

730 at Jumieges Abbey, France of natural causes

Saint Acacius of Amida

Also known as

Acacio, Acathius

Profile

Bishop of Amida, Mesopotamia (modern Diyarbakir, Turkey). Noted for his work with, and charity to Persian prisoners of war. To pay their ransom, he melted down the altar pieces and sacred vessels of his church. This is impressed the Persian King Bahram V so much that he ended the persecution of Christians in his domain.

Died

c.421 of natural causes

Representation

• carrying sacred vessels

• with an open chest and bags of money

Saint Casilda of Toledo

புனிதர் கஸில்டா 

பிறப்பு: ---

இறப்பு: கி.பி. 1050

ஏற்கும் சமயம்:

ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை

கிழக்கு மரபுவழி திருச்சபை

நினைவுத் திருநாள்: ஏப்ரல் 9

புனிதர் கஸில்டா, ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்கம் மற்றும் கிழக்கு மரபுவழி திருச்சபைகளின் புனிதராக ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளப்பட்டவர் ஆவார்.

கஸில்டா, பத்தாம் நூற்றாண்டில், ஸ்பெயின் (Spain) நாட்டின் “டோலேடோ” (Toledo) மாகாணத்தின் இஸ்லாமிய மத தலைவர் ஒருவரது மகளாகப் பிறந்தவர் ஆவார்.

இயற்கையிலேயே இரக்க குணம் கொண்ட கஸில்டா, கிறிஸ்தவ கைதிகளின் மீது மிகுந்த இரக்கம் காட்டினார். தமது இஸ்லாமிய மதத்தின்மீது விசுவாசம் கொண்டிருந்த இவர், தினந்தோறும் கிறிஸ்தவ கைதிகளுக்கு ரொட்டிகளை மறைவாகக் கொண்டுவந்து கொடுப்பதை வழக்கமாகக் கொண்டிருந்தார். ஒருநாள் அவர் கிறிஸ்தவ கைதிகளுக்கு கொடுப்பதற்காக ரொட்டிகளை தமது ஆடையில் மறைத்து எடுத்துச் செல்கையில், எதிர்ப்பட்ட இஸ்லாமிய போர் வீரர்களால் சோதனையிடப்பட்டார். அவர்கள் அவரை சோதித்தபோது, அவரது ஆடையில் மறைவாக வைக்கப்பட்டிருந்த ரொட்டிகள் அழகிய ரோஜா மலர்களாக மாறினவாம்.

கஸில்டா தமது இளம் வயதில் நோய்வாய்ப்பட்டார். உள்ளூர் அரேபிய மருத்துவர்கள் அவரை குணப்படுத்துவார்கள் என்ற நம்பிக்கை அவரிடம் இல்லாதிருந்தது. அதனால், அவர் உள்ளூர் மருத்துவர்களின் சிகிச்சையை ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளவில்லை.

வடக்கு ஸ்பெயினிலுள்ள “ஸான் விகென்ஸோ” (San Vicenzo) திருத்தலத்திற்கு புனித பயணம் மேற்கொண்டால் தமது நோய்கள் தம்மை விட்டு விலகும், தாம் குணமடைவோம் என்று கஸில்டா நம்பினார். அவரைப் போலவே நோய்வாய்ப்பட்ட மக்கள் திருத்தல புனித பயணம் மேற்கொண்டிருந்தனர். அவர்களில் அநேகர் இரத்த ஒழுக்கு நோயினால் பாதிக்கப்பட்டவர்கள் ஆவர். கஸில்டா “ஸான் விகென்ஸோ” திருத்தலத்தின் புனித நீரை வேண்டி அருந்தினார். அவரை இந்த திருத்தலத்திற்கு இட்டுச் சென்ற சக்தி என்னவென்று இதுவரை யாருமறியார். ஆனால், வியக்கத்தக்க வகையில் அவர் குணமுற்றார்.

இதன் பிரதிபலனாக, கஸில்டா கிறிஸ்தவ மதத்தை மனமார ஏற்றார். “பர்கோஸ்” (Burgos) எனும் இடத்தில் இவர் திருமுழுக்கு பெற்றார். தனிமையிலும் தவ வாழ்வினை வாழ்ந்தார். இவர் சுமார் நூறு வருடங்கள் வாழ்ந்ததாக சொல்லப்படுகிறது. இவர் கி.பி. சுமார் 1050ம் வருடம் இறந்ததாக நம்பப்படுகிறது.

சரித்திரம் முழுதுமே, கிறிஸ்தவ மற்றும் இஸ்லாமியர்களுக்கிடையே ஒரு பதட்ட சூழ்நிலையே நிலவி வந்திருக்கிறது. சில வேளைகளில் அவை இரத்தக்களறியான போர்களாகவும் வெடித்திருக்கின்றன. கஸில்டா தமது அமைதியான, எளிய வாழ்க்கை மூலம் தம்மைப் படைத்த இறைவனுக்கு - முதலில் ஒரு விசுவாசத்திற்கும் - பின்னர் வேறொன்றுக்குமாக - சேவை செய்திருந்தார்.

Also known as

• Casilda of Briviesca

• Casilde of...

Profile

Born to Moorish parents. Convert to Christianity. Anchorite near Briviesca, Burgos, Spain.

Born

Toledo, Spain

Died

c.1050

Patronage

against sterility

Blessed Pierre Camino

Profile

Mercedarian friar. While sailing to north Africa on a mission for the Order to ransom Christians enslaved by Muslims, he was captured by Muslims, taken to Tunis, buried to the waist, and used for archery practice before finally being mutilated, blinded and murdered. Martyr.

Born

French

Died

beheaded in 1284 in Tunis, Tunisia

Saint Eupsychius of Cappadocia

Also known as

Eupsichio

Profile

Fourth century patrician in Cappadocia. During the persecutions of Julian the Apostate, Eupsychius was arrested, convicted, tortured and executed for being a Christian and for having destroyed the temple of the pagan god of fortune in Caesarea. Martyr.

Died

beheaded in 362 in Caesarea, Cappadocia

Saint Aedesius of Alexandria

Also known as

Edessa, Edesio

Profile

Brother of Saint Apphian of Caesarea. Publicly reproved a judge who had forced nuns to work in brothels in order to break them of their faith during the persecutions of emperor Maximinus. For this, he was imprisoned, tortured and executed. Martyr.

Died

drowned in 306 in Alexandria, Egypt

Saint Maximus of Alexandria

Profile

Priest in Alexandria, Egypt. When Saint Dionysius of Alexandria was exiled in 257, Maximus governed the patriarchate of Alexandria. Chosen bishop of Alexandria in 265. Studied at and supported the catechetical school in Alexandria.

Died

c.288 in Alexandria, Egypt of natural causes

Blessed James of Padua

Profile

Franciscan. Missionary. Martyred with Blessed Thomas of Tolentino, Blessed Peter of Siena, and Blessed Demetrius of Triflis while en route to evangelize Ceylon and China.

Born

Italian

Died

beheaded by Muslims in 1322 at Thama, Hindustan

Beatified

1894 by Pope Leo XIII (cultus confirmed)

Blessed Marguerite Rutan

Profile

Religious sister in the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul. Martyred in the French Revolution.

Born

23 April 1736 in Metz, Moselle, France

Died

9 April 1794 in Dax, Landes, France

Beatified

19 June 2011 by Pope Benedict XVI

Saint Hedda the Abbot

Also known as

Haeddi

Profile

Benedictine abbot. He and 84 of his brother monks were martyred by invading pagan Danes.

Died

869 in Croyland, England

Saint Marcellus of Die

Profile

Brother of Saint Petronius of Die. Bishop of Die, France. Much persecuted by Arians.

Born

Avignon, France

Died

474

Saint Heliodorus of Mesopotamia

Profile

Bishop in Mesopotamia. Martyred in the persecution of Shapur II.

Died

c.355

Saint Brogan

Also known as

Brocan

Profile

Mentioned in the Gorman Martyrology.

Saint Concessus the Martyr

Profile

Martyr.

Saint Dotto

Profile

Sixth century abbot of a monastery in the Orkney Islands, Scotland.

Saint Hilary the Martyr

Profile

Martyr.

Martyrs of Croyland

Profile

A group of Benedictine monks martyred by pagan Danes - Agamund, Askega, Egdred, Elfgete, Grimkeld, Sabinus, Swethin, Theodore and Ulric.

Died

Croyland Abbey, England

Martyrs of Masyla

Also known as

Massylitan Martyrs

Profile

Group of Christians martyred in Masyla in northwest Africa.

Martyrs of Pannonia

Profile

Seven virgin-martyrs in Sirmium, Pannonia (modern Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia).

Martyrs of Thorney Abbey

Profile

A group of Hermits, hermitesses, and monks who lived in or around Thorney Abbey who were martyred together during raids by pagan Danes. We know little more than the names of three - Tancred, Torthred and Tova.

Died

869 by raiders at Thorney Abbey, Cambridgeshire, England