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02 October 2020

✠ தூய காவல் தேவதூதர்களின் நினைவு ✠(Memorial of the Holy Guardian Angels). அக்டோபர் 2

† இன்றைய திருவிழா †
(அக்டோபர் 2)

✠ தூய காவல் தேவதூதர்களின் நினைவு ✠
(Memorial of the Holy Guardian Angels)

நினைவுத் திருவிழா: அக்டோபர் 2
தூய காவல் தேவதூதர்களின் நினைவுத் திருநாள் என்பது, கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபையினால் அனுசரிக்கப்படும் நினைவுத் திருநாட்களில் ஒன்றாகும். அக்டோபர் மாதம் 2ம் தேதி அனுசரிக்கப்படும் இந்நினைவுத் திருநாளானது, சில இடங்களில், “தெய்வீக வணக்கத்திற்கான சபையின்” (Congregation for Divine Worship) அனுமதியுடன் செப்டம்பர் மாதத்தின் முதல் ஞாயிறன்று அனுசரிக்கப்படுகின்றது. கத்தோலிக்கர்கள், கி.பி. 4ம் நூற்றாண்டின் ஆரம்பத்தில் பாதுகாவல் தேவதூதர்களை நினைத்து பலிபீடங்களை அமைத்தனர். மற்றும், காவல் தேவதூதர்களை கௌரவப்படுத்துவதற்கான உள்ளூர் கொண்டாட்டங்கள், கி.பி. 11ம் நூற்றாண்டிற்கு பின்னோக்கிச் செல்கின்றன. இந்நினைவுத் திருவிழாவானது, “ஆங்கிலிகன் சமூகத்திலுள்ள” (Anglican Communion) சில “ஆங்கிலோ-கத்தோலிக்கர்களாலும்” (Anglo-Catholics), தொடர்ந்து “ஆங்கிலிகன் இயக்கத்தின்” (Anglican movement) பெரும்பாலான சபைகளாலும் பின்பற்றப்படுகிறது.

தேவதூதர்களுக்கான பக்தி என்பது, யூத மதத்திலிருந்து கிறிஸ்தவ திருச்சபைகளுக்குப் பெறப்பட்ட ஒரு பண்டைய பாரம்பரியம் ஆகும். இந்நினைவுத் திருநாளானது, ஆரம்பத்தில் “ஃபிரான்சிஸ்கன் சபையினரால்” (Franciscan Order) கி.பி. 1500ம் ஆண்டில் அனுசரிக்கப்பட்டது. கி.பி. 1607ம் ஆண்டு “பொது ரோம நாள்காட்டியில்” திருத்தந்தை “ஐந்தாம் பவுல்” (Pope Paul V) அவர்களால் இந்நினைவுத் திருவிழா நிலை நிறுத்தப்படும்வரை, இன்ன பிற நினைவுத் திருவிழாக்கள் போலவே, இதுவும் உள்ளூர் கொண்டாட்டமாகவே இருந்தது. 1976ம் ஆண்டிலிருந்து இது நினைவுத் திருநாளாக கொண்டாடப்படுகிறது.

ஒரு தேவதூதர் தமது சிறு குழந்தைகளை உண்மையான, மற்றும் கற்பனையான ஆபத்துகளிலிருந்து காப்பாற்றுகிறார் என்பது கத்தோலிக்க பெற்றோரிகளின் பெரும் ஆறுதலளிக்கும் அம்சமாக அமைந்துள்ளது. பாதுகாவல் தேவதூதர் என்பவர், சிறு பிள்ளைகளுக்கானவர் மட்டுமல்லர்.

காவல் தேவதூதர்களின் முக்கிய பணிகளாவது, கடவுளுக்கு முன்பாக தாம் பாதுகாப்பவர்களை பிரதிநிதித்துவம் செய்வதுவும், எப்பொழுதும் அவர்களைக் கண்காணிப்பதுவும், அவர்களுக்கு அவர்களுடைய ஜெபத்திற்கு உதவுவதும், மற்றும் அவர்கள் மரித்தபோது அவர்களுடைய ஆன்மாவை கடவுளுக்கு முன்நிறுத்துவதுமாகும்.

ஒரு காவல் தேவதூதனின் எண்ணமானது, ஒவ்வொரு மனிதனையும் வழிநடத்துவதும், வளர்ப்பதுமாகும். இது கத்தோலிக்கக் கோட்பாடு மற்றும் புனித நூல்களை அடிப்படையாகக் கொண்ட பக்திவிருத்தியாகும். 

மத்தேயு 18:10-ல் இயேசுவின் வார்த்தைகள் இவ்விசுவாசத்தை ஆதரிக்கின்றன:
“இச்சிறியோருள் ஒருவரையும் நீங்கள் இழிவாகக் கருதவேண்டாம்; கவனமாயிருங்கள்! இவர்களுடைய வானதூதர்கள் என் விண்ணகத் தந்தையின் திருமுன் எப்பொழுதும் இருக்கின்றார்கள் என நான் உங்களுக்குச் சொல்லுகிறேன்.”

இது துறவற மரபுகளின் பிறப்புடன் வளரத் தொடங்கிய நினைவுத் திருநாளாகும். புனிதர் பெனடிக்ட் (Saint Benedict) அதை ஊக்கப்படுத்தினார். மற்றும் 12ம் நூற்றாண்டின் பெரிய சீர்திருத்தவாதியான “கிளைர்வாஸின் புனிதர் பெர்னார்ட்” (Saint Bernard of Clairvaux) தமது நாட்களில் தேவதூதர்களின் பக்தியை எடுத்துக் கொண்டதற்கான சிறந்த சொற்பொழிவாளர் ஆவார்.

விடுதலைப் பயண நூலிலிருந்து வாசகம் 23: 20-23ய
ஆண்டவர் கூறுவது: வழியில் உன்னைப் பாதுகாக்கவும், நான் ஏற்பாடு செய்துள்ள இடத்தில் உன்னைக் கொண்டு சேர்க்கவும், இதோ நான் உனக்கு முன் ஒரு தூதரை அனுப்புகிறேன். அவர்முன் எச்சரிக்கையாயிரு; அவர் சொற்கேட்டு நட; அவரை எதிர்ப்பவனாய் இராதே. உன் குற்றங்களை அவர் பொறுத்துக் கொள்ளார். ஏனெனில், என் பெயர் அவரில் உள்ளது. நீ அவர் சொல் கேட்டு நடந்தால், நான் சொல்வது யாவற்றையும் கேட்டுச் செயல்பட்டால், நான் உன் எதிரிகளுக்கு எதிரியும், உன் பகைவர்க்குப் பகைவனும் ஆவேன். ஏனெனில், என் தூதர் உனக்கு முன் செல்வார்.

மறையுரைச் சிந்தனை:
கடவுள் நம்பிக்கையுள்ள ஒருவர் காட்டுவழியாக பயணம் மேற்கொண்டார். அது ஓர் அடர்ந்த, கொடிய மிருகங்கள் வாழக்கூடிய காடு. அவர் தன் பயணத்தைத் தொடர்கையில் திடிரென்று இருள்சூழ்ந்து கொண்டது; மழைபெய்யும் அறிகுறிகள் வேறு தென்பட்டன. இடிமுழக்கத்துடன், காட்டுவிலங்குகளின் சத்தமும் ஒருசேர அவரை பீதிக்கு உள்ளாக்கியதால், அவருக்குள்ளே ஒருவிதமான பய உணர்வு ஏற்பட்டது. முடிவில் அவர் மயங்கி கீழே விழுந்தார்.

அவர் மீண்டும் கண்விழித்துப் பார்த்தபோது, அவர் செல்லவேண்டிய இடத்தை அடைந்திருந்தார். அவருக்கு ஆச்சரியம் தாங்கமுடியவில்லை. என்ன நிகழ்ந்தது என அவர் சிந்தித்த போது அவருக்கு ஒரு அசரீரி ஒலி கேட்டது.
”மகனே நீ உன் பயணத்தைத் தொடர்ந்தபோது, அதன் பாதுகாப்பை என்னிடம் ஒப்படைத்துச் செபித்தாய், அக்கணம் முதலே நான் உன்னைப் பின்தொடர்ந்து வந்தேன். நீ பயணித்த பாதையின் பாதச்சுவடுகளை உற்றுப்பார், உன்பின்னே மேலும் இரு பாதப்பதிவுகளைக் காணலாம். நான்காகத் தொடர்ந்த பாதச்சுவடுகள் நீ மயங்கிய இடத்திலிருந்து இரண்டாகக் குறைந்துள்ளதை காண்பாய். நீ நிலைகுலைந்து, மயங்கி, நிலத்தில் விழ நான் இடமளிக்கவில்லை. மாறாக, நான் உன்னை என் கரங்களில் தாங்கிக் கொண்டேன். அதன்பின் உன்னால் நடந்து உன் பயணத்தைத் தொடர முடியாததால், என் தோள்களில் உன்னைச் சுமந்துவந்தேன். அந்த இரண்டு பாதச்சுவடுகளும் உன்னுடையதல்ல, உன்னைச் சுமந்த என்னுடையதே. உனக்குத் தெரியாமலே நான் உன்னுடன் பயணித்தேன் என்றது” அந்த அசரீரி.

நீ செல்லும் இடமெல்லாம் உன்னைக் காக்கும்படி அவர் தம் தூதர்களுக்குக் கட்டளையிட்டுள்ளார் என்ற இறைவார்த்தையை (திபா 91:11) உறுதி செய்வதாக இருக்கிறது மேலே சொல்லப்பட்ட நிகழ்வு. ஆம், இறைத்தூதர்கள் நம்மை பாதுகாக்கக்கூடியவர்கள்; நமக்குத் துணையாய் இருப்பவர்கள், நம்மோடு வழிநடப்பவர்கள். அப்படிப்பட்ட சிறப்புகளுக்குச் சொந்தக்காரர்களான காவல் தூதர்களின் விழாவை இன்று நாம் கொண்டாடுகின்றோம்.

திருச்சபையின் தந்தையர் என அழைக்கப்படுகின்ற அகுஸ்தினார், அக்வினாஸ், எரேனியு போன்றவர்கள் ஒவ்வொருவருக்கும் ஒரு காவல் தூதர் இருக்கிறார் என்று சொல்வார்கள். ஆனால் விவிலியத்திலே அதற்கான ஆதாரம் கிடையாது. “இச்சிறியோருள் ஒருவரையும் நீங்கள் இழிவாகக் கருதவேண்டாம். கவனமாயிருங்கள்! இவர்களுடைய வானதூதர்கள் என் விண்ணகத் தந்தையின் திருமுன் எப்பொழுதும் இருக்கின்றார்கள் என நான் உங்களுக்குச் சொல்கிறேன்” (மத்தேயு 18:10) என்னும் இயேசுவின் வார்த்தைகள்தான் காவல்தூதர்கள் இருக்கிறார்கள் என்பதற்கான மையக் கருவாக இருக்கின்றது.

இந்த காவல்தூதர்கள் வழியாக இறைவன் நமக்கு உணர்த்தும் வாக்குறுதி 'உன்னை விட்டு விலகுவதுமில்லை, உன்னைக் கைவிடுவதுமில்லை' என்பதுதான். காவல் தூதர்கள் நம்மோடு இருக்கிறார்கள், நம்மை என்றும் வழிநடத்துகிறார்கள். மேலும் இவர்கள் கடவுளின் செல்லப்பிள்ளைகளைக் காப்பாற்றுபவர்களாகவும் (2 அரசர்கள் 6:13-17), தகவல்களை வெளிப்படுத்துபவர்களாகவும் (லூக் 1:11-20), வழிகாட்டுபவர்களாகவும் (மத் 1:20-21), பராமரிப்பவர்களாகவும் (1 அர 19:5-7), பணிவிடை செய்பவர்களாகவும் (எபி 1:14) வலம் வருகின்றனர். ஆதலால் இவ்வளவு பணிகளை நமக்காக செய்துவரும் காவல் தூதர்களை நினைத்து இறைவனுக்கு நன்றி செலுத்தவேண்டும்; அவருக்கு என்றும் பிரமாணிக்கமாய் இருக்கவேண்டும்.

சிறுவன் ஒருவன் விடுமுறைக்கு தன்னுடைய பாட்டியின் வீட்டிற்குச் சென்றிருந்தான். பாட்டியின் வீட்டில், ஒரு அறையில் கடவுளின் படம் ஒன்று மாட்டப்பட்டிருந்தது. அதற்கு கீழே, “கடவுள் உன்னை கவனித்துக் கொண்டிருக்கிறார் என்று எழுதியிருந்தது.

இது சிறுவனுக்கு மிகப்பெரிய மன உளைச்சலைத் தந்தது. “கடவுள் என்னைக் கவனித்துக் கொண்டிருக்கிறார் என்றால், என்னால் சேட்டைகள் செய்ய முடியாது, நான் ஒழுக்கமுடையவனாக அல்லவா வாழவேண்டும்” என்று தன்னுடைய பாட்டியிடம் முறையிட்டான் அவன். அதற்கு அவனுடைய பாட்டி, “கடவுள் உன்னைக் கவனித்துக் கொண்டிருக்கிறார் என்பதற்கு அது விளக்கமல்ல, மாறாக கடவுள் உன்னை சிறு நொடிப்பொழுதும் கைவிடாமல் பாதுகாத்து அன்பு செய்கிறார் என்பதே இதன் அர்த்தம்” என்று விளக்கமளித்தார்.

ஆம், காவல் தூதர்கள் நம்மோடு இருக்கிறார்கள் என்றால் கடவுள் எப்போதும் கண்காணித்துக்கொண்டே இருக்கிறார் என்று அர்த்தமல்ல, மாறாக அவர் நம்மை சிறுபொழுதும் பிரியாமல் பாதுகாத்து அன்பு செய்கிறார் என்பதே அர்த்தம்.

எனவே நம்மை காவல் தூதர்கள் வழியாக பராமரித்து வரும் இறைவனுக்கு நன்றி செலுத்துவோம். அத்தோடு காவல்தூதர்களின் உடனிருப்பை உணர்வோம்; இறைவழியில் நடந்து, இறையருள் பெறுவோம்.

† Feast of the Day †
(October 2)

✠ Memorial of the Holy Guardian Angels ✠

Observed by: Catholic Church

Feast Day: October 2

The Memorial of the Holy Guardian Angels is a memorial of the Catholic Church officially observed on 2 October. In some places, the feast is observed on the first Sunday in September with the permission of the Congregation for Divine Worship. Catholics set up altars in honour of guardian angels as early as the 4th Century, and local celebrations of a feast in honour of guardian angels go back to the 11th Century. The feast is also observed by some Anglo-Catholics within the Anglican Communion and most churches of the Continuing Anglican movement.

Devotion to the angels is an ancient tradition which the Christian Church inherited from Judaism. It began to develop with the birth of the monastic tradition. The feast was first kept by the Franciscan order in 1500. This feast, like many others, was local before it was placed in the General Roman Calendar in 1607 by Pope Paul V. The papal decree establishing the feast was cosigned by Robert Bellarmine, which has led some scholars to speculate that the feast was created under the influence of the Society of Jesus. It was originally ranked as a double, and is believed that the new feast was intended to be a kind of supplement to the Feast of St. Michael, since the Church honoured on that day (29 September) the memory of all the angels as well as the memory of St. Michael. Clement X elevated it to the rank of an obligatory double, and, finally, Leo XIII raised the feast to the rank of a double major. Since 1976, it has been ranked an obligatory memorial.

The Church has never formally declared that every individual has a protecting angel. However, a writer as far back as St Jerome said it was the “mind of the Church”. “How great the dignity of the soul, since each one has from birth an angel commissioned to guard it,” he wrote in his commentary on the gospel of Matthew.

Belief in guardian angels was common among many cultures in ancient times. Examples can be given from Menander, Plutarch, Plotinus as well as from the Babylonians and Assyrians. In fact, it was their belief which was taken up by the Jews following their periods of conquest and exile.

In the Old Testament, the evidence of protecting angels is frequent. Some examples: an angel led Lot to safety before the destruction of Sodom; during the Exodus, an angel is appointed as leader of the Israelites and God tells Moses, “My angel will go before you” (today’s First Reading). There is the lovely story of the angel (Raphael) who took protective care of Tobias as he went in search of a bride and for the medicine to heal his blind father (Book of Tobit).

In Psalm 90:11 we read: “For to his angels he has given command about you, that they guard you in all your ways.” (Ironically, words used by Satan tempting Jesus to jump from the top of the Temple.) In the Book of Daniel (chap. 10) angels are entrusted to take care of particular districts. It is clear the Old Testament understood God’s angels as messengers carrying out his will, including the protection of people.

In the New Testament angels are frequently the links between God and his people. So we have Jesus say: “See that you do not despise one of these little ones, for I say to you that their angels in heaven always look upon the face of my heavenly Father” (Matthew 18:10). There is the angel who consoled Jesus during his Agony in the Garden; it was an angel who delivered Peter from prison (Acts12:6-10). And in the Letter to the Hebrews, we read: “Are they not all ministering spirits sent to serve, for the sake of those who are to inherit salvation?” (Heb 1:14)

As children, many of us remember the prayer we were taught to say every night before sleep:

Angel of God, my guardian dear
to whom God’s love commits me here.
Ever this day/night be at my side
to light, to guard, to rule and guide.
Amen!

Comments:
Your Guardian Angel is your companion and your friend. He is given to you at the first moment of existence and stays with you to the end. He inspires you with good and holy thoughts. He protects you from many dangers and accidents and assists you in a thousand ways throughout your life. The Angels are most desirous to be our friends and they love us with all the intensity of their angelic natures. "He hath given His Angels charge over thee: to keep thee in all thy ways. In their hands, they shall bear thee up lest thou dash thy foot against a stone" (Psalm 91). 

The Angels are pure spirits, mighty Princes of Heaven who stand before God. They are burning fires of love, filled with the plenitude of happiness. No two Angels are alike and there are too many to be numbered. All of them are indescribably beautiful. "Thousands and thousands ministered to Him and ten thousand times a hundred thousand stood before him" (Dan 7:10). 

St. Frances of Rome saw her own Angel. She said the splendour of her Angel dimmed the light of the sun and moon and stars in comparison. Often she could read her prayers by the light of her Angel. When the Angel rolled back the stone from the holy sepulchre, Sacred Scripture says that the countenance of the Angel was like lightning and his clothing white as snow. His appearance was so full of majesty that the soldiers at the tomb were terrified and could not look at him. "For an Angel of the Lord descended from Heaven, and coming, rolled back the stone, and sat upon it. And his countenance was as lightning and his raiment as snow" (Matt 28: 2,3).

Angelic intelligence is immeasurably superior to our own. We plod from truth to truth, studying, steadily investigating in order to understand a topic, but they understand the entire subject at a single glance. In that same glance, they immediately see all the nuances and consequences of a particular action. It is easy to see how important their assistance would be for us, who need help in making decisions each day of our lives. 

There are angels in Heaven and also on earth, each with different jobs to do. Nations, cities, families, towns - all have their special Angels. St Thomas Aquinas teaches us that there are Angels that guide the stars, the moon, the sun, and the planets, keeping everything in harmony according to God's plan. Scripture tells us of the Angels that perform duties that some attribute to chance.

It was an Angel that gave its medicinal quality to the pool at Bethesda; an Angel generated the fires on Mount Sinai; the thunder and lightning were the work of Angels, and in the Apocalypse, we read of the Angels restraining the winds. Thus, we learn that the course of nature, so marvellous and at times so fearful, is moved by these unseen beings.

Angels act as messengers as in the Annunciation when the Archangel Gabriel came to Mary, or as protectors as when Archangel Raphael helped to guide young Tobias on a dangerous journey, or as avengers as when God sent an Angel who killed 70,000 Egyptians in one night as a punishment for the Pharaoh not releasing the Hebrews from slavery. 

They are also powerful protectors against the tricks of the devil. They will fight by your side and inspire you on how to resist the temptations of the devil. "Be sober and watch: because of your adversary the devil, as a roaring lion, goeth about, seeking whom he may devour" (1 Pet 5: 8). The Angels protect us from falling into temptations and avert natural disasters from befalling us – often the person never even realizes the tragedy he narrowly missed. 

It is interesting to note that at the time of the Renaissance, Angels began to be portrayed as fat, sweet babies with wings. This artistic style continues to our day. It is a shame for such militant warriors to be reduced to these weak, infantile representations. In the mind of the viewer, the role of the Angel as protector and avenger fades away, replaced by a different idea. It is a subtle way of gradually changing the notion of the principle that life is a war between good and evil with the agents of each side fighting to win the souls of men. There is no spirit of fight in the fat baby angels – in fact, they are so smiling and happy that it appears nothing is amiss in their world.

And yet, there are many incidences in the lives of the Saints that show the militant, protective mission of the Angels toward men. St John Bosco, for example, was a man who fought vigorously against the Waldensian heresy. Many of the heretics hated him for his unrelenting fight and tried to kill him many times. During this dangerous period of his life, a large grey dog appeared and would accompany him as he walked the streets of the city, fighting off any attackers. When the danger passed, the dog disappeared. In his writings, Don Bosco called this dog Grigio [Grey], and he believed that it was an angelic intervention protecting him so many times over a period of 30 years. 

Angels also reflect God's goodness, kindness, and generosity. He gave us these Angels to "level out the playing field." A man by himself is no match for the wily Devil, a fallen angel that still retains all his intellectual prowess and powers. Without some kind of supernatural help, we would be certain to make many mistakes, some irreparable. 

God in His goodness gave us Angels. Knowing this, wouldn't it be foolish to ignore our Guardian Angels and not ask often for their help? 

"Ask us and we will give you a share of all our treasures, all our graces, all our happiness," they seem to say. The only thing standing between us and these benefits is our forgetfulness of these wonderful beings.
~ Christine Fitzgerald

01 October 2020

St. Abreha and Atzbeha (Aizan and Sazana) October 1

 St. Abreha and Atzbeha (Aizan and Sazana)


Feastday: October 1



We are Christian kings of Abyssinia (the first, after Queen Candace).


We helped protect Frumentius (Aba Salamah), from Emperor Constantius

St. Aizan and Sazana (Abreha and Atzbeha) October 1

 St. Aizan and Sazana (Abreha and Atzbeha)


Feastday: October 1


We are Christian kings of Abyssinia (the first, after Queen Candace). We helped protect Frumentius (Aba Salamah), from Emperor Constantius. 1 Oct. Ethiopian Coptic Calendar.

St. Aretas and Companions October 1

 St. Aretas and Companions


Feastday: October 1

Death: unknown



 St. Benedict Home Blessing Door Hanger  BOGO 50% OFF

Martyrs, numbering 505, who suffered in Rome. They were listed in early martyrologies and were numbered by Usuardus.

St. Bavo October 1

 St. Bavo


Feastday: October 1

Patron: of Ghent; Haarlem; Lauwe

Birth: 622

Death: 659




Image of St. Bavo

This famous hermit, also called Allowin, was a nobleman, and native of that part of Brabant called Hesbaye. After having led a very irregular life he was left a widower, and was moved to conversion to God by a sermon which he heard St. Amand preach at Ghent. Going home he distributed all his money among the poor, and went to the monastery at Ghent that was afterwards called by his name. Here Bavo received the tonsure at the hand of St. Amand and was animated to advance daily in the fervor of his penance and the practice of virtue. St. Bavo seemed to have accompanied St. Amand on his missionary journeys in France and Flanders, setting an example by the humiliation of his heart, the mortification of his will, and the rigor of his austerities. St. Amand after some time gave him leave to lead an eremitical life, and he is said first to have chosen for his abode a hollow trunk of a large tree, but afterward, built himself a cell at Mendonck, where vegetables and water were his chief subsistance. St. Bavo is said on one occasion to have done penance for selling a man into serfdom by making the man lead him by a chain to the common lockup. Bavo at length returned to the monastery at Ghent, where St. Amand had appointed St. Floribert Abbot; and with his approval Bavo built himself a new cell in a neighboring wood, where he lived a recluse until the end of his life. St. Amand and St. Floribert attended him on his death bed and his peaceful passage made a deep impression on all who were present. As in the  diocese of Ghent so that in Haarlem in Holland, St. Bavo is titular of the Cathedral and patron of the diocese. His feast day is October 1.

Bl. Caspar Fisogiro October 1

 Bl. Caspar Fisogiro


Feastday: October 1

Death: 1617


Martyr of Japan. A convert, he became a member of the Confraternity of the Holy Rosary. Arrested for befriending Blessed Alphonse Navarrete, O.P., Caspar was put to death at Nagasaki. He was beatified in 1867.


St. Dodo October 1

 St. Dodo


Feastday: October 1

Death: 750


Benedictine abbot trained by St. Ursmar. A monk at Lobbes, Belgium, he became abbot of Wallers-en-Faigne, France.

Bl. Edward James October 1

 Bl. Edward James


Feastday: October 1

Death: 1588


English martyr. He was born near Breaston, and studied at Oxford, England. Converting to the faith, Edward studied at Reims, France, and Rome, and was ordained in 1583. Returning as a missionary to England, he was arrested and martyred at Chichester. He was beatified in 1929.


St. Fidharleus October 1

 St. Fidharleus


Feastday: October 1

Death: 762




Irish abbot who restored Rathin Abbey, Iredland.

Bl. John Robinson October 1

 Bl. John Robinson


Feastday: October 1

Death: 1588


Martyr of England. He was from Ferrensby, Yorkshire, and a widower who went to Reims for ordination. Ordained in 1585, John went back to England and was executed at Ipswich, receiving beatification in 1929.

St. Melorius October 1

 St. Melorius


Feastday: October 1

Death: unknown


Prince of Cornwall, England, who was murdered as a child. Also listed as Mylor, Melar, and Melorus, he was the victim of an uncle's ambitions. He was venerated in Amesbury, England, in Brittany, and in Cornwall. The tale has several versions, most dating to the Middle Ages.

St. Nicetius of Trier October 1

 St. Nicetius of Trier


Feastday: October 1

Birth: 513

Death: 566


Nicetius, of Auvergne, France, had been serving as abbot of a monastery in Limoges when he was nominated by the Frankish King Theodoric I to become bishop of Trier, Germany. While journeying to Trier to be consecrated, Nicetius did not hesitate to condemn the royal officials accompanying him when one evening these men released their horses into the wheat fields of the local peasants, ruining their crops. In response to Nicetius' threat to excommunicate the perpetrators, the officers laughed at him, but he continued: "The king has drawn me, a poor abbot, from my quiet cloister, to set me over this people, and by God's grace I will do my duty by them and protect them from wrong and robbery." Nicetius then went after the horses himself to drive them out of the peasants' fields. As bishop of Trier, Nicetius manifested great apostolic courage in excommunicating those who entered into incestuous marriages and in denouncing from the pulpit public officials guilty of grave evils. For a time he suffered banishment for condemning the crimes of King Clotaire I.

For other uses, see Nicetius (disambiguation).

Saint Nicetius (French: Saint Nizier) (c.525 - c.566) was a bishop of Trier, born in the latter part of the fifth century, exact date unknown; died in 563 or more probably 566.[2]


Nicetius was the most important bishop of the ancient see of Trier, in the era when, after the disorders of the Migrations, Frankish supremacy began in what had been Roman Gaul. Considerable detail of the life of this zealous bishop is known from various sources, from letters written either by or to him, from two poems of Venantius Fortunatus and above all from the statements of his pupil Aredius, later Abbot of Limoges, which have been preserved by Gregory of Tours.[3]



Life

Pastoral work

Nicetius came from a Gallo-Roman family; he was a native of Aquitaine.[4] From his youth he devoted himself to religious life and entered a monastery. Theuderic I (511-34) had encouraged clerics from Acquitaine to work in the Rhineland. The king came to esteem Nicetius despite his often remonstrating with him on his wrongdoing without, however, any loss of favour. After the death of Bishop Aprunculus of Trier, an embassy of the clergy and citizens of Trier came to the royal court to elect a new bishop. They desired Saint Gallus, but the king refused his consent. It was through Theuderic's patronage that Nicetius was confirmed as bishop. About 527 Nicetius set out as the new bishop for Trier, accompanied by an escort sent by the king, and while on the journey had opportunity to make known his firmness in the administration of his office.[3]


Trier had suffered terribly during the disorders of the Migrations. One of the first cares of the new bishop was to rebuild the cathedral church, the restoration of which is mentioned by the poet Venantius Fortunatus. He imported Italian craftmen to work on churches. Archæological research has shown, in the cathedral of Trier, the existence of mason-work belonging to the Frankish period which may belong to this reconstruction by Nicetius. A fortified castle (castellum) with a chapel built by him on the river Moselle is also mentioned by the same poet. Bishop Nicetius replanted vineyards on the slopes above the Moselle, to restore the area's wine business.[4]


The bishop devoted himself with great zeal to his pastoral duty. He preached daily, opposed vigorously the numerous evils in the moral life both of the higher classes and of the common people, and in so doing did not spare the king and his courtiers. Disregarding threats, he steadfastly fulfilled his duty. He excommunicated King Chlothar I (511-61), who for some time was sole ruler of the Frankish dominions, on account of his misdeeds; in return the king exiled the determined bishop in 560. The king died, however, in the following year, and his son and successor Sigebert I, the ruler of Austrasia (561-75), allowed Nicetius to return home. Nicetius took part in several synods of the Frankish bishops: the synod of Clermont (535), of Orléans (549), the second synod of Council of Clermont (549), the synod of Toul (550), at which he presided, and the synod of Paris (555).[3]


Correspondence and personal life

Nicetius corresponded with ecclesiastical dignitaries of high rank in distant places. Letters are extant that were written to him by Abbot Florianus of Romain-Moûtier (Canton of Vaud, Switzerland), by Bishop Rufus of Octodurum (now Martigny, in the Canton of Valais, Switzerland), and by Archbishop Mappinius of Reims.


The general interests of the Church did not escape his watchful care. He wrote an urgent letter to Emperor Justinian of Constantinople in regard to the emperor's position in the controversies arising from Monophysitism. Another letter that has been preserved is to Chlothsind, wife of the Lombard King Alboin, in which he exhorts this princess to do everything possible to bring her husband over to the Catholic faith.


In his personal life Nicetius was very ascetic and self-mortifying; he fasted frequently, and while the priests and clerics who lived with him were at their evening meal he would go, concealed by a hooded cloak, to pray in the churches of the city. He founded a school of his own for the training of the clergy. The best known of his pupils is the later Abbot of Limoges, Aredius, who was the authority of Gregory of Tours for the latter's biographical account of Nicetius. Gregory of Tours, wrote the oldest Nicetius Vita, and praised the fearless advocacy of the Bishop.


Veneration

Nicetius was buried in the church of St. Maximin at Trier. In the diocese of Trier, he is revered as a saint. His feast day is celebrated at Trier on 1 October; in the Roman Martyrology his name is placed under 5 December.[5][6][7]

St. Nicetius October 1

 St. Nicetius


Feastday: October 1

Birth: 513

Death: 566


Also Nicetius of Trier, bishop of Trier, Germany. Born at Auvergne, he entered the monastic life, probably at Limoges, and became an abbot. Ordained in 532, he was the last Gallo Roman namedbi shop of Trier, his elevation coming through the influence of the Ostrogothic King Theodoric I. Nicetius endured the oppression of several Frankish kings and was exiled by King Clotaire after the bishop excommunicated the ruler. Recalled after Clotaire's death, he labored to improve ecclesiastical discipline and condemned all forms of vice and corruption. He also restored the city cathedral and founded a school for clerics.


For other uses, see Nicetius (disambiguation).

Saint Nicetius (French: Saint Nizier) (c.525 - c.566) was a bishop of Trier, born in the latter part of the fifth century, exact date unknown; died in 563 or more probably 566.[2]


Nicetius was the most important bishop of the ancient see of Trier, in the era when, after the disorders of the Migrations, Frankish supremacy began in what had been Roman Gaul. Considerable detail of the life of this zealous bishop is known from various sources, from letters written either by or to him, from two poems of Venantius Fortunatus and above all from the statements of his pupil Aredius, later Abbot of Limoges, which have been preserved by Gregory of Tours.[3]



Pastoral work

Nicetius came from a Gallo-Roman family; he was a native of Aquitaine.[4] From his youth he devoted himself to religious life and entered a monastery. Theuderic I (511-34) had encouraged clerics from Acquitaine to work in the Rhineland. The king came to esteem Nicetius despite his often remonstrating with him on his wrongdoing without, however, any loss of favour. After the death of Bishop Aprunculus of Trier, an embassy of the clergy and citizens of Trier came to the royal court to elect a new bishop. They desired Saint Gallus, but the king refused his consent. It was through Theuderic's patronage that Nicetius was confirmed as bishop. About 527 Nicetius set out as the new bishop for Trier, accompanied by an escort sent by the king, and while on the journey had opportunity to make known his firmness in the administration of his office.[3]


Trier had suffered terribly during the disorders of the Migrations. One of the first cares of the new bishop was to rebuild the cathedral church, the restoration of which is mentioned by the poet Venantius Fortunatus. He imported Italian craftmen to work on churches. Archæological research has shown, in the cathedral of Trier, the existence of mason-work belonging to the Frankish period which may belong to this reconstruction by Nicetius. A fortified castle (castellum) with a chapel built by him on the river Moselle is also mentioned by the same poet. Bishop Nicetius replanted vineyards on the slopes above the Moselle, to restore the area's wine business.[4]


The bishop devoted himself with great zeal to his pastoral duty. He preached daily, opposed vigorously the numerous evils in the moral life both of the higher classes and of the common people, and in so doing did not spare the king and his courtiers. Disregarding threats, he steadfastly fulfilled his duty. He excommunicated King Chlothar I (511-61), who for some time was sole ruler of the Frankish dominions, on account of his misdeeds; in return the king exiled the determined bishop in 560. The king died, however, in the following year, and his son and successor Sigebert I, the ruler of Austrasia (561-75), allowed Nicetius to return home. Nicetius took part in several synods of the Frankish bishops: the synod of Clermont (535), of Orléans (549), the second synod of Council of Clermont (549), the synod of Toul (550), at which he presided, and the synod of Paris (555).[3]


Correspondence and personal life

Nicetius corresponded with ecclesiastical dignitaries of high rank in distant places. Letters are extant that were written to him by Abbot Florianus of Romain-Moûtier (Canton of Vaud, Switzerland), by Bishop Rufus of Octodurum (now Martigny, in the Canton of Valais, Switzerland), and by Archbishop Mappinius of Reims.


The general interests of the Church did not escape his watchful care. He wrote an urgent letter to Emperor Justinian of Constantinople in regard to the emperor's position in the controversies arising from Monophysitism. Another letter that has been preserved is to Chlothsind, wife of the Lombard King Alboin, in which he exhorts this princess to do everything possible to bring her husband over to the Catholic faith.


In his personal life Nicetius was very ascetic and self-mortifying; he fasted frequently, and while the priests and clerics who lived with him were at their evening meal he would go, concealed by a hooded cloak, to pray in the churches of the city. He founded a school of his own for the training of the clergy. The best known of his pupils is the later Abbot of Limoges, Aredius, who was the authority of Gregory of Tours for the latter's biographical account of Nicetius. Gregory of Tours, wrote the oldest Nicetius Vita, and praised the fearless advocacy of the Bishop.


Veneration

Nicetius was buried in the church of St. Maximin at Trier. In the diocese of Trier, he is revered as a saint. His feast day is celebrated at Trier on 1 October; in the Roman Martyrology his name is placed under 5 December.[5][6][7]


The genuineness of two treatises ascribed to him is doubtful: "De Vigiliis servorum Dei" and "De Psalmodiæ Bono

St. Piaton October 1

 St. Piaton


Feastday: October 1

Death: 286



Image of St. Piaton

Martyr, also called Piat, supposedly responsible for evangelizing the regions of Gaul, in modem Tours, and Chartres. He was martyred at Toumai by Roman officials.


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St. Ralph Crockett October 1

 St. Ralph Crockett

Feastday: October 1

Death: 1588


English martyr. Born at Barton on the Hill, in Cheshire, he was edu­cated at Christ's College, Cambridge, and Gloucester Hall, Oxford, and became a schoolmaster in Norfolk and Suffolk. Departing England, he went to Reims, France, and there studied for the priesthood, receiving ordination in 1586 . Returning home to undertake the hazardous work of reconverting the island, he was arrested with Blessed Edward James and was imprisoned for two and a half years in London before being taken to Chichester. Ralph was martyred at Chichester by being hanged, drawn, and quartered. He was beatified in 1929.  


Blessed Ralph Crockett (b. at Barton, near Farndon, Cheshire 1522; executed at Chichester, 1 October 1588) was an English Roman Catholic priest. He is a Catholic martyr, beatified in 1929.


Life

Educated at Christ's College, Cambridge,[1] he became a schoolmaster in Norfolk for a year before going to Gloucester Hall, Oxford. After a year, he went to Ipswich, where he was a schoolmaster for five years. In 1581, persecutions increased after the death of Edmund Campion, so he withdrew to Cheshire for about two years.[2]


In 1584, he left for France, and began studies at the English College then located at Rheims. He was ordained at Rheims in 1585, and continued his studies for a year, but his health being compromised, he asked to return to England. He and three other priests, Thomas Bramston, George Potter, and Edward James, left from Dieppe, but the ship ran ashore 19 April 1586 at Littlehampton, Sussex, a place aas carefully watched as any in the kingdom.[2] All were sent up to London and committed to the Marshalsea 27 April 1586.[3]


After the failure of the Spanish Armada, the English Government took severe measures against some of the Catholic priests in its custody. Crockett and James with two others, John Oven and Francis Edwardes, were selected for trial, which took place at Chichester on 30 September 1588. All were condemned to death, under 27 Eliz. c. 2, for being priests and coming into the realm; but Oven on taking the Oath of Supremacy was respited. The other three were drawn on one hurdle to Broyle Heath, near Chichester, where Edwardes recanted. Crockett ascended the scaffold and blessed the crowd in Latin which brought shouts of anger upon him, however he changed into praying in English whereupon the crowd cheered. James and Crockett faced their deaths without fear and were executed after absolving each other.


Blessed Ralph Crockett's father Adam, in his later years entered the Church on the Continent and his descendants remained recusant continued to practise their Catholic Faith in the face of continued persecution. In 1929 Ralph Crockett was beatified by Pope Pius XI. His feast day is 1 October.