இன்றைய புனிதர்கள் மார்ச் 28

Saint Joseph Sebastian Pelczar

Also known as

Jozef Sebastian Pelczar

Profile

Raised in a pious family. Studied in Rzeszów, and entered the seminary at Przemysl in 1860. Ordained on 17 July 1864. Parish priest at Sambor.

Transferred to Rome in 1866, he studied at the Collegium Romanum (Gregorian University) and the Institute of Saint Apollinaris (Lateran University). Doctor of theology and a canon lawyer. Professor at the seminary at Przemysl from 1869 to 1877, and at the University of Krakow from 1877 to 1899, he was known as a great educator who was always available to students. Dean of the Theology Department. Rector of the University of Krakow from 1882 to 1883.

All the while he was teaching Joseph was still involved at the parish level. He worked with the Saint Vincent de Paul Society and was president of the Society for the Education of the People for 16 years. He started hundreds of libraries, delivered free lectures, published over a thousand books, wrote several books of history, theology and canon law himself, and started a school for servants. He founded the Fraternity of Our Lady, Queen of the Polish Crown in 1891; the Fraternity cared for the poor, orphans, apprentices, servants, the sick and unemployed. With Blessed Klara Szczesna, he co-founded the Sister Servants of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus on 15 April 1894 in Krakow to work with the sick and young women, and to spread devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus.

Bishop of Przemysl in 1900 until his death in 1924. He made frequent visits to the parishes, supported the religious orders, conducted three synods, and worked for the education and religious formation of his priests. He encouraged devotion to the Blessed Sacrament, Eucharistic devotions, the Sacred Heart of Jesus, and the Virgin Mary. He built and restored churches, built nurseries, kitchens, homeless shelters, schools for the poor, and gave tuition assistance to poor seminarians. He worked for the implentation of the social doctrine described in the writings of Pope Leo XIII. He left behind a large body of work including books, pastoral letters, sermons, addresses, prayers and other writings.

Born

17 January 1842 at Korczyn bei Krosno, Poland

Died

• 28 March 1924 at Przemysl, Poland
• relics in Przemysl Cathedral

Canonized

18 May 2003 by Pope John Paul II at the Vatican Basilica

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Saint Stephen Harding

Also known as

• Esteban Harding
• Etienne Harding
• Stefano Harding
• Stevan Harding

Profile

Born to the English nobility. After a somewhat mis-spent youth, he was drawn to religious life and entered the Benedictine Sherborne Abbey. Following the Norman conquest of England in 1066, Stephen left the monastic life, moved to Scotland and then to Paris, France to study. Pilgrim to Rome, Italy, seeking forgiveness for having abandoned monasticism. Monk at Molesme Abbey. With Saint Robert of Molesme, he helped begin the Cistercian reform by helping found Citeaux Abbey in 1098. Chosen abbot of the house in 1109, he came in with a reformer's zeal and administrative skill. Accepted Saint Bernard of Clairvaux into the Order with all the reform and expansion that he and his brothers brought with them. Helped found a dozen other Cistercian houses. amd gave the statutes that started the Cistician nuns. Worked for a reform to simplify all things including liturgical rites, church decor, monastic dress, and life in the Order.

Born

c.1060 in Meriot, Sherborne, England

Died

• 28 March 1134 at Citeaux, France of natural causes
• buried at Citeaux Abbey

Canonized

1623 by Pope Urban VIII

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Blessed Conon of Naso

Also known as

Cono, Conone

Profile

Born to the wealthy nobility, the son of Count Anselmo Navacita, governor of Naso, Italy, and Claudia Santapau. At age 15 he turned his back on wealth and became a Basilian monk at the nearby monastery. Monk at the Fragala Abbey in Frazzano, Italy. Spiritual student of Saint Lawrence of Frazzano. Priest. Hermit, living in a cave at the Rock of Almo. His reputation for holiness spread, however, and he was recalled to his monastery and chosen abbot. Pilgrim to the Holy Lands. Upon the death of his parents, Conon inherited a large bequest which he immediately distributed to the poor. He then retired to live the rest of his day as a prayerful hermit in the cave of San Michele.

Born

3 June 1139 in Naso, Messina, Italy

Died

• Friday 28 March 1236 in the cave of San Michele near Naso, Italy of natural causes, apparently while in prayer
• that day the bells in the town of Naso began ringing on their own; the locals when to the holy man to ask why it was happening; they found him dead and believed that the bells were ringing to annouce his passing

Beatified

1630 by Pope Urban VIII (cultus confirmation)

Patronage

• against ear problems
• against nose problems
• Naso, Italy
• San Cono, Italy

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Blessed Venturino of Bergamo

† இன்றைய புனிதர் †

(மார்ச் 28)

✠ பெர்கமோ நகர புனிதர் வெஞ்சுரினோ ✠

(St. Venturino of Bergamo)

டொமினிக்கன் துறவி:

(Dominican Friars)

பிறப்பு: ஏப்ரல் 9, 1304

பெர்கமோ, இத்தாலி

(Bergamo, Italy)

இறப்பு: மார்ச் 28, 1346 (வயது 42)

ஸ்மிர்னா, இத்தாலி

(Smyrna, Italy)

ஏற்கும் சமயம்:

ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை

(Roman Catholic Church)

புனிதர் வெஞ்சுரினோ ஒரு இத்தாலிய டொமினிக்கன் (Italian Dominican preacher) மறை பரப்பாளர் ஆவார்.

இத்தாலியின் "பெர்கமோ" என்ற இடத்தில் பிறந்த இவர், கி.பி. 1319ம் ஆண்டு, ஜனவரி மாதம், 22ம் நாளன்று, "பெர்கமோ'வில்" உள்ள "புனிதர் ஸ்டீபன்" (St. Stephen) பள்ளியில் துறவியர் சபை பிரசங்கியாக பணியேற்றார். கி.பி. 1328 முதல் 1335ம் ஆண்டு வரையான காலகட்டத்தில், இத்தாலியின் மேற்குப் பிராந்தியங்கள் முழுதுமுள்ள நகரங்களில் இவர் தமது பிரசங்கங்களால் புகழ் பெற்றார்.

கி.பி. 1335ம் ஆண்டு, ஃபெப்ரவரி மாதம், இவர், தாம் மனம் மாற்றிய சுமார் முப்பதாயிரம் பேருடன் ரோம் நகருக்கு "தீவினை செய்ததற்காக வருந்துதல் திருயாத்திரை" (Penitential Pilgrimage) செல்ல திட்டமிட்டார். அவரது நோக்கம் தவறாக புரிந்துகொள்ளப்பட்டதால், அப்போது "அவிக்னான்" (Avignon) நகரில் தங்கியிருந்த திருத்தந்தை "பன்னிரெண்டாம் பெனடிக்ட்" (Pope Benedict XII), வெஞ்சுரினோ தம்மைத்தாமே திருத்தந்தையாக அறிவிக்க விரும்புகிறார் என்று நினைத்தார்.

திருத்தந்தை பன்னிரெண்டாம் பெனடிக்ட், தமது "ஆன்மீக பிரதிநிதியும்" (Spiritual Vicar), "அனாக்னியின்" ஆயருமான (Bishop of Anagni) "கியோவன்னி பக்னோட்டி" (Giovanni Pagnotti) என்பவருக்கும், "புனிதர் பீட்டர்" மற்றும் "புனிதர் ஜான் லடெரன்" (St. Peter's and St. John Lateran's) ஆகியோரது "நியதி'களுக்கும்" (Canons) "ரோம மேல்சபை" உறுப்பினர்களுக்கும் (Roman senators) வெஞ்சுரினோ'வின் திருயாத்திரையை தடுத்து நிறுத்துமாறு கடிதங்கள் எழுதினார்.

டொமினிக்கன் சபையின் பெரிய தலைவரிடம் (Dominican Master General) கொடுக்கப்பட்ட இந்த புகார், கி.பி. 1335ம் ஆண்டு, லண்டன் நகரில் நடந்த பேரவையில் எதிரொலித்தது. இது, வெஞ்சுரினோ'வின் திருயாத்திரையை கண்டனம் செய்தது. எப்படியும், திருத்தந்தையின் கடிதங்களும் உத்தரவுகளும் வெஞ்சுரினோ'வை சென்று சேரவில்லை. அவர், கி.பி. 1335ம் ஆண்டு, மார்ச் மாதம், 21ம் நாளன்று, ரோம் நகர் சென்றடைந்தார். மிகவும் நல்லமுறையில் வரவேற்கப்பட்ட வெஞ்சுரினோ, பல்வேறு தேவாலயங்களில் பிரசங்கம் செய்தார். பன்னிரண்டு நாட்களின் பிறகு எந்தவித விளக்கங்களும் இல்லாமல் ரோம் நகரை விட்டு கிளம்பினார். கடைசியில் இவரது திருயாத்திரை குழப்பத்தில் முடிவடைந்தது.

ஜூன் மாதம், வெஞ்சுரினோ திருத்தந்தை பன்னிரெண்டாம் பெனடிக்ட்டை "அவிக்நானி'ல்" (Avignon) பார்வையாளர்கள் கூட்டமொன்றினை கூட்ட கேட்டுக்கொண்டார். இதனால் இவர் உடனடியாக பிடித்து சிறையிலடைக்கப்பட்டார். கி.பி. 1335 முதல் 1343ம் ஆண்டு வரையான எட்டு வருடம் இவர் சிறையிலிருந்தார்.

திருத்தந்தை "ஆறாவது கிளமென்ட்'டினால் (Pope Clement VI) விடுதலை செய்யப்பட்ட வெஞ்சுரினோ, கி.பி. 1344ம் ஆண்டு, ஜனவரி மாதம், நான்காம் நாளன்று, துருக்கியர்களுக்கெதிரான சிலுவைப் போர் பிரசங்கிக்க நியமிக்கப்பட்டார். இதில் அவர் கண்ட வெற்றி மகத்தானது. இவரது எழுத்துக்கள், சொற்பொழிவுகள் மற்றும் கடிதங்களை உள்ளடக்கியனவாகும். வெஞ்சுரினோ கி.பி. 1346ம் ஆண்டு, மார்ச் மாதம், 28ம் நாளன்று, தமது 42 வயதில், கிரேக்க (Greek city) நகரான "ஸ்மிர்னா" (Smyrna) என்னுமிடத்தில் மரித்தார்.

Also known as

• Venturinus
• Lorenzo de Apibus

Profile

Joined the Dominicans on 22 January 1319 at the convent of Saint Stephen in Bergamo, . Studied and was ordained at Genoa, Italy. Noted preacher throughout northern Italy, converting many and calling for peace during the struggles between the Guelphs and Ghibellines.

In February 1335 Venturino led a great pilgrimage to Rome, Italy for 30,000 of the faithful. This was during the Avignon papacy, and Pope Benedict XII assumed that Venturino was marching on Rome with a mob to have himself declared pope. Benedict and the Dominican Master General prohibited the pilgrimage, but the news did not reach Venturino until after he and his group and arrived in Rome. He first met with great success, the pilgrims were welcomed, and Venturino preached at several churches. However, twelve days in he learned of the order and left the city. In June 1335 he requested an audience with the pope to clarify things, but was immediately imprisoned for eight years, released in 1343 by Pope Clement VI. Successful preacher of Crusade against the Turks.

Born

9 April 1304 in Bergamo, Italy as Lorenzo de Apibus

Died

28 March 1346 at Smyrna, Asia Minor (in modern Turkey) of natural causes

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Saint Guntramnus

Also known as

Contran, Gontram, Gontran, Gontrano, Gontranno, Gunthrammus, Gunthramnus, Guntram, Guntrammo

Profile

Grew up without the faith. Son of King Clotaire and Saint Clothildis. Brother of King Charibert and King Sigebert. King of Orleans and Burgundy in 561. Married to Mercatrude. Peacemaker.

He divorced Mercatrude; some time later she became seriously ill, and when her physician could not cure her, he had the doctor murdered. Upon his conversion to Christianity he was so overcome with remorse for the acts of his prior life, he devoted his energy and fortune to building up the Church.

Protector of the oppressed, care-giver to the sick, tender parent to his subjects, open with alms, especially during plague and famine. He strictly and justly enforced the law without respect to person, yet forgave offenses against himself, including two attempted assassinations.

Died

• 28 March 592
• buried in the church of Saint Marcellus, which he had founded
• his skull is now kept in a silver reliquary

Patronage

• divorced people
• guardians
• reformed murderers

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Blessed Jeanne Marie de Maille

Also known as

Jane Mary de Maille

Profile

Married for sixteen years to the Baron de Silly, but remained chaste. The Baron was captured in battle; Jeanne sold everything to raise his ransom, but before she could pay it, the Baron escaped with the help of the Virgin Mary. Widowed, she fell into complete homeless poverty, praying by day, sleeping with dogs by night. Franciscan tertiary, at age 57 she moved into a tiny room in a church at Tours, France. Her humility and holiness attracted visitors, many of whom she helped convert, and who were witness to healing miracles.

Born

14 April 1331 at the castle of La Roche, France

Died

28 March 1414 at ToursFrance of natural causes

Beatified

1871 by Pope Blessed Pius IX (cultus confirmed)

Patronage

• abuse victims
• against in-law problems
• against the death of parents
• exiles
• people ridiculed for their piety
• widows

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Saint Tutilo of Saint Gall

Also known as

• Tutilo von Gallen
• Tutilo of Gall
• Tuathal...

Profile

A large, powerfully built man. Educated at Saint Gall's monastery in Switzerland where he stayed to become a Benedictine monk. Friend of Blessed Notkar Balbulus. A renaissance man before the term was coined. Excellent student, he became a sought after teacher at the abbey school. Noted speaker. Poet and hymnist, though nearly all of his work has been lost. Architect, painter, sculptor, metal worker, and mechanic; some of his art continues to grace galleries and monasteries around Europe. Composer and musician, playing several instruments including the harp. No matter his talents or works, he preferred the solitude and prayers of his beloved monastery.

Born

c.850 in Ireland

Died

c.915 at Saint Gall's monastery, Switzerland

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Saint Proterius of Alexandria

Profile

Ordained by Saint Cyril, Patriarch of Alexandria. Leader of the orthodox Christians in Alexandria. Appointed archpriest of Alexandria by Dioscorus, Patriarch of Alexandria. When Dioscorus began supporting heretical theologians, Proterus opposed him. When Dioscorus was denounced by the Council of Chalcedon in 451, Proterus was elected Patriach of Alexandria. Theologically, this divided Alexandria into two groups, almost like armed camps - supporters of Proterus and supporters of Dioscorus, and later Elurus, his successor. When imperial forces intervened to settle the matter, rioting broke out; Elurus was driven from the city, and Proterius was murdered in a church. Martyr.

Died

stabbed to death on 28 January 457

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Blessed Dedë Maçaj

Profile

Studied at the Shkodra Pontifical Seminary and then in Rome, Italy. Ordained on 19 March 1944 as a priest in the archdiocese of Shkodrë-Pult, Albania. Under the anti–Catholic Communist regime in Albania, he was ordered into military service, then imprisoned, tortured and executed as a spy for the Vatican. Martyr.

Born

5 February 1920 in Mali Jushit, Shkodrë, Albania

Died

28 March 1947 in Përmet, Albania

Beatified

• 5 November 2016 by Pope Francis
• beatification celebrated at the Square of the Cathedral of Shën Shtjefnit, Shkodër, Albania, presided by Cardinal Angelo Amato

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Blessed Renée-Marie Feillatreau épouse Dumont

Additional Memorial

2 January as one of the Martyrs of Anjou

Profile

Married lay woman of the diocese of Angers, France. Martyred in the persecutions of the French Revolution.

Born

8 February 1751 in Angers, Maine-et-Loire, France

Died

28 March 1794 in Angers, Maine-et-Loire, France

Beatified

19 February 1984 by Pope John Paul II at Rome, Italy

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Saint Hesychius of Jerusalem

Profile

Educated in Jerusalem. Monk. Hermit. Priest. Noted for his learning and Bible scholarship. Worked with Saint Jerome and Saint Cyril of Alexandria. Wrote a commentary on the entire Bible, but only small parts have survived; some sermons have also come down to us.

Born

Jerusalem

Died

c.450 of natural causes

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Blessed Antonio Patrizi

Also known as

Antonio of Monticiano

Additional Memorial

9 October (Augustinians)

Profile

Priest in the Order of Hermits of Saint Augustine in Lecceto, Italy.

Born

early 13th century Siena, Italy

Died

• c.1311 in Monticiano, Italy
• relics enshrined in the local church in 1313
• relics re-enshrined in 1616
• relics re-enshrined in 1700

Beatified

1804 by Pope Pius VII (cultus confirmation)

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Blessed Christopher Wharton

Additional Memorials

• 22 November as one of the Martyrs of England, Scotland, and Wales
• 29 October as one of the Martyrs of Douai

Profile

Priest of the apostolic vicariate of England. Martyred in the persecutions of Elizabeth I.

Born

c.1540 in Middleton, West Yorkshire, England

Died

28 March 1600 in York, North Yorkshire, England

Beatified

22 November 1987 by Pope John Paul II

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Blessed Jean-Baptiste Malo

Profile

Member of the Paris Foreign Missions Society. Priest. Martyr.

Born

2 June 1889 in La Grigonnais, Loire-Atlantique, France

Died

28 March 1954 in Vinh Hoi, Vu Quang, Hà Tinh, Vietnam

Beatified

• 11 December 2016 by Pope Francis
• beatification recognition celebrated in Vientiane, Laos, presided by Cardinal Angelo Amato

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Saint Alkelda of Middleham

Also known as

Alkeld, Athilda

Profile

Saxon princess. Nun. Martyred by Viking raiders. A holy well near her place of death is reported to have healing properties.

Born

England

Died

• strangled to death c.800
• buried in the church at Middleham, Yorkshire, England

Patronage

Yorkshire, England

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Saint Alexander of Caesarea

Profile

Hermit in the area of Caesarea in Palestine. During a period of persecution in the region, he went into the city and publicly proclaimed himself a Christian. Tortured and executed for his faith and for showing courage in the face of anti-Christian government.

Died

260 in Caesarea, Palestine

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Saint Malchus of Caesarea

Profile

Hermit in the area of Caesarea in Palestine. During a period of persecution in the region, he went into the city and publicly proclaimed himself a Christian. Tortured and executed for his faith and for showing courage in the face of anti-Christian government.

Died

260 in Caesarea, Palestine

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Saint Priscus of Caesarea

Profile

Hermit in the area of Caesarea in Palestine. During a period of persecution in the region, he went into the city and publicly proclaimed himself a Christian. Tortured and executed for his faith and for showing courage in the face of anti-Christian government.

Died

260 in Caesarea, Palestine

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Saint Gundelindis of Niedermünster

Also known as

Guendelindis, Gwendoline, Gwendolyn

Profile

Born to the nobility, the daughter of the Duke of Alsace. Niece of Saint Odilia of Alsace. Nun. Abbess at Niedermünster Abbey, Regensburg, Germany.

Died

c.750

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Blessed Donal O'Neylan

Additional Memorial

20 June as one of the Irish Martyrs

Profile

Franciscan priest. Martyr.

Born

Irish

Died

28 March 1580 in Youghal, Cork, Ireland

Beatified

27 September 1992 by Pope John Paul II in Rome, Italy

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Saint Hilarion of Pelecete

Also known as

Ilarione

Profile

Eighth-century hegumen (abbot) of the Pelecete Abbey on Mount Olympus, Bithynia, Greece. Persecuted for defending the use of icons and fighting the iconoclasts.

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Saint Cyril the Deacon

Also known as

Cyril of Heliopolis

Profile

Deacon in Palestine. Tortured and martyred in the persecutions of Julian the Apostate.

Died

362 in Heliopolis, Phoenicia

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Saint Rogatus the Martyr

Profile

One of a group of 18 Christians martyred together in North Africa.

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Saint Successus the Martyr

Profile

One of a group of 18 Christians martyred together in North Africa.

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Saint Castor of Tarsus

Profile

Martyr.

Died

Tarsus, Cilicia.

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Saint Dorotheus of Tarsus

Profile

Martyred in Tarsus, Cilicia

† இன்றைய புனிதர் †

(மார்ச் 28)

✠ புனிதர் மூன்றாம் சிக்ஸ்துஸ் ✠

(St. Sixtus III)

44ம் திருத்தந்தை:

(44th Pope)

இயற்பெயர்: சிக்ஸ்டஸ்

ஆட்சி தொடக்கம்: ஜூலை 31, 432

ஆட்சி முடிவு: ஆகஸ்ட் 18, 440

முன்னாள் திருத்தந்தை: திருத்தந்தை செலஸ்டின் I

(Pope Celestine I)

பின்னாள் திருத்தந்தை: திருத்தந்தை முதலாம் லியோ

(Pope Leo I)

பிறப்பு: கி.பி 390

ரோம், ரோமப் பேரரசு

(Rome, Roman Empire)

இறப்பு: ஆகஸ்ட் 18, 440 (வயது 50)

கௌல், மேற்கு ரோமானிய பேரரசு

(Gaul, Western Roman Empire)

ஏற்கும் சமயம்: கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை

(Catholic Church)

நினைவுத் திருநாள்: மார்ச் 28

திருத்தந்தை மூன்றாம் சிக்ஸ்துஸ், கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபையின் 44ம் திருத்தந்தையாக கி.பி. 432ம் ஆண்டு, ஜுலை மாதம், 31ம் நாள்முதல், கி.பி. 440ம் ஆண்டு, ஆகஸ்ட் மாதம், 16ம் நாள்வரை பணியாற்றினார். இவர், கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபையின் 44ம் திருத்தந்தை ஆவார்.

உறவுப் பாலம் உருவாக்கியவர்:

கி.பி. ஐந்தாம் நூற்றாண்டில் திருச்சபையில் கொள்கை தொடர்பாகக் கடுமையான விவாதங்கள் நடைபெற்றபோது, திருத்தந்தை மூன்றாம் சிக்ஸ்துஸ் வெவ்வேறு தரப்பினரோடும் கலந்துரையாடி அமைதி கொணர உழைத்தார். இவ்வாறு, "திருத்தந்தை" என்னும் தம் பெயருக்கு ஏற்ப நடந்து காட்டினார்.

பெருங்கோவில்கள் கட்டியவர்:

திருத்தந்தை மூன்றாம் சிக்ஸ்துஸ் பணிப்பொறுப்பை ஏற்ற வேளையில் ரோம் நகரம் மிகப்பெரிய இழப்பைச் சந்தித்திருந்தது. கி.பி. 410ம் ஆண்டு, ரோமுக்கு வடக்கிலிருந்து அலாரிக் (Alaric) தலைமையில் படையெடுத்துவந்த விசிகோத்து (Visigoths) இனத்தவர்கள் பெரும் சேதம் இழைத்திருந்தனர்.

ரோமப் பேரரசிடமிருந்து பெற்ற நிதி உதவியைக் கொண்டு, திருத்தந்தை செயல்படுத்திய கட்டட வேலைகள் இவை:

☞ ரோம் நகரில் அமைந்துள்ள இலாத்தரன் பெருங்கோலின் திருமுழுக்குக் கூடத்தை மாற்றியமைத்துக் கட்டினார். அது எண்கோண வடிவில் அமைக்கப்பட்டது. அத்திருமுழுக்குக் கூடத்தில் பொறிக்கப்பட்டுள்ள வாசகம் திருமுழுக்கின் முக்கியத்துவத்தை வலியுறுத்தி, மனிதர் மீட்படைய கடவுளின் அருள் எத்துணை இன்றியமையாதது என்பதையும் குறிப்பிடுகிறது. மேலும் பெலாஜியுசு என்பவர் மனிதர்கள் தம் சொந்த முயற்சியாலேயே மீட்படைய முடியும் என்று கூறிய திரிபுக் கொள்கையும் இவ்வாறு கண்டனத்திற்கு உள்ளாகியது.

☞ ரோம் நகரில் அன்னை மரியாளுக்கு அர்ப்பணிக்கப்பட்ட முதன்மைக் கோவிலாகிய புனித மரியாள் பெருங்கோவிலை முற்றிலுமாகப் புதுப்பித்துக் கட்டினார். இக்கோவிலில் பதிக்கப்பட்ட கற்பதிகை ஓவியங்கள் கிறிஸ்தவ விசுவாசக் கொள்கைகளைப் பறைசாற்றுகின்றன. எபேசு நகரில் கி.பி. 431ம் ஆண்டு நடந்த பொதுச்சங்கத்தின்போது நெஸ்டோரியசு என்பவரின் திரிபுக் கொள்கை கண்டனம் செய்யப்பட்டதைத் தொடர்ந்து, உண்மையான கிறிஸ்தவக் கொள்கை பறைசாற்றப்பட்டது, அந்த ஓவியங்கள் வழியாக அளிக்கப்படுகின்றன. அதாவது, இயேசு கிறிஸ்துவின் தாயான அன்னை மரியாள், இயேசு என்னும் மனிதருக்கு மட்டுமே தாயாவார் என்றும், அவரைக் "கடவுளின் தாய்" என்று அழைப்பது தவறு என்றும் நெஸ்டோரியசு கூறியிருந்தார். இதை மறுத்து, திருச்சபை, மரியாள் உண்மையிலேயே இயேசு கிறிஸ்துவின் தாய் என்றும், இயேசு மனிதத் தன்மையையும் இறைத்தன்மையையும் கொண்டவராதலால் அவருடைய தாயான மரியாளை "கடவுளின் தாய்" என்று அழைப்பது பொருத்தமே என்றும் எபேசு பொதுச்சங்கம் அறிக்கையிட்டது. இந்த வரலாறு அக்கோவிலின் கற்பதிகை ஓவியங்கள் வழியாகக் கூறப்படுகிறது.

☞ விசிகோத்து இனத்தவர் ரோம் நகர கோவில்களிலிருந்து சூறையாடிச் சென்ற பொன் மற்றும் வெள்ளி அணிகளுக்கு மாற்றாக வேறு அணிகள் வழங்கும்படி திருத்தந்தை சிக்ஸ்துஸ் ரோமப் பேரரசன் வாலன்டீனியனிடம் கேட்டுக்கொண்டார். பேரரசனும் அவ்வேண்டுகோளுக்கு இணங்கி, புனித பேதுரு பெருங்கோவில், புனித பவுல் பெருங்கோவில், புனித இலாத்தரன் யோவான் முதன்மைப் பேராலயம் போன்ற கோவில்களை அணிசெய்ய நன்கொடை வழங்கினார்.

☞ திருத்தந்தை சிக்ஸ்துஸ் உரோமையின் ஆப்பியன் சாலையில் புனித செபஸ்தியார் துறவற இல்லத்தை நிறுவினார்.

திருச்சபையின் ஒற்றுமைக்காக உழைத்தவர்:

திருத்தந்தை சிக்ஸ்துஸ் திருச்சபையின் ஒற்றுமையைப் பாதுகாத்து வளர்த்திட உறுதியோடு உழைத்தார். கிபி 431ம் ஆண்டு நடந்த எபேசு பொதுச்சங்கம் பதவி நீக்கிய அந்தியோக்கு மறைமுதல்வர் யோவான் என்பவரை மீண்டும் திருச்சபை ஒன்றிப்பில் கொணர்வதற்கு சிக்ஸ்துஸ் வழிவகுத்தார். அவர் யோவானிடம் கேட்டது ஒன்றே ஒன்றுதான்: அதாவது, நெஸ்டோரியுசு கைக்கொண்ட திரிபுக் கொள்கையை அவர் ஏற்றல் ஆகாது. சமயக் கொள்கைகளை விவாதிக்கும்போது எழக்கூடிய சிக்கல்களை சிக்ஸ்துசு நன்றாகவே அறிந்திருந்தார். அதாவது, திருத்தந்தைப் பணியை ஏற்பதற்கு முன் சிக்ஸ்துஸ் பெலாஜியுசு என்பவரின் திரிபுக் கொள்கைக்கு ஆதரவு அளித்திருந்தார். ஆனால் திருத்தந்தை சோசிமஸ் பெலாஜியுசின் கொள்கை தவறு என்று அறிவித்ததுமே சிக்ஸ்துஸ் திருச்சபையின் அதிகாரப்பூர்வ கொள்கையை ஏற்றுக்கொண்டார். அதற்கு புனித அகுஸ்தீனாரின் தூண்டுதலும் உதவியாயிற்று.

பண்டைய திருச்சபையில் நிலவிய இரு இயக்கங்களுக்கிடையே ஒற்றுமை ஏற்பட திருத்தந்தை வழிவகுத்தார். அதாவது, இயேசுவின் இறைத்தன்மையை வலியுறுத்தி அவருடைய மனிதத்தன்மையைக் குறைத்து மதிப்பிட்டது அலெக்சாந்திரிய இயக்கம். அதற்கு நேர்மாறாக, இயேசுவின் மனிதத்தன்மையை வலியுறுத்தி அவருடைய இறைத்தன்மையைக் குறைத்து மதிப்பிட்டது அந்தியோக்கு இயக்கம். அந்த இருதரப்பினரும் ஒருவருக்கு ஒருவர் சற்றே விட்டுக்கொடுத்து, ஒன்றிப்பு ஆவணத்தில் கி.பி. 433ம் ஆண்டு கையெழுத்து இட்டனர்.

கீழைத் திருச்சபைக்கும் மேற்குத் திருச்சபைக்கும் இடையே இழுபறி:

கீழைத் திருச்சபையில் காண்ஸ்டான்டினோப்பிளின் மறைமுதல்வராக இருந்த புரோக்குல் என்பவர், திருத்தந்தையின் ஆளுகைகு உட்பட்டிருந்த இல்லீரிக்கம் என்னும் பகுதியைத் தமது ஆட்சிப்பகுதியோடு சேர்த்துக்கொள்ள முயற்சி செய்தார். இதைத் தடுக்க விழைந்த திருத்தந்தை சிக்ஸ்துஸ் உடனேயே இல்லீரிக்கம் பகுதி ஆயர்களுக்குத் தகவல் கொடுத்து அவர்கள் புரோக்குலின் செயலுக்கு உடன்படலாகாது என்றும், மாறாக, தமது பதிலாளாக தெசலோனிக்காவில் ஆயராக இருந்தவரையே ஏற்கவேண்டும் என்று ஆணையிட்டார்.

இறப்பும் அடக்கமும்:

திருத்தந்தை மூன்றாம் சிக்ஸ்துஸ் கி.பி. 440ம் ஆண்டு, ஆகஸ்ட் மாதம், 18ம் நாளன்று, இறந்தார். அவருடைய உடல் புனித இலாரன்சு கல்லறைத் தோட்டத்தில் அடக்கம் செய்யப்பட்டது. நான்கு நூற்றாண்டுகளுக்குப் பின்னர் மக்கள் அவருக்கு வணக்கம் செலுத்தத் தொடங்கினர். ஒன்பதாம் நூற்றாண்டைச் சேர்ந்த "மறைச்சாட்சிகள் நூலில்" அவருடைய பெயர் இடம்பெற்றது.

திருத்தந்தை மூன்றாம் சிக்ஸ்துசின் நினவுத் திருவிழா மார்ச்சு மாதம், 28ம் நாள் கொண்டாடப்படுகிறது.

இன்றைய புனிதர்கள் மார்ச் 27

Blessed Panacea de'Muzzi of Quarona

Also known as

• Panacea de Muzzi
• Panacea of Quarona
• Panassia, Panexia

Profile

Panacea's mother died when the girl was an infant. When she was old enough, Panacea worked as shepherdess. Her father re-married, but her step-mother, Margherita di Locarno Sesia, quickly developed a hatred of the girl, partly because she would not work as ordered, and partially because Panacea was a pious little girl and Margherita hated religion. The conflict culminated when Margherita murdered Panacea while the girl was at prayer.

Local festivals celebrating her memory traditionally include puff pastries names beatines made according to ancient recipes.

Born

c.1378 at Quarona, diocese of Novara, Italy

Died

• stabbed with a spindle on a spring evening in c.1383
• buried in Ghemme, Novara, Italy

Beatified

• considered a martyr by the local people, a popular devotion developed almost immediately
• cultus confirmed on 5 September 1867 by Pope Blessed Pius IX

Patronage

• Ghemme, Novara, Italy
• shepherdesses
• shepherds

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Saint Rupert of Salzburg

† இன்றைய புனிதர் †

(மார்ச் 27)

✠ சல்ஸ்பர்க் மாநில புனிதர் ரூபர்ட் ✠

(St. Rupert of Salzburg)

மடாதிபதி மற்றும் ஆயர்:

(Abbot and Bishop)

பிறப்பு: கி.பி. 660

இறப்பு: மார்ச் 27, 710

சல்ஸ்பர்க், ஆஸ்திரியா

(Salzburg, Austria)

ஏற்கும் சமயம்:

ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை

(Roman Catholic Church)

கிழக்கு மரபுவழி திருச்சபை

(Eastern Orthodox Church)

நினைவுத் திருநாள்: மார்ச் 27

பாதுகாவல்:

சல்ஸ்பர்க் மாநிலம், ஆஸ்திரியா, உப்பு சுரங்க பணியாளர்

(The State of Salzburg, Austria, Salt Miners)

சல்ஸ்பர்க் மாநில புனிதர் ரூபர்ட், "வோர்ம்ஸ்" (Worms) மறைமாவட்ட ஆயரும், "சல்ஸ்பர்க்" (Salzburg) மறை மாவட்டத்தின் முதல் ஆயரும், "சல்ஸ்பர்க்" (Salzburg) புனிதர் பீட்டர் துறவு மடத்தின் மடாதிபதியும் ஆவார். இவர், "ஃப்ராங்க்ஸ்" அரசன் (King of the Franks) "மூன்றாம் சைல்டபர்ட்டின்" சம காலத்தவர் ஆவார். ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்கம் மற்றும் கிழக்கு மரபுவழி திருச்சபைகளின் புனிதரும், ஆஸ்திரிய மாநிலம் "சல்ஸ்பர்கின்" (Salzburg) பாதுகாவலரும் ஆவார்.

தூய பாரம்பரியங்களின்படி, ரூபர்ட் "பிரான்கிஷ் மெரோவிஞ்சியன்" அரச (Frankish royal Merovingian family) குடும்பத்தின் வழித்தோன்றலாவார். ஆரம்பத்தில், பாண்டித்தியமும் பக்தியுமுள்ள ஆயராக ரூபர்ட் ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளப்பட்டிருக்கிறார். ஆனால், இறுதியில் 'பாகனிஸ' எதிர்ப்பாளர்கள் ரூபர்ட்டை நிராகரித்தனர். அவரை "வோர்ம்ஸ்" (Worms) நகரை விட்டு வெளியேறுமாறு பலவந்தப்படுத்தினர்.

"பவரியாவின் பிரபு தியோடோ" (Duke Theodo of Bavaria) ரூபர்ட்டை பவரியா (Bavaria) வந்து கத்தோலிக்கத்தை பரப்ப்புவதில் உதவி செய்யுமாறு வேண்டினார்.

ரூபர்ட் "அல்டோட்டிங்" (Altötting) எனுமிடத்திற்கு சென்றார். அங்கே உள்ளூர் மக்களை கத்தோலிக்கத்திற்கு மனம் மாற்றினார். "டனூப்" (Danube river) ஆற்றில் பயணித்து அநேக நகரங்களுக்கும் கிராமங்களுக்கும் கோட்டைகளுக்கும் சென்றார். விரைவிலேயே "ஆவார்ஸ்" எனும் "கௌகாஸிய" (Avars) இனத்தவர் அரசாண்ட "டனூப்" நதியின் தென்கரையோரமுள்ள "பன்னோனியன்" (Pannonian lands) நிலப்பகுதிகளில் கத்தோலிக்க மறையை பரப்பினார்.

"ஆவார்" பிரதேசங்களில் உண்டான போர் சூழல், ரூபர்ட்டை தமது மறைப்பணியின் திட்டங்களை கைவிட செய்தன. அதற்கு பதிலாக, அவர் பாழ்பட்டுப் போன ரோம நகரான "ஜுவாவும்" (Juvavum) சென்றார். அந்நகரை தமது தளமாக ஆக்கிகொண்ட ரூபர்ட், நகரின் பெயரை "ஸல்ஸ்பர்க்" ("Salzburg") என்று மாற்றினார். ஏற்கனவேயிருந்த பண்டைய கிறிஸ்தவ பாரம்பரியங்களை கட்டமைத்தார். புனிதர் பீட்டரின் (St. Peter's Abbey) துறவு மடத்தினை புனரமைத்தார். "ஸல்ஸ்பர்க்" (Salzburg Cathedral) பேராலயம் கட்டுவதற்கான அடித்தளங்களை உண்டாக்கினார். அது, பின்னர் அவரது பின்வந்த ஆயரான "வெர்ஜிலியசின்" (Vergilius) காலத்தில் நிறைவுற்றது. "நொன்பர்க்" (Nonnberg) என்னுமிடத்தில் அருட்சகோதரியருக்கான "பெனடிக்டைன்" (Benedictine nunnery) துறவு மடத்தினை நிறுவினார். அம்மடத்தின் முதல் மடாதிபதி அவரது மருமகள் "புனிதர் எரேன்ட்ரூட்" (Saint Erentrude) ஆவார்.

ரூபர்ட் கல்வி மற்றும் அநேக பிற சீர்திருத்தங்களை அறிமுகப்படுத்தினார். "பவரியாவின் பிரபு தியோடோ" அவர்களிடமிருந்து "பிடிங் மற்றும் ரெய்சென்ஹல்" (Piding and Reichenhall) ஆகிய இடங்களைச் சுற்றியுள்ள தோட்டங்களை தானமாகப் பெற்றார். அங்கே, அவர் உள்ளூர் உப்புப் பணிகளை மேம்படுத்தினார்.

கி.பி. 710ம் ஆண்டு, மார்ச் மாதம், 27ம் நாளன்று ரூபர்ட் மரித்த தினம், கிறிஸ்து உயிர்த்தெழுந்த ஞாயிறு பெருவிழா (Easter Sunday) தினம் என்று கூறப்படுகின்றது.

Also known as• Rupert of Worms

• Apostle of Salzburg
• Apostle to Austria
• Apostle to Bavaria
• Apostle to Carinthia
• Hrodbert, Hrodperht, Hrodpreht, Robert, Roudbertus, Rudbertus, Ruprecht

Profile

Relative of Saint Ermentrude. Benedictine. Bishop of Worms, Germany. Evangelist to southern Germany. In 696 Theodo, Duke of Bavaria, gave him the ruined town of Iuvavum, which Rupert rebuilt. There he founded the monastery of Saint Peter, serving as its first abbot, and a Benedictine convent. Worked with Saint Chuniald, Saint Vitalis of Salzburg, and Saint Gislar. To support the houses and his missionary work, he promoted the mining of salt, which led to the renaming of the place as Salzburg (salt mountain). Bishop of Salzburg. Considered a confessor of the faith.

Born

probably in France

Died

718 in Salzburg, Austria

Patronage

• Salzburg, Austria, city of
• Salzburg, Austria, province of

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Saint John of Lycopolis

Also known as

• Johannes av Egypt
• John of Egypt
• John of the Theibaid
• John the Anchorite
• John the Clairvoyant
• John the Egyptian
• John the Hermit
• Prophet of the Thebaid

Profile

Carpenter. Hermit on a mountain near Lycopolis from ages 25 to 65, living most of his life in a small, walled-up cell. Devoted himself to prayer and meditation five days a week, spiritual direction of male students the other two days; there were so many, he had to build a hospice for them. His reputation for wisdom and holiness caused him to be chosen as advisor to Emperor Theodosius. Had the gifts of prophecy, healing, and knowledge of the hidden sins of his visitors. Known and admired by Saint Jerome, Saint Augustine of Hippo, Saint Cassia, and Saint Palladius.

Born

c.305 at Assiut, Egypt

Died

394 of natural causes

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Blessed Francesco Faà di Bruno

Profile

Youngest of twelve children born to Louis, Marquis of Bruno, and Carolina Milanesi, a family of wealthy nobles. Francesco studied mathematics, geography, surveying and cartography, served in the army of Savoy, and rose to officer status in the corps of engineers. Graduated from the Sorbonne with degrees in mathematics and astronomy in 1853. Worked at the French National Observantory in 1855. Professor of mathematics in Turin, Italy, and wrote on a number of math theories. Priest in the archdiocese of Turin. Founded the Society of Saint Zita, the Minim Sisters of Our Lady of Suffrage, a home for un-wed mothers, and a school that is now named for him.

Born

29 March 1825 in Alessandria, Italy

Died

27 March 1888 in Turin, Italy of natural causes

Beatified

25 September 1988 by Pope John Paul II

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Blessed Giuseppe Ambrosoli

Profile

Born the seventh son of Giovanni Battista Ambrosoli and Palmira Valli. As a college student in World War II, he helped smuggle Jews into neutral Switzerland to escape persecution. Physician, surgeon and teacher. Priest. Member of the Comboni Missionaries of the Heart of Jesus. In 1956 he began serving as a physician missionary in northern Uganda where he served for over 30 years. He expanded a small dispensary to a modern hospital, and founded Saint Mary’s Midwifery School.

Born

25 July 1923 in Ronago, Como, Italy

Died

at 1:50pm on 27 March 1987 at the Comboni Mission in Lira, Uganda of renal failure

Beatified

• 22 November 2020 by Pope Francis
• beatification recognition celebrated at Kalongo, Uganda, presided by Cardinal Giovanni Angelo Becciu

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Saint Augusta of Treviso

#புனித_அகஸ்டா (ஐந்தாம் நூற்றாண்டு)

மார்ச் 27

இவர் (#StAugusta_Treviso) இத்தாலியைச் சார்ந்தவர். இவரது தந்தை ஃப்ரையூலியை‌ ஆண்ட மன்னர் ஆவார்.

பிற சமயத்தைச் சார்ந்த இவர், இயேசுவின் போதனையால் ஈர்க்கப்பட்டுக் கிறிஸ்தவரானார்.

இதை அறிந்த இவரை இவரைத் தலை வெட்டிக் கொன்றுபோட்டார். இவ்வாறு இவர் ஆண்டவர் இயேசுவின்மீது கொண்ட நம்பிக்கைக்காகத் தன் இன்னுயிரைத் துறந்தார். 

.

Also known as

• Augusta of Ceneda
• Augusta di Serravalle
• Augusta of Tarvisium
• Augusta the Martyr

Profile

Fith century daughter of the Teutonic duke of Friuli. Convert to Christianity. Killed by her father with his own hands for her faith.

Died

• beheaded by her father in the 5th century
• buried at Treviso, northern Italy

Patronage

• Ceneda, Italy
• Serravalle, Italy

Blessed Louis-Èdouard Cestac

Profile

Priest in the diocese of Bayonne, France. Founded the Daughters of Mary.

Born

6 January 1801 in Bayonne, Pyrénées-Atlantiques France

Died

27 March 1868 in Bayonne, Pyrénées-Atlantiques France of natural causes

Beatified

• 31 May 2015 by Pope Francis
• recognition celebrated at the Cathedral of Sainte-Marie, Bayonne, France, presided by Cardinal Angelo Amato

Readings

His witness of the love of God and neighbor is a new stimulus for the Church to live with joy the Gospel of charity. - Pope Francis on the beatification of Blessed Louis

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Blessed Pellegrino of Falerone

Profile

Son of Roger, the wealthy lord of Falerone, Italy. Studied philosophy and canon law in Bologna, Italy. He abandoned his university studies to become one of the first followers of Saint Francis of Assisi. Pilgrim to the Holy Lands. Considered himself one of the lowest of servants of the Order, he served as a lay brother in several places.

Died

1233 at the convent of San Severino March, Italy of natural causes

Beatified

31 July 1821 by Pope Pius VII (cultus confirmation)

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Saint Gelasius of Armagh

Also known as

• Giolla Iosa
• Gioua-Mac-Liag
• Gilla Meic Liac mac Diarmata

Profile

Son of the Irish poet Diarmaid. Abbot in Derry, Ireland for 16 years. Archbishop of Armagh, Ireland in 1138; he served for 36 years. First Irish bishop to receive the pallium. Rebuilt the cathedral of Armagh. As the primate bishop of Ireland, Gelasius travelled widely, preaching to the faithful, re-building old monasteries, convening synods, encouraging teachers. Ordained Saint Lawrence O'Toole as archbishop of Dublin in 1162. Convened a synod in Armagh in 1170 to look for a way to defend against invading Anglo-Normans.

Died

27 March 1174 of natural causes

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Blessed Frowin of Engelberg

Also known as

• Frowin II
• Frodowin...

Profile

Benedictine monk at Saint Blaise Abbey in Badan, Germany, and may have been at Einsiedeln Abbey in Switzerland. Abbot of Engelberg Abbey in Unterwalden, Switzerland in 1146. Spiritual teacher of Blessed Berchtold of Engelberg, and recommended him for the abbacy. Frowin founded a library and scriptorium, encouraged painting and art, and made the house a center for learning, art and piety. Wrote theological text books.

Died

11 March 1178 at Engelberg Abbey in Switzerland of natural causes

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Saint Alexander of Drizipara

Also known as

Alessandro

Profile

Third-century imperial Roman soldier and Christian. Military tribune under the command of Tiberius. In Rome, Italy he was ordered to make a sacrifice to the pagan god Jupiter; he refused. Being of high rank, he was taken before Emperor Maximian Herculeus; there he proclaimed his faith. Tortured and sentenced to hard labour at a series of prisons before being executed. Martyr.

Died

• beheaded in Drizipara, Thrace (modern Büyük Karistiran, Turkey)
• body thrown into the nearby river, but was pulled out by four dogs, and local gave Alexander a Christian burial

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Blessed Aimone of Halberstadt

Also known as

Haimo

Profile

Young monk at the Benedictine monastery of Fulda, Germany. Friend of Rabano Mauro. Spritual student of Blessed Alcuin in Tours, France in 802. Returned to the house in Fulda from 804 until he moved to a house in Hersfeld, Germany in 839. Bishop of Halberstadt, Germany in 840. Worked in the synod of Mainz, Germany from 847 to 852.

Died

27 March 853 of natural causes

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Saint Matthew of Beauvais

Also known as

Matteo di Beauvais

Profile

Soldier. Knight who fought in the First Crusade. Captured by Saracens, he was ordered to renounce Christianity; he refused. Martyr.

Born

Beauvais, France

Died

beheaded in 1098

Canonized

never formally canonized; his cultus has remained local

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Blessed Petrus Jo Yong-sam

Also known as

Peter

Additional Memorial

20 September as one of the Martyrs of Korea

Profile

Layman martyr in the apostolic vicariate of Korea.

Born

Yanggeon, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea

Died

27 March 1801 in Cheongju, Chungcheong-do, South Korea

Beatified

15 August 2014 by Pope Francis

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Martyrs of Bardiaboch

Also known as

• Martyrs of Hubah
• Martyrs of Persia

Profile

A group of Christians who were arrested, tortured and executed together for their faith during the persecutions of Persian king Shapur II. Martyrs. - Abibus, Helias, Lazarus, Mares, Maruthas, Narses, Sabas, Sembeeth and Zanitas.

Died

27 March 326 at Bardiaboch, Persia

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Saint Philetus of Illyria

Profile

Senator. Married to Saint Lydia of Illyria; father of Saint Macedo of Illyria and Saint Theoprepius of Illyria. Martyred in the persecutions of Hadrian.

Died

c.121 in the imperial Roman province of Illyria, an area of the modern Balkans

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Saint Lydia of Illyria

Profile

Married to Saint Philetus of Illyria; mother of Saint Macedo of Illyria and Saint Theoprepius of Illyria. Martyred in the persecutions of Hadrian.

Died

c.121 in the imperial Roman province of Illyria, an area of the modern Balkans

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Saint Theoprepius of Illyria

Also known as

Theoprepides

Profile

Son of Saint Macedo of Illyria and Saint Lydia of Illyria; brother of Saint Theoprepius of Illyria. Martyred in the persecutions of Hadrian.

Died

c.121 in the imperial Roman province of Illyria, an area of the modern Balkans

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Saint Ensfrid of Cologne

Also known as

Enfrid

Profile

Parish priest in Siegburg and Friedburg in Germany. Dean of the church of Saint Andrew in Cologne, Germany. Noted for his works of charity including literally giving the shirt off his back to beggars.

Died

27 March 1192 of natural causes

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Blessed Claudio Gallo

Profile

Mercedarian. Patriarch of Antioch. Staunch defender of freedom for ecclesial unity. Known as a scriptural scholar and for his devotion to the Mother of God.

Died

1304 of natural causes

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Saint Romulus the Abbot

Also known as

Romulus of Nimes

Profile

Monk. Abbot of Saint Baudilius Abbey near Nimes, France. During an invasion of Saracens c.720, he and his brother monks fled Baudilius, settled in and revitalized the ruined monastery at Saissy-les-Bois, France.

Died

c.730

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Saint Macedo of Illyria

Profile

Son of Saint Philetus of Illyria and Saint Lydia of Illyria; brother of Saint Theoprepius of Illyria. Martyred in the persecutions of Hadrian.

Died

c.121 in the imperial Roman province of Illyria, an area of the modern Balkans

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Saint Amphilochius of Illyria

Profile

Military captain. Martyred in the persecutions of Hadrian.

Died

c.121 in the imperial Roman province of Illyria, an area of the modern Balkans

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Saint Cronidas of Illyria

Profile

Notary. Martyred in the persecutions of Hadrian.

Died

c.121 in the imperial Roman province of Illyria, an area of the modern Balkans

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Saint Alexander of Pannonia

Profile

Third-century imperial Roman soldier and Christian stationed in Hungary. Martyred in the persecutions of Emperor Maximian Herculeus.

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Saint Alkeld the Martyr

Also known as

Athilda

Profile

Martyred by Danes. Two churches in Yorkshire, England are dedicated to her.

Died

10th century

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Saint Amator the Hermit

Also known as

Amador

Profile

Hermit. Several churches in Portugal are dedicated to him.

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Saint Suairlech of Fore

Profile

First bishop of Fore, Westmeath, Ireland from c.735 to c.750.

Died

c.750

மேரி யூஜின் கிரியாலோ Marie Eugene Grialou

பிறப்பு 

2 டிசம்பர் 1894, 

லாகுவா La Gua, பிரான்சு

இறப்பு 

27 மார்ச் 1967, 

பிரான்சு

இவருக்கு ஹென்றி Henry என்று இவரின் பெற்றோர் பெயரிட்டனர். இவர் முதலில் நோட்டர்டாமே டீவீ Notre Dame de vie என்ற நிறுவனத்தில் பணிபுரிந்தனர். நாளடைவில் அந்நிறுவனத்தை துறவறச் சபையாக மாற்றினார். 1962 ஆம் ஆண்டு துறவற சபை என்ற திருத்தந்தையின் அங்கீகாரத்தையும் அச்சபை பெற்றது. இச்சபையான கார்மேல் சபை போலவே செயல்பட்டது, இச்சபையினர் குறிப்பிட்ட துறவற உடையணியாமல் சாதாரணமான உடையையே அணிந்தனர். இவர்கள் துறவிகளைப் போலவே தங்களின் வாழ்வை வாழ்ந்தனர். ஆனால் சமுதாயத்தோடு இணைந்து பணியாற்றினார். 1973 ஆம் ஆண்டிலிருந்து உலகின் பல்வேறு பகுதிகளிலும் இச்சபைப் பரவியது.

இன்றைய புனிதர்கள் மார்ச் 26

 Bl. Magdalena Caterina Morano

#மாமனிதர்கள் 

#அருளாளர்_மதலேனா_கத்தரினா_மொரனா 

(1847-1908)

மார்ச் 26

இவர்‌ (#BlMaddalenaCaterinaMorana) இத்தாலியில் பிறந்தவர். இவருக்கு எட்டு வயது நடக்கும்போது இவரது தந்தையும் இவரது மூத்த சகோதரரியும் இறந்தனர்.‌ இதனால் குடும்பத்தைப் பராமரிக்க வேண்டிய பொறுப்பு இவரது தலையில் விழுந்தது.

இவர் ஏறக்குறைய பன்னிரண்டு ஆண்டுகள் படித்துக்கொண்டே குடும்பத்திற்கு உதவி வந்தார். 1878 ஆம் ஆண்டு இவர் புனித ஜான் போஸ்கோ நிறுவிய "மரியாவின்‌ புதல்வியர்" என்ற சபையில் சேர்ந்து துறவியானார்.

இதன் பிறகு இவர் சிசிலிக்கு அனுப்பி வைக்கப் பட்டார். அங்கு இவர் பெண்களின் முன்னேற்றத்திற்காக உழைத்தார்; நிறைய பள்ளிக் கூடங்களைத் தொடங்கினார்; ஆசிரியர்களை நன்கு பயிற்றுவித்தார். இவ்வாறு அயராது பணியாற்றிய இவர் 1908 ஆம் ஆண்டு இறையடி சேர்ந்தார்.

இவருக்கு 1994 ஆம் ஆண்டு நவம்பர் திங்கள் 5 ஆம் நாள் திருத்தந்தை புனித இரண்டாம் ஜான்பால் அவர்களால் அருளாளர் பட்டம் கொடுக்கப்பட்டது.

Feastday: March 26

Birth: 1847

Death: 1908

Beatified: Pope John Paul II

St. Margaret Clitherow

† இன்றைய புனிதர் †

(மார்ச் 26)

✠ புனிதர் மார்கரெட் க்ளித்ரோவ் ✠

(St. Margaret Clitherow)

இங்கிலாந்து மற்றும் வேல்ஸ் மறைசாட்சியரில் ஒருவர்:

(One of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales)

பிறப்பு: கி.பி. 1556

யோர்க், யோர்க்ஷைர், இங்கிலாந்து

(York, Yorkshire, England)

இறப்பு: மார்ச் 25, 1586

யோர்க், யோர்க்ஷைர், இங்கிலாந்து

(York, Yorkshire, England)

ஏற்கும் சமயம்:

ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை

(Roman Catholic Church)

முக்திபேறு பட்டம்: டிசம்பர் 15, 1929

திருத்தந்தை பதினொன்றாம் பயஸ்

(Pope Pius XI)

புனிதர் பட்டம்: அக்டோபர் 25,1970

திருத்தந்தை ஆறாம் பவுல்

(Pope Paul VI)

முக்கிய திருத்தலம்:

ஷேம்பில்ஸ், யோர்க், வடக்கு யோர்க்ஷைர், இங்கிலாந்து

(The Shambles, York, North Yorkshire, England)

நினைவுத் திருநாள்: மார்ச் 26

பாதுகாவல்:

பெண் வியாபார்கள், மாற்றப்பட்டவர்கள், மறைசாட்சியர், கத்தோலிக்க பெண்கள் சமூகம், இலத்தீன் பெரும் சமூகம்

புனிதர் மார்கரெட் க்ளித்ரோவ், ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபையின் ஆங்கிலேய புனிதரும், மறைசாட்சியுமாவார். சில வேளைகளில், “யோர்க்கின் முத்து” (The Pearl of York) என்றும் இவர் அழைக்கப்படுவதுண்டு.

கி.பி. 1556ம் ஆண்டு, வடக்கு இங்கிலாந்து (Northern England) நாட்டின் “யோர்க்ஷைர்” (Yorkshire) மாகாணத்தில் பிறந்த மார்கரெட் க்ளித்ரோவின் தந்தையார் பெயர் “தாமஸ்” (Thomas) ஆகும். நகரின் கௌரவமான மெழுகுதிரி வியாபாரியான இவர், கி.பி. 1564ம் ஆண்டு, மாநகர ஷெரிஃப் ஆகவும் பதவி வகித்தார். மார்கரெட்டின் தாயார் பெயர் “ஜேன் மிட்ல்டன்” (Jane Middleton) ஆகும். மார்கரெட்டுக்கு பதினான்கு வயதாகையில் இவரது தந்தை மரித்துப் போனார்.

நகரின் அரச பிரதானியும் (Chamberlain of the City), கசாப்பு (Butcher) வியாபாரியுமான “ஜான் க்ளித்ரோவ்” (John Clitherow) என்பவரை கி.பி. 1571ம் ஆண்டு, திருமணம் முடித்தார். இவர்களுக்கு மூன்று குழந்தைகள் பிறந்தன. இவர்களது குடும்பம் “ஷேம்பில்ஸ்” (The Shambles) எனப்படும் பழைய தெருவில் வசித்தது. மார்கரெட் க்ளித்ரோவ், கி.பி. 1574ம் ஆண்டு, கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபைக்கு மதம் மாறினார். இவரது கணவர் ஜான் க்ளித்ரோவ், எதிர் திருச்சபையைச் சேர்ந்தவராயினும், தமது சகோதரர் “வில்லியம்” (William) ஒரு கத்தோலிக்க குரு என்ற காரணத்தால், அவர் ஆதரவாகவே இருந்தார்.

எதிர் திருச்சபையின் தேவாலய சேவைகளில் கலந்துகொள்ளாததற்காக மார்கரெட்டுக்கு விதிக்கப்பட்ட அபராதத் தொகையை அவரது கணவர் செலுத்தினார். தேவாலய சேவைகளில் கலந்துகொள்ளாததற்காக, முதன்முறையாக கி.பி. 1577ம் ஆண்டு மார்கரெட் கைது செய்யப்பட்டு சிறையிலடைக்கப்பட்டார். மேலும் இரண்டு முறை, “யோர்க் கேஸ்ட்டில்” (York Castle) என்றழைக்கப்படும் சிறைக் கூடத்தில் அடைக்கப்பட்டார். இவரது மூன்றாவது மகனான வில்லியம் (William) இங்கேதான் பிறந்தான்.

மார்கரெட், கத்தோலிக்க குருக்களுக்கு தங்க இடம் கொடுப்பதிலும், அவர்களைப் பராமரிப்பதிலும் தமது உயிரையே பணயம் வைத்திருந்தார். தமது வீட்டுடன் ஒட்டியிருந்த அறையை குருக்கள் மறைந்து வசிப்பதற்கு கொடுத்திருந்த மார்கரெட், தமது வீட்டின் சிறிது தூரத்திலிருந்த இன்னொரு வீட்டையும் வாடகைக்கு எடுத்து குருக்களுக்கு அளித்திருந்தார். குருக்கள் மறைவாக வசித்த அங்கேயே திருப்பலிகளும் நிகழ்த்தப்பட்டன. கத்தோலிக்க திருமறையும் திருப்பலிகளும் தடை செய்யப்பட்டிருந்த அக்காலத்தில், கத்தோலிக்க குருக்களுக்கு அடைக்கலம் தருவது தண்டனைக்குரிய குற்றமாகும். இங்கிலாந்தின் வடக்கில் தப்பியோடிய குருமார்களின் மிக முக்கியமான மறைவிடங்களில் அவரின் வீடும் ஒன்று ஆனது.

மார்கரெட், தமது மூத்த மகனான ஹென்றியை (Henry) ஃபிரான்ஸ் நாட்டின் “கிராண்ட் எஸ்ட்” (Grand Est region) மாகாணத்தின் “ரெய்ம்ஸ்” (Reims) எனும் நகரிலிருந்த ஆங்கிலேய கல்லூரியில் (English College) குருத்துவ கல்வி கற்க அனுப்பினார். அவரது மூத்த மகன் வெளிநாட்டிற்கு ஏன் போனார் என்பதை விளக்குமாறு, மார்கரெட்டின் கணவர் அதிகாரிகளால விசாரிக்கப்பட்டார். கி.பி. 1586ம் ஆண்டு, மார்ச் மாதம், க்ளித்ரோவ் வீடு சோதனையிடப்பட்டது. விசாரணையில், பயம் கொண்ட சிறுவன் ஒருவன், குருக்களின் மறைவிடங்களைக் காட்டிக் கொடுத்தான்.

மார்கரெட் உடனடியாக கைது செய்யப்பட்டார். ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க குருக்கள் தங்க மறைவிடங்களை ஏற்பாடு செய்து தந்த குற்றத்துக்காக “அஸ்ஸிசெஸ்” (Assizes) நீதிமன்றங்களில் விசாரிக்கப்பட்டார். மார்கரெட் வழக்காட மறுத்தார். இதன்காரணமாக, அவரது குழந்தைகளை விசாரிக்கவும், குற்றம் சாட்டவும், துன்புறுத்தவும் இயலாமல் போனது. தமது நான்காவது குழந்தையை கருத்தரித்திருந்த மார்கரெட், கி.பி. 1586ம் ஆண்டு, “லேடி டே” (Lady Day) என்றழைக்கப்படும் அன்னை மரியாள் தினத்தன்று, கொல்லப்பட்டார். அன்றைய தினம், அந்த வருடத்தின் பெரிய வெள்ளிக் கிழமையுமாகும்.

Feastday: March 26

St. Margaret Clitherow was born in Middleton, England, in 1555, of protestant parents. Possessed of good looks and full of wit and merriment, she was a charming personality. In 1571, she married John Clitherow, a well-to-do grazier and butcher (to whom she bore two children), and a few years later entered the Catholic Church. Her zeal led her to harbor fugitive priests, for which she was arrested and imprisoned by hostile authorities. Recourse was had to every means in an attempt to make her deny her Faith, but the holy woman stood firm. Finally, she was condemned to be pressed to death on March 25, 1586. She was stretched out on the ground with a sharp rock on her back and crushed under a door over laden with unbearable weights. Her bones were broken and she died within fifteen minutes. The humanity and holiness of this servant of God can be readily glimpsed in her words to a friend when she learned of her condemnation: "The sheriffs have said that I am going to die this coming Friday; and I feel the weakness of my flesh which is troubled at this news, but my spirit rejoices greatly. For the love of God, pray for me and ask all good people to do likewise." Her feast day is March 26th.

Saint Margaret Clitherow (1556 – 25 March 1586) is an English saint and martyr of the Roman Catholic Church,[2] known as "the Pearl of York". She was pressed to death for refusing to enter a plea to the charge of harbouring Catholic priests. She was canonised in 1970 by Pope Paul VI.

Life

Margaret Clitherow was born in 1556,[3] one of five children of Thomas and Jane Middleton. Her father was a respected businessman, a wax-chandler and Sheriff of York in 1564,[4] who died when Margaret was fourteen. In 1571, she married John Clitherow, a wealthy butcher and a chamberlain of the city, and bore him three children; the family lived in The Shambles.

She converted to Roman Catholicism in 1574. Although her husband, John Clitherow, belonged to the Established Church, he was supportive as his brother William was a Roman Catholic priest.[5] He paid her fines for not attending church services. She was first imprisoned in 1577 for failing to attend church, and two more incarcerations at York Castle followed.[6] Her third child, William, was born in prison.[7]

The Black Swan, Peasholme Green, York

Margaret risked her life by harbouring and maintaining priests, which was made a capital offence by the Jesuits, etc. Act 1584. She provided two chambers, one adjoining her house and, with her house under surveillance, she rented a house some distance away, where she kept priests hidden and Mass was celebrated through the thick of the persecution.[4] Her home became one of the most important hiding places for fugitive priests in the north of England. Local tradition holds that she also housed her clerical guests in the Black Swan Inn at Peaseholme Green, where the Queen's agents were lodged.[7]

She sent her older son, Henry, to the English College, relocated in Reims, to train for the priesthood. Her husband was summoned by the authorities to explain why his oldest son had gone abroad, and in March 1586 the Clitherow house was searched.[8] A frightened boy revealed the location of the priest hole.[6]

Margaret was arrested and called before the York assizes for the crime of harbouring Roman Catholic priests. She refused to plead, thereby preventing a trial that would entail her three children being made to testify, and being subjected to torture. She was sentenced to death. Although pregnant with her fourth child,[4] she was executed on Lady Day, 1586, (which also happened to be Good Friday that year) in the Toll Booth at Ouse Bridge, by being crushed to death by her own door, the standard inducement to force a plea.[9]

The two sergeants who should have carried out the execution hired four desperate beggars to do it instead. She was stripped and had a handkerchief tied across her face then laid across a sharp rock the size of a man's fist, the door from her own house was put on top of her and loaded with an immense weight of rocks and stones so that the sharp rock would break her back. Her death occurred within fifteen minutes, but her body was left for six hours before the weight was removed.

Veneration

Clitherow was beatified in 1929 by Pope Pius XI and canonised on 25 October 1970[10] by Pope Paul VI among the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales. Their feast day in the current Roman Catholic calendar is 4 May in England and 25 October in Wales. She is also commemorated in England on 30 August, along with martyrs Anne Line and Margaret Ward.

A relic, said to be her hand, is housed in the Bar Convent in York.[6]

St. Margaret's Shrine is at 35-36 The Shambles. John Clitherow had his butcher's shop at 35.[11] However, the street was re-numbered in the 18th century, so it is thought their house was actually opposite.[10]

Legacy

St Margaret Clitherow is the patroness of the Catholic Women's League.[12] Church - Saint Margaret Clitherow - Grahame Park ,Colindale London. A number of schools in England are named after Margaret Clitherow, including those in Bracknell, Brixham, Manchester, Middlesbrough,Thamesmead SE28, Brent, London NW10 and Tonbridge. The Roman Catholic primary school in Nottingham's Bestwood estate is named after Clitherow.[13] In the United States, St Margaret of York Church and School in Loveland, a suburb of Cincinnati, Ohio, is also named after her. Another school named after her is St Margaret Clitherow RC Primary School, located next to Stevenage Borough Football Club.

She is a co-patroness of the Latin Mass Society, who organise an annual pilgrimage to York in her honour. A group of parishes in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Liverpool, Sacred Heart in Hindsford, St Richard's in Atherton, Holy Family in Boothstown, St Ambrose Barlow in Astley, St Gabriel's, Higher Folds in Leigh are now united as a single community with St Margaret Clitherow as its patron.[14][15]

The English poet and Jesuit priest Gerard Manley Hopkins wrote a poem honouring "God's daughter Margaret Clitheroe."[16] The poem, entitled "Margaret Clitheroe" was among fragments and unfinished poems of Hopkins discovered after his death and is a tribute to the woman, to her faith and courage, and to the manner of her death.[17]

Commemorative plaque on the Ouse Bridge, York

In 2008, a commemorative plaque was installed at the Micklegate end of York's Ouse Bridge to mark the site of her martyrdom; the Bishop of Middlesbrough unveiled it in a ceremony on Friday 29 August 2008

St. William of Norwich

Feastday: March 26

Death: 1144

Supposed martyr. According to discredited tradition, he was a young boy and an apprentice to a tanner in Norwich, England. William was murdered by two Jews in a terrible ceremony prompted by a hatred for Christ. There is no evidence to support the legend, and it declined owing to papal displeasure in the years prior to the Reformation. It is now suppressed.

William of Norwich (2 February 1132 – c. 22 March 1144) was an English boy whose death was, at the time, attributed to the Jewish community of Norwich. It is the first known medieval accusation against Jews of ritual murder.

William was an apprentice tanner who regularly came into contact with Jews and visited their homes as part of his trade. His death was unsolved; the local community of Norwich attributed the boy's death to the Jews, though the local authorities would not convict them for lack of proof. William was shortly thereafter acclaimed as a saint in Norwich, with miracles attributed to him.

William's story was told in The Life and Miracles of St. William of Norwich,[3][4] a multi-volume Latin work by Thomas of Monmouth, a monk in the Norwich Benedictine monastery. Thomas started The Life in 1149/50; he completed volume 7 by 1173.[5] Augustus Jessopp (1823–1914), one of the editors of the first printed edition of Thomas' work, describes Thomas as belonging to the class of those who are "deceivers and being deceived."[6]

The murder

Since most information about William's life comes only from Thomas, it is difficult to distinguish the facts of the case from the story of martyrdom created around it by Thomas. Thomas wrote that William was born on 2 February 1132 to a local Anglo-Saxon couple, Wenstan and Elviva. He was apprenticed to a skinner and tanner of hides, often dealing with local Jews.

Shortly before his murder, William's mother was approached by a man who claimed to be a cook working for the Archdeacon of Norwich. He offered William a job in the Archdeacon's kitchens. William's mother was paid three shillings to let her son go. William later visited his aunt in the company of this man. His aunt was apparently suspicious, and asked her daughter to follow them after they left. They were then seen entering the house of a local Jew. This was the last time William was seen alive; it was Holy Tuesday.[7]

On Holy Saturday, the twelve-year-old William's body was found in Mousehold Heath, part of Thorpe Wood, outside Norwich.[5][8] A local nun saw the body, but did not initially contact anyone. A forester named Henry de Sprowston then came across it. He noted injuries which suggested a violent death and the fact that the boy appeared to have been gagged with a wooden teasel. William was wearing a jacket and shoes. After consultation with the local priest, it was decided to bury the body on Easter Monday. In the meanwhile, local people came to look at it, and William was recognised. The body was then buried at the murder site, and the following day, members of William's family, one of whom was a priest, arrived to confirm the identity of the body. They exhumed it and then reburied it with proper ceremony.[7]

The Christians of Norwich appear to have quickly blamed the local Jews for this crime, and to have demanded justice from the local ecclesiastical court. Members of the Jewish community were asked to attend the court and submit to a trial by ordeal, but the local sheriff, John de Chesney, advised them that the ecclesiastical court had no jurisdiction over them, as they were not Christians. He then took the Jews into protection in the castle. After the situation had calmed down, they returned to their homes. The issue was revived two years later, when a member of the Jewish community was murdered in an unrelated incident. King Stephen agreed to look into the matter, but later decided to let it drop.[7]

In the meanwhile, William's body had been moved to the monks' cemetery. Some of the local clergy attempted to create a cult around him as a martyr, but this plan did not succeed. There is no evidence that the initial accusations against the Jews implied that the murder was related to ritual activity of any kind, but as the cult developed, so did the story of how and why he was killed.[5][7]

Thomas' version of events

The crucifixion of William depicted on a rood screen in Holy Trinity church, Loddon, Norfolk

Thomas of Monmouth arrived in Norwich around 1150. He decided to investigate the murder by interviewing surviving witnesses. He also spoke to people identified as "converted Jews" who provided him with inside information about events within the Jewish community. He wrote up his account of the crime in the book The Life and Miracles of St William of Norwich.[7]

In Thomas of Monmouth's account, of the murder he writes that “having shaved his head, they stabbed it with countless thornpoints, and made the blood come horribly from the wounds they made. . . some of those present ad judged him to be fixed to a cross in mockery of the Lord's Passion . . .”[9] William's body was later said to have been found in Thorpe Wood with a crown of thorns atop his head.

One convert, called Theobald of Cambridge, told Thomas that there was a written prophecy which stated that the Jews would regain control of Israel if they sacrificed a Christian child each year. Every year, Jewish leaders met in Narbonne to decide who would be asked to perform the sacrifice; in 1144, the Jews of Norwich were assigned the task. According to Thomas, the man who claimed to be a cook had been employed to entice William into the house where the sacrifice would occur. William was initially treated well, but was then bound, gagged and suspended in a cruciform position in a room where he was tortured and murdered in a manner imitating the Crucifixion of Jesus: the Jews lacerated his head with thorns and pierced his side. His body was then dumped in the nearby woods.[7]

Thomas supports this claim by saying that one converted Jew told him that there was an argument over how to dispose of the body. He also says that a Christian servant woman glimpsed the child through a chink in a door. Another man is said to have confessed on his deathbed, years after the events, that he saw a group of Jews transporting a body on a horse in the woods.[7]

Context

The Jews in Norwich

The Jewish community is thought to have been established in Norwich by 1135, only nine years before the murder (though one Jew called 'Isaac' is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086). Most lived in a Jewish quarter or "Jewry", located in what is now the Haymarket and White Lion Street.[10] The Jews were a French-speaking community, like the recently established Norman aristocracy and they were closely associated with them. The "Jewry" was very close to Norwich Castle, a pattern seen in other English towns where Jews were under the protection of the local aristocracy.[11]

William's family were local Anglo-Saxons, several of whom were married priests following local tradition.[12] Conflicts with the Norman authorities may have been mediated through accusations against the "alien" Jews protected by the foreign Norman rulers themselves. Tensions were particularly strong in the chaotic reign of King Stephen (known as The Anarchy) when the murder occurred. Thomas of Monmouth claims that the sheriff was bribed by the Jews to protect them.[8] There may also have been background conflicts between the cathedral, the sheriff and local people about rights in the city and suburbs. Thomas repeatedly invokes God as a source of protection for the people against the corrupt Norman sheriffs, claiming that John de Chesney, the sheriff who protected the Jews, was punished with internal bleeding.[13]

Cult

The site of the chapel consecrated to William on Mousehold Heath (2010). The chapel was demolished during the English Reformation; its remains are listed as a Scheduled monument[14]

The wish of the clergy – in particular, William de Turbeville (Bishop of Norwich 1146–74) – to establish a cultus may have been partly financially motivated. De Turbeville encouraged Thomas of Monmouth to write his book.[5]

After being buried in the monk's cemetery, the body of William was moved to progressively more prestigious places in the church, being placed in the chapterhouse in 1150 and close to the High Altar in 1151.[15] Thomas devotes most of his book not to the crime, but to the evidence for William's sanctity, including mysterious lights seen around the body itself and miraculous cures effected on local devotees. Thomas admits that some of the clergy, notably the Prior, Elias, were opposed to the cult on the grounds that there was little evidence of William's piety or martyrdom. Thomas actively promoted the claims by providing evidence of visions of William and miracles.[15]

Historian Paul Dalton states that the cult of William was predominantly "protective and pacificatory" in character, having similarities to that of another child saint, Faith of Conques.[13] Despite its origins, the cult itself was not associated with the promotion of anti-Jewish activity. The cult was a minor one even at its height. There is little evidence of a flourishing cult of William in Norwich – surviving financial records listing offerings made at his shrine at Norwich Cathedral suggest that, although its fortunes waxed and waned, for much of its history there were few pilgrims, although offerings continued to be made until at least 1521.[16] A temporary boost to the shrine's popularity occurred after 1376, when William was adopted by the Norwich Peltier's Guild, whose annual service at the Cathedral included a child who played the part of William.[17] There was also a scholars' guild dedicated to St William in the Norfolk town of Lynn.

The rood screen of St John's Church Garboldisham

Images of William as a martyr were created for some churches, generally in the vicinity of Norwich. A panel of painted oak, depicting both William and Agatha of Sicily, is in the collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum in London; William is shown holding a hammer and with three nails in his head. The panel was formerly part of a rood screen at the Norwich Church of St John Maddermarket. The screen was commissioned by Ralph Segrym (died 1472), a merchant who became a Member of Parliament and Mayor of Norwich.[18]

William is depicted on the rood screens of a number of other Norfolk churches. St Mary's church, Worstead[19] and St John's Church, Garboldisham[20] depict William hold nails. The screen in Holy Trinity Church in Loddon depicts William being crucified.[19]

Aftermath

As a result of the feelings generated by the William ritual murder story and subsequent intervention by the authorities on behalf of the accused, the growing suspicion of collusion between the ruling class and Jews fuelled the general anti-Jewish and anti-King Stephen mood of the population. After Thomas of Monmouth's version of William's death circulated a number of other unsolved child murders were attributed to Jewish conspiracies, including Harold of Gloucester (d. 1168) and Robert of Bury (d. 1181).[21] The best-known of these was Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln (d. 1255).[22] This became known as the blood libel.

By the reign of Richard the Lionheart attitudes towards Jews had become increasingly intolerant. This, in conjunction with the increase in national opinion in favour of a Crusade, and the conflation of all non-Christians in the Medieval Christian imagination, led to the Jewish deputation attending the coronation of Richard in 1189 being attacked by the crowd.[23] A widespread attack began on the Jewish population, most notably in London and York, leading to massacres of Jews at London and York. The attacks were soon followed by others throughout England. When the local nobility of Norwich attempted to quash these activities, the local yeomanry and peasantry revolted against the lords and attacked their supporters, especially Norwich's Jewish community. On 6 February 1190, all Norwich Jews who didn't escape to the support of the local castle were slaughtered in their village.[citation needed]

Hostility against Jews increased in the area until in 1290, Jews were expelled from all of England to Spain, Italy, Greece and elsewhere. Jews were not officially allowed to settle in England again until sometime after 1655, when Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell commissioned the Whitehall Conference to debate the proposals made by Menasseh ben Israel. While the Conference reached no verdict, it is seen as the beginning of readmission.

Modern theories of the crime

A map of medieval Norwich reproduced in Jessopp and James' edition of the Life. The "Jewry" is to the left of the castle in the centre, part of the "New Town" area on the other side of the town from the monastery and the wood.

The story of William's supposed martyrdom in a Jewish conspiracy persisted for many centuries. As late as 1853, the author Susan Swain Madders, in her book on the history of Norwich, attributes William's death to a murderous conspiracy of "the Jews, then the leading doctors, merchants and scholars of the day". She also repeats the story that they escaped punishment "by some clever monetary arrangement with the authorities".[24]

Thomas of Monmouth's account of William's life was published in 1896 in an edition by Augustus Jessopp and M. R. James. James's introduction to the book is the first modern analysis of the evidence provided by Thomas. James notes that Thomas is keen to prove the truth of his version of events by citing witnesses to build up a consistent account. He argues that some testimonies seem to be pure invention, others are unreliable, but that some appear to describe real events, though facts are clearly being manipulated to fit the story. James dismisses the claim of planned ritual murder as a fantasy, which only emerges some years after the crime, promoted by the convert Theobald, keen to ingratiate himself with the Christian community. Independent support is very flimsy, such as the servant who is supposed to have glimpsed a child through a crack in the door, but did not report this until interviewed by Thomas years later.[25]

James suggests several possibilities: 1. an accident in the woods; 2. a murder by a Christian who arranged the scene to cast blame on Jews; 3. a murder by an unknown person that was blamed on Jews for reasons unrelated to the crime itself; 4. accidental or deliberate killing by a Jew that was then covered up by the Jewish community who feared they would all be blamed.[25] James thinks that all these are possible, including that a "deranged or superstitious" Jew might have killed William in a quasi-ritual way. He says that the convert Theobald himself is a possible suspect.

In an 1897 review of James' book Joseph Jacobs in the Jewish Quarterly Review argued that William's own family were the most likely suspects, speculating that they had held a mock crucifixion over Easter during which William fell into a "cataleptic" trance and died as a result of burial. Jacobs argues that it would make no sense for Jews to hide the body in Thorpe Wood, as they would have had to carry it through the whole of the Christian part of the town to get there.[26] According to a 2005 paper by Raphael Langham, Jacobs provided "no evidence" for his speculation about a family crucifixion.[7] In 1933 Cecil Roth argued that a different type of mock crucifixion may have led to the accusations against Jews, because of a masquerade involving the mock execution of Haman enacted by the Jews at Purim. In 1964 Marion Anderson developed this idea, combining it with Thomas's original arguments. She suggests that William had been told not to associate with Jews following one such masquerade; he was then kidnapped and tortured by the Jews to find out why they were being ostracised. He died as a result and the body was disposed of.[7]

In 1967, Vivian Lipman argued that the murder was a sex crime, suggesting that Thomas's comment that William was wearing a "jacket" and "shoes" implied that the boy's body was naked below the waist. It was probably perpetrated by the man who represented himself as a cook, and who enticed William away from his family to commit the crime. This man was never identified by Thomas and mysteriously disappears from the story without explanation.

In 1984, Gavin I. Langmuir endorsed Lipman's "sane" account, dismissing Anderson's theories and criticising both James' and Jacobs' speculations, adding that Theobald was an unlikely suspect as he appears to have been in Cambridge when the murder was committed.[5] In 1988, Zefirah Rokeah nevertheless revived James' suggestion that Theobald was the killer. In 1997, John McCulloh followed Lipman in arguing that it was a sadistic sex crime. Raphael Langham, writing in 2005, believed that Theobald was a disturbed individual with a hatred of his own community and thus the most likely killer.[7]

In 2015, E. M. Rose's investigation of the subject, The Murder of William of Norwich[27] received the 2016 Ralph Waldo Emerson Award of the Phi Beta Kappa Society for "a scholarly study that contributes significantly to interpretation of the intellectual and cultural condition of humanity"[28] and was named a "Top Ten Book in History" by The Sunday Times (London).[29] Rose points out that road robberies and kidnappings gone wrong were a frequent cause of death in the region during Stephen's reign, when the Crown struggled to safeguard the roads, and could offer another explanation of William's death.

Saint Ludger of Utrecht

† இன்றைய புனிதர் †

(மார்ச் 26)

✠ புனிதர் லூட்கர் ✠

(St. Ludger)

'முன்ஸ்டர்' மறை மாவட்ட முதல் ஆயர்:

(First Bishop of Münster)

சக்ஸனி நகர அப்போஸ்தலர்:

(Apostle of Saxony)

பிறப்பு: கி. பி. 742

ஸுய்லேன், நெதர்லாந்து

(Zuilen, Netherlands)

இறப்பு: மார்ச் 26, 809

பில்லர்பெக், ஜெர்மனி

(Billerbeck, Germany)

ஏற்கும் சமயம்:

ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை

(Roman Catholic Church)

கிழக்கு மரபுவழி திருச்சபை

(Eastern Orthodox Church)

நினைவுத் திருநாள்: மார்ச் 26

பாதுகாவல்: 

க்ரோநின்ஜென் (Groningen), நெதர்லாந்து (Netherlands), டேவெண்டேர் (Deventer), கிழக்கு ஃபிரிஸியா (East Frisia), வேர்டேன் (Werden), முன்ஸ்டர் மறைமாவட்டம் (Diocese of Münster), ஜெர்மனி (Germany).

புனிதர் லூட்கர், "ஃப்ரீசியன்ஸ்" (Frisians) மற்றும் "சக்ஸன்ஸ்" (Saxons) ஆகிய மாநிலங்களில் மறைப் பணியாற்றிய மறைப்பணியாளரும், "வெர்டேன்" (Werden Abbey) துறவு மடத்தின் நிறுவனரும், "முன்ஸ்டர்" (Münster) மறை மாவட்டத்தின் முதல் ஆயரும் ஆவார்.

இவரது பெற்றோர், "தியாட்க்ரிம்" (Thiadgrim) மற்றும் "லியாஃபர்க்" (Liafburg) ஆவர். இவர்கள் செல்வம் படைத்த ஒரு கிறிஸ்தவக் குடும்பத்தினராவர்.

கி.பி. 753ம் ஆண்டு, லூட்கர் ஜெர்மனியின் பெரிய அப்போஸ்தலரான (great Apostle of Germany) புனிதர் "போனிஃபேஸ்" (Saint Boniface) அவர்களைச் சந்திக்கும் வாய்ப்பு கிட்டியது. அதனைத் தொடர்ந்த சம்பவமாக அப்புனிதர் மறை சாட்சியாக கொல்லப்பட்டது, அவரில் ஆழ்ந்த பெரும் தாக்கத்தினை ஏற்படுத்தியது.

கி.பி. 756 அல்லது 757ம் ஆண்டு, இவர் புனிதர் "கிரகோரி" (Saint Gregory of Utrecht) அவர்கள் நிறுவிய பேராலய பள்ளியில் இணைந்து கல்வி கற்றார். கல்வியில் நல்ல முன்னேற்றம் கண்ட இவர், 767ம் ஆண்டு, இங்கிலாந்திலிருந்து வந்து "யோர்க்" (York) மறை மாவட்டத்தின் ஆயராக பொறுப்பேற்கச் சென்ற "அலுபெர்ட்" (Alubert) என்பவருடன் துணையாகச் சென்ற இவர், அங்கேயே பேராயர் "எதெல்பெர்ட்" (Ethelbert of York) என்பவரால் திருத்தொண்டராக அருட்பொழிவு பெற்றார். அங்கேயே ஆங்கிலேய அறிஞர் "அல்ஸுய்ன்" (Alcuin) என்பவரின் கீழ் கல்வியைத் தொடர்ந்தார். லூட்கர், "அல்ஸுய்ன்" ஆகிய இருவரும் வாழ்நாள் நண்பர்களானார்கள்.

லூட்கர், 777ம் ஆண்டு, ஜூலை மாதம், ஏழாம் நாளன்று, கொலோனில் (Cologne) குருத்துவ அருட்பொழிவு பெற்றார். பிறகு சாக்சன் சென்று மறைப் பணியாற்றினார். கற்பிக்கும் பணியையும் செய்தார். இங்ஙனம் சுமார் ஏழு வருடங்கள் பணியாற்றினார். கி.பி. 784ம் ஆண்டு, "விடுல்கைன்ட்" (Widukind) என்பவன் "ஃபிரிஸியா" மாகான மக்களை துன்புறுத்த ஆரம்பித்தான். மறைப் பணியாளர்களை அங்கிருந்து விரட்டுவதற்காக அவர்களை கொன்றும், கிறிஸ்தவ ஆலயங்களை தீயிட்டு எரித்தும் துன்புறுத்தினான். ஆலயங்களில் பாகன் கடவுளர்களை கொண்டுவந்து வைத்தான்.

இத்தீவிர துன்புருத்தல்களிளிருந்து தமது சீடர்களுடன் தப்பி ஓடிய லூட்கர் கி.பி. 785ல் ரோம் நகர் சென்றார். அங்கே திருத்தந்தை முதலாம் "அட்ரியான்" (Pope Adrian I) அவர்களால் வரவேற்கப்பட்ட அவருக்கு திருத்தந்தை நிறைய ஆலோசனைகள் வழங்கினார். பின்னர் அங்கிருந்து "மான்டே கஸினோ" (Monte Cassino) சென்ற லூட்கர், அங்கே "பெனடிக்ட் சட்ட விதிகளின்"படி (Rule of Saint Benedict) வாழ ஆரம்பித்தார்.

கி.பி. 787ம் ஆண்டு, லூட்கர் "லாவெர்ஸ்" (Lauwers) நதியின் கிழக்குக் கரையோரமுள்ள ஐந்து மாவட்டங்களுக்கு மறைப் பணியாளராக நியமிக்கப்பட்டார். மிகவும் சிரமமான இப்பணியை செய்ய தொடங்கிய இவருக்கு உள்ளூர் மொழியும் உள்ளூர் மக்களின் பழக்கவழக்கங்களும் அறிந்திருந்தபடியால் அவரது பணிகள் சற்றே இலகுவாக இருந்தன. லூட்கர் பல்வேறு இடங்களில் பணியாற்றினார். புனிதர் "வில்லிப்ரார்ட்" (Saint Willibrord) மறைப்பணியாற்றிய இடமான "ஹெலிகோலேண்ட்" (Heligoland) சென்றார். அங்கேயிருந்த பாகன் கோவில்களை அழித்தார். கிறிஸ்தவ தேவாலயம் ஒன்றினை கட்டினார். பின்னர் அங்கிருந்து திரும்பும் வழியில், கண் பார்வையற்ற கவிஞரான "பெர்ன்லெஃப்" (Bernlef) என்பவரை சந்தித்தார். கண் பார்வை திரும்பவேண்டுமென இறைவனை நோக்கி உருக்கமாக இவர் செபித்ததால் "பெர்ன்லெஃப்" மீண்டும் பார்வை பெற்றார். அத்துடன் முழு விசுவாசமுள்ள கிறிஸ்தவராக மாறினார்.

தூய ரோமப் பேரரசர் முதலாம் சார்லசின் (Charlemagne) வேண்டுகோளுக்கிணங்க, கி.பி. 805ம் ஆண்டு, மார்ச் மாதம், 30ம் நாளன்று, ஆயராக அருட்பொழிவு செய்விக்கப்பட்டார். லூட்கருக்கு அருட்பொழிவு செய்வித்தவர் "கொலோன்" பேராயர் "ஹில்டேபோல்ட்" (Hildebold, Archbishop of Cologne) ஆவார்.

லூட்கரின் அமைதியான மறை போதனை, பேரரசர் சார்லசின் சூழ்ச்சி முறைகளை விட கிறிஸ்தவத்தை பரப்புவதில் அதிக வெற்றியைத் தந்தது. தேவாலயங்களுக்கு நகைகளாக போய்ச் சேரவேண்டிய பணத்தை தானமாக கொடுப்பதாக இவர் மீது குற்றச்சாட்டுகளும் எழுந்தன. ஆனால், அதில் தவறேதுமில்லை என்று எடுத்துரைத்து அவர் பேரரசரை சமாதானம் செய்வித்தார்.

கி.பி. 809ம் வருடம், "கொயேஸ்ஃபெல்ட்" (Coesfeld) என்ற இடத்தில், தவக்காலத்தின் ஐந்தாம் ஞாயிறன்று, (Passion Sunday) அதிகாலை தேவாலயத்தில் மறையுரையாற்றி திருப்பலி நிறைவேற்றினார். பின்னர் மீண்டும் காலை ஒன்பது மணி பூஜையிலும் மறையுரையாற்றி தமது கடைசி திருப்பலி நிறைவேற்றினார். அன்று மாலையே அவர் அமைதியாக மரித்துப் போனார்.

Also known as

• Apostle of Saxony

• Ludger of Münster

• Liudger, Ludiger

Additional Memorials

• 24 April (translation of relics)

• 3 October (translation of relics)

Profile

Son of Thiadgrim and Liafburg, wealthy Frisian nobles. Brother of Saint Gerburgis and Saint Hildegrin. Saw Saint Boniface preach in 753, and was greatly moved. Studied at Utrecht, Netherlands under Saint Gregory of Utrecht. Studied three and a half years in England under Blessed Alcuin. Deacon.

Returned to the Netherlands in 773 as a missionary. Sent to Deventer in 775 to restore a chapel destroyed by pagan Saxons, and to recover the relics of Saint Lebwin, who had built the chapel. Taught school at Utrecht. Destroyed pagan idols and places of worship in the areas west of Lauwers Zee after they were Christianized. Ordained in 777 at Cologne, Germany. Missionary to Friesland, mainly around Ostergau and Dokkum, from 777 to 784, returning each fall to Utrecht to teach in the cathedral school. Left the area in 784 when pagan Saxons invaded and expelled all priests.

Pilgrim to Rome, Italy in 785. Met with Pope Adrian I, and the two exchanged counsel. Lived as a Benedictine monk at Monte Cassino, Italy from 785 to 787, but did not take vows. At the request of Charlemagne, he returned to Friesland as a missionary. It was a successful expedition, and he built a monastery in Werden, Germany to serve as a base. Reported to have cured the blindness of, and thus caused the conversion of the blind pagan bard Berulef.

Refused the bishopric of Trier, Germany in 793. Missionary to the Saxons. Built a monastery at Mimigernaford as the center of this missionary work, and served as its abbot. The word monasterium led to the current name of the city that grew up around the house - Münster. Built several small chapels throughout the region. First bishop of Münster in 804, being ordained at Westphalia.

Ludger's health failed in later years, but he never reduced his work load. No matter how busy or dangerous his outside life, he never neglected his time of prayer and meditation, it being a source of the strength to do everything else. The man's life can be summed up in two facts -

• he was reprimanded and denounced only once during his bishopric - for spending more on charity than on church decoration

• on the day of his death, he celebrated Mass - twice.

Born

c.743 at Zuilen, Friesland (modern Netherlands)

Died

• in the evening of Passion Sunday, 26 March 809 of natural causes

• buried at Werden, Germany

• relics also at Münster and Billerbeck, Germany

Patronage

• 2 dioceses

• 13 cities

Blessed Maddalena Caterina Morano

Profile

Her father and older sister died when Maddalena was 8 years old, and the girl had to work to help support her large family. She managed to work and study, and in 1866 she graduated as an elementary school teacher. She wanted to enter religious life, but her family needed her, and she worked for 12 years as a teacher in rural Montaldo, Italy teaching catechism in her parish.

In 1878, having helped raise her siblings, and saved enough to insure her mother‘s future, Maddalena entered the Daughters of Mary, Help of Christians, the congregation founded six years earlier by Saint John Bosco. In 1881 she was sent to Trecastagni in the Diocese of Catania, Sicily, and took charge of an existing institute for women, inspiring it with Salesian principles.

Sicily became her second home. She opened new houses, set up after-school activities and sewing classes, trained teachers, and taught catechism. She spent 25 years in Sicily, serving her community as local and provincial superior, guiding novices, and faithfully living the charism of Mother Maria Mazzarello, co-foundress of the institute.

Born

15 November 1847 at Chieri, Italy

Died

26 March 1908 at Catania, Sicily, Italy of cancer

Beatified

5 November 1994 by Pope John Paul II

Saint Castulus of Rome

Also known as

• Castulus of Moosburg

• Castolo, Castulo, Catulus, Kastl, Kastulis, Kastulus

Profile

Married to Saint Irene of Rome. Military officer in the imperial palace in Rome during the reign of Emperor Diocletian. A quiet Christian, he was denounced to authorities for sheltering fellow Christians; arrested, tortured and martyred.

Died

• buried alive in 288 on the Via Labicana outside Rome, Italy

• a cemetery named for him developed on the land

• a church dedicated to him was built in the 7th century on the site of his execution

• relics transferred to a Benedictine monastery in Moosburg an der Isar, Germany c.768

• relics transferred to Landshut, Germany in 1604

Patronage

• against blood poisoning

• against drowning

• against erysipelas

• against fever

• against horse theft

• against lightning

• against storms

• against wildfire

• cowherds

• farmers

• shepherds

• Hallertau, Germany

• Moosburg an der Isar, Germany

Saint Bercharius

Also known as

Bercario, Bererus

Profile

Godson of Saint Nivard of Rheims; student of Saint Remaclus of Maestricht. Monk at Luxeuil Abbey under the leadership of Saint Walbert. First abbot of Hautvillers Abbey; he expanded it and built other houses, one of which was populated by brothers who were redeemed slaves. First abbot of Montier-en-Der Abbey. Pilgrim to Rome, Italy and to the Holy Lands, bringing back relics for his houses. Venerated as a martyr as he died defending the principles of his religious order.

Born

636 in Aquitaine (in modern France)

Died

• fatally stabbed on Holy Thursday, 28 March 696 at Moutier-en-Der Abbey by his godson, a monk named Daguin, whom Bercharius had reprimanded

• died on Easter Sunday, 31 March 696 forgiving his killer

• relics taken to a church in Burgundy, France in the 9th century to protect them from invading Normans, but were returned to the abbey by 924

• some relics taken to the collegiate church of Châteauvillain, Haute-Marne, France, but were destroyed in the anti-Christian excesses of the French Revolution

Saint Peter of Sebaste

Profile

Youngest of ten children born to Saint Basil the Elder and Saint Emmelia; brother of Saint Basil the Great, Saint Gregory of Nyssa, and Saint Macrina the Younger. His father died when Peter was an infant, and he was raised and educated by Saint Macrina. Monk in a monastery in Armenia on the Iris River, a house that had been founded by his parents and was headed by his brother Basil. Abbot of the house in 362. Worked to help people suffering in a famine in Pontus and Cappadocia. Ordained in 370. Bishop of Sebaste, Armenia in 380. Fought fiercely against Arianism in his see. Attended the General Council of Constantinople in 381.

Born

c.340 in Caesarea, Cappadocia

Died

c.391 in Sebaste, Armenia (in modern Turkey) of natural causes

Saint Basil the Younger

Profile

Hermit near Constantinople. Being a foreigner, and being odd in his appearance and behavior, he was arrested, questioned and tortured as a spy, but his gift of miracles and prophecy convinced his captors that he was just a holy man, and they freed him. Friend of Saint Theodora of Constantinople. He later publicly denouced the immorality of the area's aristocracy, including Princess Anastasia, which led to further persecution by the authorities.

Died

952 near Constantinople (modern Istanbul, Turkey) of natural causes

Saint Eutychius of Alexandria

Profile

Sub-deacon in Alexandria, Egypt and leader of a group of Christians who supported Saint Athanasius of Alexandria and opposed Arianism. Arrested, scourged and condemned to slavery in the mines for adhering to orthodox Christianity. Martyr.

Died

from abuse and exhaustion while on the road to the mines in Egypt in 356

Saint Barontius of Pistoia

Also known as

Barontus, Baronce, Baronto, Baronzio

Profile

Member of the French nobility and a courtier to King Theirry II. Married and a father. Retired to become a monk at Lonrey, France. After receiving a vision, he moved to become a hermit near Pistoia, Italy. Friend of Saint Desiderius of Pistoia.

Died

c.725

Saint Maxima the Martyr

Also known as

Massima

Profile

Married to and martyred with Saint Montanus the Martyr in the persecutions of Diocletian.

Died

drowned in 304

Saint Govan

Also known as

Cofen, Gofan, Goven, Gowan

Profile

Sixth century hermit who lived on the face of a cliff at Saint Govan's Head, Dyfed, Wales; his stone hut survives today, and attracts many visitors. Spiritual student of Saint Ailbe.

Died

buried under the altar in his stone hut

Saint Emmanuel

Also known as

Emanuele, Maneul

Profile

Martyred with 42 companions in the persecutions of Diocletian.

Died

c.304

Representation

man tied and nailed to a tree

Saint Quadratus of Anatolia

Also known as

Codrato

Profile

Bishop in Anatolia (in modern Turkey). Martyred with 42 companions in the persecutions of Diocletian.

Died

c.304 in Anatolia, Asia Minor (modern Turkey)

Saint Mochelloc of Kilmallock

Also known as

Celloch, Cellog, Motalogus, Mottelog

Profile

Abbot at Kilmallock, Ireland.

Died

c.639

Patronage

Kilmallock, Limerick, Ireland

Saint Montanus the Martyr

Also known as

Montano

Profile

Priest. Married to and martyred with Saint Maxima the Martyr in the persecutions of Diocletian.

Died

drowned in 304

Saint Sincheall of Killeigh

Profile

Spiritual student of Saint Patrick. Founded the Killeigh monastery in Offaly, Ireland.

Died

5th century

Saint Felicitas of Padua

Profile

Nun in Padua, Italy.

Died

• 9th century

• relics in the church of Saint Justina, Padua, Italy

Saint Desiderius of Pistoia

Also known as

Dizier, Desiderio

Profile

Hermit at Pistoia, Italy. Friend of Saint Barontius of Pistoia.

Saint Theodosius

Also known as

Teodosio

Profile

Martyred with 42 companions in the persecutions of Diocletian.

Died

c.304 in Anatolia, Asia Minor

Saint Sabino of Anatolia

Profile

Martyred with 42 companions in the persecutions of Diocletian.

Died

c.304 in Anatolia, Asia Minor

Saint Bathus

Profile

Martyred along with his wife, two sons and two daughters for their faith.

Died

burned to death in their church c.370 somewhere in the Balkans

Saint Felix of Trier

Profile

Bishop of Trier, Germany in 386, consecrated by Saint Martin of Tours.

Died

c.400

Saint Wereka

Profile

Martyr.

Died

burned to death in their church c.370 somewhere in the Balkans

Saint Garbhan

Profile

Seventh century abbot at Dungarvan, Ireland.

Born

Irish

Martyrs of Rome

Profile

A group of Christians martyred together. The only details to survive are the names - Cassian, Jovinus, Marcian, Peter and Thecla.

Died

Rome, Italy, date unknown