Sts. Joachim and Anne
புனிதர்கள் சுவக்கின் மற்றும் அன்னம்மாள்
(Saints Joachim and Anne)
இறைவனின் அதிதூய அன்னை, கன்னி மரியாளின் பெற்றோர்:
(Parents of the Blessed Virgin Mary)
பிறப்பு: கி.மு. 100
நாசரேத்
(Nazareth)
இறப்பு: தெரியவில்லை
எருசலேம், நாசரேத்
(Jerusalem, Nazareth)
ஏற்கும் சமயம்:
கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை
(Catholic Church)
கிழக்கு மரபுவழி திருச்சபைகள்
(Eastern Orthodox Churches)
ஆங்கிலிக்கன் சமூகம்
(Anglican Communion)
ஆக்ளிபயன் திருச்சபை
(Aglipayan Church)
இஸ்லாம்
(Islam)
நினைவுத் திருநாள்: ஜூலை 26
பாதுகாவல்:
சுவக்கின்:
பாட்டனார்கள், தாத்தா, பாட்டி; திருமணமான தம்பதிகள்; தனியறை தயாரிப்பாளர்கள்; கைத்தறி வர்த்தகர்கள்
அன்னா:
திருமணமாகாத பெண்கள்; குடும்பத் தலைவிகள்; பிரசவ வேதனையிலிருக்கும் பெண்கள்; பாட்டியார்; குதிரை சவாரி செய்பவர்கள்; தனியறை தயாரிப்பாளர்கள்
கி.பி. 2ம் நூற்றாண்டின் மரபு வழி செய்திகளின்படி அன்னாவும், சுவக்கின் என்பவர்களும் இறைவனின் அன்னை, அதி தூய கன்னி மரியாளின் பெற்றோர்கள் என்று கூறப்படுகின்றது. 6ம் நூற்றாண்டிலிருந்தே அன்னாவுக்கு வணக்கம் செலுத்தப்பட்டு வந்தது. 10ம் நூற்றாண்டில் இப்பக்தி மிகுதியாக பரவியது. 12ம் நூற்றாண்டில், “பைசான்தீனியர்களும்” “சிலுவைப் போராளிகளும்” (Byzantines and the Crusaders ) இணைந்து, மத்திய இஸ்ரேலிலுள்ள “பெய்ட் குவ்ரின்” (Beit Guvrin National Park) தேசியப் பூங்காவில் புனித அன்னாவுக்கு ஆலயம் கட்டினார்கள்.
மரபுகளின்படி “பெத்தலேகேமில்” (Bethlehem) பிறந்த அன்னா, “சுவக்கினை” (Joachim of Nazareth) திருமணம் செய்துகொண்டார். இருவரும் தாவீதின் (David) மரபுவழிமுரையினர் ஆவர். ஜேம்ஸின் குழந்தைப்பருவ நற்செய்திகளின்படி, (Protoevangelium of James) சுவக்கின் பணக்கார, பக்தி மிகுந்தவர் ஆவார். இவர் வழக்கமாக ஏழைகளுக்கும், எருசலேமின் வடமேற்கு திசையிலுள்ள “செஃபோரிஸ்” (Sepphoris) எனுமிடத்திலுள்ள யூதர்களின் வழிபாட்டு கூடங்களுக்கும் தான தர்மங்கள் வழங்குவார்.
ஆரம்பத்தில் “கலிலேயா” (Galilee) நகரில் வாழ்ந்து வந்த அன்னை மரியாளின் பெற்றோர், பின்னர் எருசலேமில் வந்து வசித்தனர். அவர்களுக்கு குழந்தைகள் இல்லாத காரணத்தால், அவர்கள் தந்த தான தர்மங்கள் தெய்வீக அதிருப்திக்கு ஒரு அடையாளமாகப் புரிந்துகொள்ளப்பட்ட காரணத்தால், யூத வழிபாட்டு கூடங்களின் தலைமை குரு சுவக்கினையும் அவர் தந்த தானங்களையும் நிராகரித்தார். இதன் விளைவாக பாலைவனத்திற்குத் திரும்பிய சுவக்கின், நாற்பது நாட்கள் அங்கே விரதம், செபம் மற்றும் தவ முயற்சிகளில் ஈடுபட்டார். பின்னர், சுவக்கின் மற்றும் அன்னா இருவருக்கும் காட்சியளித்த தேவ தூதர்கள், அவர்களுக்கு ஒரு குழந்தை பிறக்கும் என்று வாக்கு கொடுத்தனர். அதன் பின்னர் எருசலேம் திரும்பிய சுவக்கின், நகரின் நுழைவாயிலில் வைத்து அன்னாவை வாரியணைத்தார்.
சுவக்கினும் அன்னாவும் எருசலேமின் சுவர்ண நுழைவாயிலில் சந்தித்துக்கொண்ட சம்பவம், அன்னை மரியாளின் வாழ்வின் கலையாற்றல் மிக்க சம்பவமாக கருதப்படுகின்றது.
அன்னை மரியாளின் பெற்றோர் திருமணமாகி பல ஆண்டுகள் குழந்தைப்பேறு இல்லாமல் இருந்துள்ளனர். செப, தவ, ஒறுத்தல்கள் பல புரிந்து, நீண்ட கால இடைவெளிக்கு பின்னர் ஒரு பெண் குழந்தையை பெற்றெடுத்தனர். அக்குழந்தைக்கு "மரியா" என்று பெயர் சூட்டினர். தங்களது ஒரே மகளை ஞானத்திலும், அறிவிலும், பக்தியிலும் சிறந்த பெண்ணாக வளர்த்தனர். இவர்கள் இறுதியாக எருசலேமில் வாழ்ந்துள்ளனர்.
கி.பி. 12ம் நூற்றாண்டிலிருந்து அன்னை மரியாளின் பெற்றோர்களின் மீதிருந்த பக்தி உலகம் முழுவதும் பரவியது. கி.பி. 13ம் நூற்றாண்டிலிருந்து ஜூலை 26ம் நாள் இப்புனிதர்களின் விழா கொண்டாடப்பட்டு வருகின்றது. கி.பி. 1584ம் ஆண்டு “ரோம பொது நாள்காட்டியில்” (General Roman Calendar) பட்டியலில் சேர்க்கப்பட்டது.
இஸ்லாமிய பாரம்பரியம்:
இஸ்லாமிய மத நூலான புனித “குர் ஆனில்” (Quran) சுவக்கின் “இம்ரான்” என்று அறியப்படுகின்றார்.
அன்னா, புனித “குர் ஆனில்” (Quran) “ஹன்னா” (Ḥannah) என்று அறியப்படுகின்றார்.
Feastday: July 26
Saints Joachim (sometimes spelled "Joaquin," pronounced "wal-keem") and Anne, are the parents of the Virgin Mary. There are no mentions of them in the Bible or Gospels, what we know comes from Catholic legend and the Gospel of James, which is an unsanctioned, apocryphal writing form the second century AD. We do know from scholarship that the Gospel of James was not written by James, the Brother of Jesus, despite its claim to be so authored.
Even the early Church fathers expressed skepticism about the Gospel of James in their writings. There are about 150 copies of the ancient manuscript which often have different titles, but tell the same story, that Mary was promised to Joachim and Anne by an angel, was consecrated to God, and she remained a virgin all her life.
Naturally, there is plenty of room for scholarly debate about these saints. We have no true primary sources that prove they even existed, but certainly we can agree that Mary had parents. Likewise, we can agree that.
Mary had good, faithful parents who raised her with a love and devotion to God like none other except Jesus Christ Himself.
Joachim and Anne serve as role models for parents and both deserve to be honored and emulated for their devotion to God and Our Lady Mary, the Mother of God.
According to apocryphal Christian and Islamic tradition, Saint Anne was the mother of Mary and the maternal grandmother of Jesus. Mary's mother is not named in the canonical gospels. In writing, Anne's name and that of her husband Joachim come only from New Testament apocrypha, of which the Gospel of James (written perhaps around 150) seems to be the earliest that mentions them. The mother of Mary is mentioned but not named in the Quran.
Church tradition
The story bears a similarity to that of the birth of Samuel, whose mother Hannah (Hebrew: חַנָּה Ḥannāh "favour, grace"; etymologically the same name as Anne) had also been childless. Although Anne receives little attention in the Latin Church prior to the late 12th century,[4] dedications to Anne in Eastern Christianity occur as early as the 6th century.[5] In the Eastern Orthodox tradition, Anne is ascribed the title Ancestors of God,[6] and both the Nativity of Mary and the Presentation of Mary are celebrated as two of the twelve Great Feasts of the Orthodox Church. The Dormition of Anne is also a minor feast in Eastern Christianity. In Lutheran Protestantism, it is held that Martin Luther chose to enter religious life as an Augustinian friar after crying out to St. Anne while endangered by lightning.[7][8]
In Islam
Anne (Arabic: حنة, romanized: Ḥannah) is also revered in Islam, recognized as a highly spiritual woman and as the mother of Mary. She is not named in the Quran, where she is referred to as "The wife of Imran". The Qur'an describes her remaining childless until her old age. One day, Hannah saw a bird feeding its young while sitting in the shade of a tree, which awakened her desire to have children of her own. She prayed for a child and eventually conceived; her husband, Imran, died before the child was born. Expecting the child to be male, Hannah vowed to dedicate him to isolation and service in the Second Temple.[N 1][9][10]
However, Hannah bore a daughter instead, and named her Mary. Her words upon delivering Mary reflect her status as a great mystic, realising that while she had wanted a son, this daughter was God's gift to her:[9][10]
Then, when she brought forth she said: My Lord! Truly, I brought her forth, a female. And God is greater in knowledge of what she brought forth. And the male is not like the female. ... So her Lord received her with the very best acceptance. And her bringing forth caused the very best to develop in her.[Quran 3:36–37 (Translated by Laleh Bakhtiar)]
Beliefs
Saint Anne with Mary as a child
Although the canonical books of the New Testament never mention the mother of the Virgin Mary, traditions about her family, childhood, education, and eventual betrothal to Joseph developed very early in the history of the church. The oldest and most influential source for these is the apocryphal Gospel of James, first written in Koine Greek around the middle of the second century AD. In the West, the Gospel of James fell under a cloud in the fourth and fifth centuries when it was accused of "absurdities" by Jerome and condemned as untrustworthy by Pope Damasus I, Pope Innocent I, and Pope Gelasius I.[11]
Ancient belief, attested to by a sermon of John of Damascus, was that Anne married once. In the Late Middle Ages, legend held that Anne was married three times: first to Joachim, then to Clopas and finally to a man named Solomas and that each marriage produced one daughter: Mary, mother of Jesus, Mary of Clopas, and Mary Salome, respectively.[12] The sister of Saint Anne was Sobe, mother of Elizabeth. In the fifteenth century, the Catholic cleric Johann Eck related in a sermon that St Anne's parents were named Stollanus and Emerentia. The Catholic Encyclopedia (1907) regards this genealogy as spurious.[13]
In the 4th century and then much later in the 15th century, a belief arose that Mary was conceived of Anne without original sin. This belief in the Immaculate Conception states that God preserved Mary's body and soul intact and sinless from her first moment of existence, through the merits of Jesus Christ.[13] The Immaculate Conception, often confused with the Annunciation of the Incarnation (Mary's virgin birth of Jesus), was made dogma in the Catholic church by Pope Pius IX's papal bull, Ineffabilis Deus, in 1854.
Veneration
In the Eastern church, the cult of Anne herself may go back as far as c. 550, when Justinian built a church in Constantinople in her honor.[14]
The earliest pictorial sign of her veneration in the West is an 8th-century fresco in the church of Santa Maria Antiqua, Rome.[11]
Birth of St. Anne, by Adriaen van Overbeke (c. 1521–1525)
Virginia Nixon sees an economic incentive in the local promotion of the cult of St. Anne in order to attract pilgrims. The identification of Sepphoris as the birthplace of Mary may reflect competition with a similar site in Jerusalem.[15] A shrine at Douai, in northern France, was one of the early centers of devotion to St. Anne in the West.[16]
Two well-known shrines to St. Anne are that of Ste. Anne d'Auray in Brittany, France; and that of Ste. Anne de Beaupré near the city of Québec. The number of visitors to the Basilica of Ste. Anne de Beaupré is greatest on St Anne's Feast Day, 26 July, and the Sunday before Nativity of the Virgin Mary, 8 September. In 1892, Pope Leo XIII sent a relic of St Anne to the church.[17]
In the Maltese language, the Milky Way galaxy is called It-Triq ta' Sant'Anna, literally "The Way of St. Anne".[18]
In Imperial Russia, the Order of St Anne was one of the leading state decorations.
In the United States, the Daughters of the Holy Spirit named the former Annhurst College in her honor.[19]
A woman's attachment to and faith in a St. Anne medallion is the subject of The Chairman Dances' song "Saint Anne Medal", included on their EP Samantha Says (2015).[20]
Anne is remembered (with Joachim) in the Church of England with a Lesser Festival on 26 July.[21]
Commemoration
By the middle of the seventh century, a distinct feast day, the Conception of St. Anne (Maternity of Holy Anna) celebrating the conception of Mary by Saint Anne, was observed at the Monastery of Saint Sabas.[22] It is now known in the Greek Orthodox Church as the feast of "The Conception by St. Anne of the Most Holy Theotokos", and celebrated on 9 December.[23] In the Roman Catholic Church, the Feast of Saints Anne and Joachim is celebrated on 26 July.
Relics
The supposed relics of St. Anne were brought from the Holy Land to Constantinople in 710 and were kept there in the church of St. Sophia as late as 1333.[13]
During the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, returning crusaders and pilgrims from the East brought relics of Anne to a number of churches, including most famously those at Apt, in Provence, Ghent, and Chartres.[11] St. Anne's relics have been preserved and venerated in the many cathedrals and monasteries dedicated to her name, for example in Austria, Canada,[24] Germany, Italy,[25] and Greece in the semi-autonomous Mount Athos, and the city of Katerini.[26] Medieval and baroque craftsmanship is evidenced in, for example, the metalwork of the life-size reliquaries containing the bones of her forearm. Examples employing folk art techniques are also known.
Düren has been the main place of pilgrimage for Anne since 1506, when Pope Julius II decreed that her relics should be kept there.
Patronage
The Church of Saint Anne in Beit Guvrin National Park was built by the Byzantines and the Crusaders in the 12th century, known in Arabic as Khirbet (lit. "ruin") Sandahanna, the mound of Maresha being called Tell Sandahanna.
Basilica of Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré, Quebec, Canada
Saint Anne is patroness of unmarried women, housewives, women in labor or who want to be pregnant, grandmothers, mothers and educators. She is also a patroness of horseback riders, cabinet-makers[16] and miners. As the mother of Mary, this devotion to Saint Anne as the patron of miners arises from the medieval comparison between Mary and Christ and the precious metals silver and gold. Anne's womb was considered the source from which these precious metals were mined.[27] Saint Anne is also said to be a patron saint of sailors and a protector from storms.[17]
She is also the patron saint of: Brittany (France), Chinandega (Nicaragua), the Mi'kmaq people of Canada, Castelbuono (Sicily), Quebec (Canada), Santa Ana (California), Norwich (Connecticut), Detroit (Michigan),[28] Adjuntas (Puerto Rico), Santa Ana and Jucuarán (El Salvador), Berlin (New Hampshire), Santa Ana Pueblo, Seama, and Taos (New Mexico), Chiclana de la Frontera, Marsaskala, Tudela and Fasnia (Spain), Town of Sta Ana Province of Pampanga, Hagonoy, Santa Ana, Taguig City, Saint Anne Shrine, Malicboy, Pagbilao, Quezon and Malinao, Albay (Philippines), Santana (Brazil), Saint Anne (Illinois), Sainte Anne Island, Baie Sainte Anne and Praslin Island (Seychelles), Bukit Mertajam and Port Klang (Malaysia), Kľúčové (Slovakia) and South Vietnam. The parish church of Vatican City is Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri. There is a shrine dedicated to Saint Anne in the Woods in Bristol, United Kingdom.
In art
Christ in the House of His Parents
Christ in the House of His Parents by John Everett Millais, 1849–50
In John Everett Millais's 1849–50 work, Christ in the House of His Parents, Anne is shown in her son-in-law Joseph's carpentry shop caring for a young Jesus who had cut his hand on a nail. She joins her daughter Mary, Joseph, and a young boy who will later become known as John the Baptist in caring for the injured hand of Jesus.
Iconography
The subject of Joachim and Anne The Meeting at the Golden Gate was a regular component of artistic cycles of the Life of the Virgin. The couple meet at the Golden Gate of Jerusalem and embrace. They are aware of Anne's pregnancy, of which they have been separately informed by an archangel. This moment stood for the conception of Mary, and the feast was celebrated on the same day as the Immaculate Conception. Art works representing the Golden Gate and the events leading up to it were influenced by the narrative in the widely read Golden Legend of Jacobus de Voragine. The Birth of Mary, the Presentation of Mary and the Marriage of the Virgin were usual components of cycles of the Life of the Virgin in which Anne is normally shown here.
Her emblem is a door.[16] She is often portrayed wearing red and green, representing love and life.[3]
Anne is never shown as present at the Nativity of Christ, but is frequently shown with the infant Christ in various subjects. She is sometimes believed to be depicted in scenes of the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple and the Circumcision of Christ, but in the former case, this likely reflects a misidentification through confusion with Anna the Prophetess. There was a tradition that Anne went (separately) to Egypt and rejoined the Holy Family after their Flight to Egypt. Anne is not seen with the adult Christ, so was regarded as having died during the youth of Jesus.[29] Anne is also shown as the matriarch of the Holy Kinship, the extended family of Jesus, a popular subject in late medieval Germany; some versions of these pictorial and sculptural depictions include Emerentia who was reputed in the 15th Century to be Anne's mother. In modern devotions, Anne and her husband are invoked for protection for the unborn.
Virgin and Child with Saint Anne
The role of the Messiah's grandparents in salvation history was commonly depicted in early medieval devotional art in a vertical double-Madonna arrangement known as the Virgin and Child with Saint Anne. Another typical subject has Anne teaching the Virgin Mary the Scriptures (see gallery below).
Saint George Preca
Also known as
Gorg Preca
Profile
Seventh in a Christian family of nine children, the son of Vincent Preco and Nathalie Ceravolo. His father was a merchant and health inspector. George was a sickly child. Studied at the Lyceum and Major Seminary on Malta. A severe respiratory ailment in seminary nearly killed him, but he recovered through the intercession of Saint Joseph. While still a student, he began writing a Rule in Latin for use in a planned society of Permanent Deacons. Ordained 22 December 1906.
After ordination he modified his concept of the society. He began teaching along the waterfront, working with the roughest of men. He gathered a group of young male catechists, including the Servant of God Ewgenju Borg, and they formed the beginning of the Society of Christian Doctrine at Hamrun, Malta in 1907. The Society's motto is represented by the letters M.U.S.E.U.M.: Magister Utinam Sequator Evangelium Universus Mundus! (Master, that the whole world would follow the Gospel!), and were dedicated to bringing the Bible and theology to lay people and the working classes.
Educating the working class was so revolutionary that Father George was accused of insanity, and was once ordered to shut down his operation. He caused more uproar with his plan to educate lay men and women, and send them out to proclaim God's word anywhere that would listen.
Society catechist centers opened in many parishes, teaching young and old, and giving children a place to stay out of trouble. Their teaching brought a deeper understanding of the faith to people who simply went through the motions of devotions, often without knowing why. The bishop of Malta approved the Society and its Rule in 1932.
Father Preca taught and wrote in Maltese, the language of the common people. From leaflets to books, George published approximately 150 works. He had a special devotion to the Mystery of Incarnation. Popular preacher, sought after confessor, and believed to have been a miraculous healer. The Society continues its work today with Centres in Malta, Australia, Sudan, Kenya, Peru, Great Britain, and Albania.
Born
12 February 1880 at Valletta, Malta
Died
• evening of 26 July 1962 of natural causes at Santa Venera, Malta
• relics near the Society's motherhouse at Blata l-Bajda
Beatified
• 9 May 2001 by Pope John Paul II
• his beatification miracle involved the healing of an irreversibly detached retina of a member of the Society
Canonized
3 June 2007 by Pope Benedict XVI
Blessed Titus Brandsma
Also known as
• Anno Sjoera Brandsma
• Shorty
Profile
Pious youth from a pious family; three of his four sisters were nuns, and a brother became a Franciscan priest. Had the nickname Shorty. Good student who felt an early call to the priesthood. Entered a Franciscan minor seminary from ages 11 to 17, but health problems, primarily an intestinal disorder, prevented him becoming a Franciscan. Joined the Carmelites at Boxmeer, Netherlands, taking the name Titus, and making his first vows in 1899.
Spoke Italian, Frisian, Dutch, and English, and could read Spanish. Translated the works of Saint Teresa of Avila from Spanish to Dutch, publishing them in 1901. Ordained in 1905 at age 24. Doctorate in philosophy from the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, Italy in 1909 at age 28. Taught at the Carmelite seminary at Oss, Netherlands. Editor of the local daily newspaper in 1919; often seen working with a cigar in his mouth.
Taught philosophy at Catholic University, Nijmegen, Netherlands. Superior of the university's Carmelite student house. Popular confessor. Widely travelled orator, journalist, author, and lobbyist for the university. University president in 1932. Appointed ecclesiastical advisor to Catholic journalists in 1935. Conducted a speaking tour throughout the United States beginning in 1935.
In 1935 he wrote against anti-Jewish marriage laws, which brought him to the attention of the Nazis. He later wrote that no Catholic publication could publish Nazi propaganda and still call itself Catholic; this led to more attention. Continually followed by the Gestapo, the Nazi attention led to his arrest on 19 January 1942. For several weeks he was shuttled from jail to jail, abused, and punished for ministering to other prisoners.
Deported to the Dachau concentration camp in April 1942. There he was overworked, underfed, and beaten daily; he asked fellow prisoners to pray for the salvation of the guards. When he could no longer work, he was used for medical experiments. When he was no longer any use for experimentation, he was murdered. Martyr.
Born
23 February 1881 at Oegeklooster, Friesland, Netherlands as Anno Sjoera Brandsma
Died
• martyred on 26 July 1942 by lethal injection in the concentration camp at Dachau, Bavaria, Germany
• his executioner was a nurse who had been raised Catholic, but left the Church
• body cremated, and no relics remain
Beatified
3 November 1985 by Pope John Paul II
Writings
• Prayer Before a Picture of Jesus
• Spirituality of the Carmelites of the Ancient Observance
• Letter from Dachau Prison, 12 July 1942
Blessed Robert Nutter
Also known as
• Robert Askew
• Robert Rowley
Additional Memorial
• 22 November as one of the Martyrs of England, Scotland, and Wales
• 29 October as one of the Martyrs of Douai
• 1 December as one of the Martyrs of Oxford University
Profile
Brother of Blessed John Nutter. Educated at Brasenose College, Oxford, England in the mid-1560's. Seminarian at the English College, Rheims, France. Ordained at Soissons, France on 21 December 1581. Returned to England with Blessed George Haydock to minister to covert Catholics. He worked for two years, was imprisoned and tortured in the Tower of London for two years, and then exiled for the crime of being a priest. After a few months in France to recover, he returned to England; he was arrested almost immediately and spent nearly 15 years in prison. He joined the Dominicans in prison, received into the order by the Provincial of Portugal. He managed to escape in March 1600, was re-captured in May, lodged in Wisbich Castle, tortured, and finally hanged with Blessed Edward Thwing.
Born
c.1557 at Burnley Lanes, Lancashire, England
Died
hanged on 26 July 1600 at Lancaster, England
Beatified
22 November 1987 by Pope John Paul II
Saint Parasceva of Rome
Profile
Daughter of the wealthy Christians Politea and Agathon, and was born after much praying by them for a child. Unusually well educated for a girl of her time. When her parents died, she gave her property to the poor and became an persuasive, itinerant preacher. During a time of persecutions by Roman and Jewish officials, she brought many to Christianity.
Arrested for her faith and her success in the persecutions of Antoninus Pius. She was tortured to make her renounce her faith; she declined. Thrown into a vat of boiling oil, she stood in it unharmed. The emperor asked if she had cooled the oil by magic; she scooped up a handful and threw it in his eyes, burning and blinding him. The emperor screamed for mercy; Parasceva called out the named of Jesus, and the emperor was instantly healed. This miracle moved Antoninus to end the persecution of Christians until his death in 161.
Parasceva resumed her preaching, and upon Antoninus' death, imperial Rome under Marcus Aurelius resumed persecution of the Christians. The Roman governor Asclepius threw her into a pit with a poisonous snake; she make the sign of the cross over the creature, it split in two like it was cut with a sword, and she converted Asclepius and many of his court. Dragged before the governor Tarasios, she began to preach. She was tortured to make her deny God; she replied to each question or order with the word Christ. Her tormentors finally gave up, and she was martyred.
Died
• beheaded in 180
• relics taken to Constantinople
Patronage
blind people
Blessed John Ingram
அருளாளர் ஜான் இங்க்ராம்
(Blessed John Ingram)
ஆங்கிலேய இயேசுசபை குரு, மறைசாட்சி:
(English Jesuit and Martyr)
பிறப்பு: கி.பி. 1565
ஸ்டோக் எடித், ஹியர்ஃபோர்ட்ஷைர்
(Stoke Edith, Herefordshire)
இறப்பு: ஜூலை 26, 1594
கேட்ஷீட்
(Gateshead)
ஏற்கும் சமயம்:
ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை
(Roman Catholicism)
முக்திபேறு பட்டம்: 1929
திருத்தந்தை பதினோராம் பயஸ்
(Pope Pius XI)
அருளாளர் ஜான் இங்க்ராம், ஒரு ஆங்கிலேய இயேசுசபை குருவும் (English Jesuit), இங்கிலாந்து மற்றும் அயர்லாந்து நாடுகளின் மகாராணியான (Queen of England and Ireland), முதலாம் எலிசபெத்தின் (Elizabeth I) ஆட்சி காலத்தில், கத்தோலிக்க மறையின்மீது தமக்கிருந்த விசுவாசம் காரணமாக, மறைசாட்சியாக தூக்கிலிடப்பட்டு கொல்லப்பட்டவருமாவார்.
இவரது தந்தை, “அந்தோணி இங்க்ராம்” (Anthony Ingram of Wolford) ஆவார். இவரது தாயார், “டாரதி” (Dorothy, daughter of Sir John Hungerford) ஆவார். இவர், இங்கிலாந்தின் மேற்கு மிட்லாண்டில் உள்ள “வொர்செஸ்டர்ஷைர்” (Worcestershire) எனும் மாவட்டத்தில் உள்ள “ஆக்ஸ்ஃபோர்ட்” பல்கலையின் “நியூ கல்லூரியில்” (New College, Oxford) கல்வி பயின்றார். பின்னர், கத்தோலிக்க மறைக்கு மனம் மாறிய இவர், “ரெய்ம்ஸ்” நகரிலுள்ள “ஆங்கிலேய கல்லூரி” (English College, Rheims) எனும் கத்தோலிக்க செமினாரியில் (Catholic seminary) குருத்துவ கல்வி பயின்றார். (இது, தற்போதைய ஃபிரான்சில் உள்ளது). பின்னர், “பொன்ட்-எ-மௌஸ்ஸோன்” (Pont-a-Mousson) எனும் இயேசுசபை கல்லூரியிலும், பின்னர் ரோம் (Rome) நகரிலுள்ள ஆங்கிலேய கல்லூரியிலும் (English College, Rome) கற்றார்.
கி.பி. 1589ம் ஆண்டு, ரோம் (Rome) நகரில் குருத்துவ அருட்பொழிவு பெற்ற இவர், கி.பி. 1592ம் ஆண்டின் தொடக்கத்தில் ஸ்காட்லாந்து (Scotland) நாட்டுக்குச் சென்றார். அங்கே அவர் பல சக்திவாய்ந்த பிரமுகர்களுடன் நட்பு கொண்டார். அங்கே, ஸ்கோட்டிஷ் ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க (Scottish Roman Catholic intriguer) அறிஞரான “வால்ட்டர் லிண்ட்சே” (Walter Lindsay of Balgavie) என்பவரது சிற்றாலய குருவாக 18 மாதங்கள் நியமனம் பெற்றிருந்தார்.
கி.பி. 1593ம் ஆண்டு, நவம்பர் மாதம், 25ம் தேதி, “நார்தும்பர்லாந்து” (Northumberland) மாகாணத்திலுள்ள “ட்வீட்” (River Tweed) நதிக்கரையோரமுள்ள “வார்க்” (Wark on Tweed) எனும் கிராமத்தில் வைத்து பிடிபட்ட ஜான் இங்க்ராம், கைது செய்யப்பட்டு முதலில் “பெர்விக்” (Berwick) சிறையிலடைக்கப்பட்டார். பின்னர் “டர்ஹம்” (Durham), “யோர்க்” (York) ஆகிய ஊர்களிலுள்ள சிறைச்சாலைகளிலும், இறுதியாக “டவர் ஆஃப் லண்டன்” (Tower of London) எனும் சித்திரவதைக் கூட சிறையிலும் அடைக்கப்பட்டார். அங்கே, அவர் கடுமையாக சித்திரவதை செய்யப்பட்டார். அவர் இருபது இலத்தீன் புராணங்களை (Latin epigrams) எழுதினார். அவை இன்றளவும் உள்ளன.
லண்டன் டவரில் அவருக்கு நேர்ந்த கடுமையான சோதனைகளின் பின்னர், அவர் மீண்டும் வடக்கிலுள்ள யோர்க் (York), நியு காஸ்டில் (Newcastle) மற்றும் “டர்ஹம்” (Durham) சிறைச் சாலைகளுக்கு அனுப்பப்பட்டார். அங்கே அவர், புனிதர் “ஜான் போஸ்ட்”(John Boste) போன்றோருடன் சேர்த்து விசாரிக்கப்பட்டார்.
வெளிநாடுகளில் குருத்துவம் பெற்ற கத்தோலிக்க குருக்களுக்கு இங்கிலாந்து நாட்டில் தடை இருந்தது. தடையை மீறி அங்கே இருப்பது, இராஜதுரோகமாக கருதப்பட்டது. இங்கிலாந்தில் அவர் எப்போதுமே ஒரு கத்தோலிக்க குருவாக செயல்பட்டதற்கான எந்தவித ஆதாரமும் இல்லாதிருந்தும், மேற்படி சட்டப்படி, வடக்கு இங்கிலாந்தின் “டர்ஹாம்” (Durham) நகரிலுள்ள “அஸ்ஸிஸஸ்” (Assizes) எனப்படும் ஒரு விசாரணை நீதிமன்றத்தால் கி.பி. 1594ம் ஆண்டு, ஜூலை மாதம், 23ம் நாளன்று தண்டிக்கப்பட்டார். ஸ்காட்லாந்தில் உள்ள யாரோ ஒருவர், இன்க்ராமின் தண்டனையிலிருந்து காப்பாற்றுவதற்காக, ஆயிரம் கிரீடங்களை ஆங்கில அரசாங்கத்திற்கு வழங்கியதற்கான சான்றுகள் உள்ளன. ஆனால், அவை அனைத்தும் வீணாயின. நியூகேஸ்டல் (Newcastle) அதிகாரிகள் மரணதண்டனை நிறைவேற்றுவதற்கான பொருப்பிலிருந்ததால், இங்க்ராம் நியூகேஸ்டல் நகரிலுள்ள நியூகேட் சிறைச்சாலைக்கு (Newgate Prison) மாற்றல் செய்யப்பட்டார். தண்டனை நாளான ஜூலை மாதம், 26ம் நாள், வெள்ளிக்கிழமையன்று, “கேட்ஸ்ஹெட் ஹை ஸ்ட்ரீட்” (Gateshead High Street) எனுமிடத்திலுள்ள பாலத்தின் (தற்போதைய தொங்குபாலம் (Swing Bridge) குறுக்கேயுள்ள தூக்கு மரத்துக்கு அழைத்துச் செல்லப்பட்டார்.
கி.பி. 1594ம் ஆண்டு, ஜூலை மாதம், 26ம் தேதி, “கேட்ஸ்ஹெட்” (Gateshead) நகரில் ஜான் இங்க்ராம் தூக்கிலிடப்பட்டார்.
Memorial
• 29 October as one of the Martyrs of Douai
• 1 December as one of the Martyrs of Oxford University
Profile
Son of Anthony Ingram of Wolford, Warwickshire, and Dorothy, daughter of Sir John Hungerford. Educated at Worcestershire and the New College, Oxford, England. Adult convert to Catholicism. Continued his education at the English College, Rheims, France; the Jesuit College, Pont-a-Mousson, France; and the English College, Rome, France. Ordained at Rome in 1589.
Missioner to Scotland in early 1592 supported by Lords Huntly, Angus, and Erroll, the Abbot of Dumbries, and Sir Walter Lindsay of Balgavies. Arrested on the Tyne River for his faith on 25 November 1593. Imprisoned at Berwick, Durgam, York, and the Tower of London. Tortured in the Tower for the names of other "traitorous" Catholics, he gave away nothing, ministered to and encouraged his fellow prisoners, and still wrote 20 Latin epigrams that have survived.
Relayed north again through prisons at York, Newcastle, and Durgan. Convicted, with Saint John Boste and Saint George Swallowell (the other two Durham Martyrs), for the high crime of priesthood. Some one in Scotland offered the English government 1,000 crowns as ransom for his life, but it was declined, and he was executed.
Born
1565 at Stoke Edith, Herefordshire, England
Died
hanged, drawn, and quartered on 26 July 1594 at Newcastle-on-Tyne near Durham, England
Beatified
15 December 1929 by Pope Pius XI
Blessed Andrew the Catechist
Also known as
• Andrew of Phuù Yeân
• Anrê of Phú Yên
Profile
Son of a devoutly Christian mother, Anrê was baptized at age 15 by Jesuit missionary Father Alexandre de Rhodes. Andrew became a catechist a year later. In 1643, with other catechists, he made a vow to serve the Church for the rest of his life. In 1644 he was arrested and beaten, the king having ordered a halt to Christianity and forbidding natives to join the religion. Andrew was offered a release by Mandarin Ong Nghe Bo if he would renounce the faith; he declined. Condemned on 26 July 1644, and executed the next day. Andrew was the first Vietnamese martyr.
Father de Rhodes retrieved the body and shipped it to Macao for burial. When the transport ship was attacked by pirates, it struck a rock, and a hole was torn in the hull. A large stone rolled into the gap, held out the water, and the ship was able to deliver its cargo.
Born
1625 at Ran Ran, Phú Yên (in modern Viet Nam)
Died
• hanged 26 July 1644 at Kè Khàm, Quang Nam (in modern Viet Nam)
• buried in Macao
Beatified
5 March 2000 by Pope John Paul II
Saint Bartholomea Capitanio
Additional Memorial
18 May (Sisters of Maria Bambina; Diocese of Brescia, Italy; Diocese of Bergamo, Italy; Archdiocese of Milan, Italy)
Profile
Daughter of an alcoholic corn-factor. Wanted to become a nun, but her family opposed the decision, and so she took a private vow of perpetual chastity, and began teaching and working with youth as a lay woman. Extensive correspondent, often writing on spirituality; many of letters were later collected and published.
With Saint Vincentia Gerosa, she founded the Sisters of Charity of Lovere in 1832. Based on the Rule of the Sisters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, it was dedicated to teaching the young, and caring for the impoverished sick. The congregation received papal approval in 1840, and today has over 500 communities.
Born
13 January 1807 at Lovere, Bergamo, Italy
Died
26 July 1833 at Lovere, Bergamo, Italy of tuberculosis
Canonized
18 May 1950 by Pope Pius XII
Blessed William Ward
Also known as
William Webster
Additional Memorial
29 October as one of the Martyrs of Douai
Profile
Raised Protestant. Teacher. Travelled to Spain with a Catholic friend, and there joined the Church. Back home, he converted his mother. Repeatedly imprisoned for professing his faith. At 40 he went to Belgium to study for the priesthood. Ordained. Took the name Father William Ward. Travelled to Scotland where he was immediately thrown into prison for three years. He worked the next 30 years in and around London, secretly ministering to the Catholic population and the poor in general. Frequently jailed or banished. Eventually betrayed by a priest-hunter and thrown into Newgate Prison. Martyred, uttering the words: "Jesus, Jesus, Jesus, receive my soul!"
Born
c.1560 in England as William Webster
Died
hanged, drawn, and quartered on 26 July 1641 at Tyburn, London, England
Beatified
15 December 1929 by Pope Pius XI
Blessed Camilla Gentili
Profile
Born to the Italian nobility. Friend and supporter of the future Pope Benedict XIV. Suffered through an arranged marriage to the violent, abusive and anti-religious Baptiste Santucci who hated her family for their Catholicism, and in 1482 killed Pierozzo Grassi for being a pious Christian. Camilla intervened on her hubsand's behalf and saved him from punishment, but he later turned on her, killing her defying him, for visiting her mother, and for remaining a pious Catholic. Martyr.
Born
latter 15th century in San Severino Marche, Italy
Died
• stabbed in the throat and heart on 26 July 1486 on a farm in Uvaiolo, San Severino Marche, Italy
• buried in the family plot at the church of Santa Maria del Mercato (modern church of San Domenico)
Beatified
15 January 1841 by Pope Gregory XVI
Blessed Manuel Martín Sierra
Profile
Ordained in the diocese of Granada, Spain in 1915. Received a doctorate in theology. Teacher and chaplain at the seminary of Granada, Spain. Parish priest at the Divine Shepherdess church in Motril, Spain where he lived in poverty to help support the local poor, and worked endlessly for his parishioners. During the persecutions he sheltered the Daughters of Charity in his church. Found by anti-Christian forces, he was ordered to blaspheme to show his renunciation of the faith; he refused. Martyr.
Born
2 October 1892 in Churriana de la Vega, Granada, Spain
Died
shot on 26 July 1936 in the atrium of the Divine Shepherdess parish church in Motril, Granada, Spain
Beatified
7 March 1999 by Pope John Paul II
Blessed Edward Thwing
Additional Memorial
• 22 November as one of the Martyrs of England, Scotland, and Wales
• 29 October as one of the Martyrs of Douai
Profile
Second son of Thomas and Jane Thwing. Studied at the English College in Rheims, France, with the Jesuits at Pont-à-Mousson, France, and then in Rome, Italy. Taught rhetoric and logic in Rheims. Ordained in Laon, France in December 1588. Returned to England in 1597 to serve covert Catholics during a period of government persecution. Arrested for the crime of being a priest, he was imprisoned with Blessed Robert Nutter. The two escaped but were re-arrested in May 1600 and executed together a few weeks later. Martyr.
Born
Heworth, England
Died
hanged on 26 July 1600 at Lancaster, England
Beatified
22 November 1987 by Pope John Paul II
Blessed Vicente Pinilla Ibáñez
Also known as
Vicente of Saint Aloysius Gonzaga
Profile
Priest. Member of the Augustinian Recollects. Missionary to the Philippines. When anti-Christian persecutions began in the islands, he was transferred to Brazil, and later to Motril, Spain. Had a devotion to Our Lady of Consolation, was dedicated to hearing confessions, and loved working with children. Martryred in the Spanish Civil War.
Born
9 April 1870 in Calatayud, Zaragoza, Spain
Died
shot on 26 July 1936 in the atrium of the Divine Shepherdess parish church in Motril, Granada, Spain
Beatified
7 March 1999 by Pope John Paul II
Blessed Giuseppina Maria de Micheli
Also known as
• Maria Pierina De Micheli
• Sister Maria Pierina
Profile
Nun in the Congregation of the Daughters of the Immaculate Conception. She received a number of visions that led her to promote devotion to the Holy Face of Jesus.
Born
11 September 1890 in Milan, Italy
Died
26 July 1945 in Centonara d'Artò, Verbano-Cusio-Ossola, Italy of natural causes
Beatified
• 30 May 2010 by Pope Benedict XVI
• recognition celebrated in the Basilica of Saint Mary Major, Rome, Italy, celebrated by Archbishop Angelo Amato
Blessed Hugh of Sassoferrato
Also known as
• Hugh of Actes
• Hugh of Atti
• Hugues, Hugo, Ugo
Profile
Studied at Bologna, Italy. Spiritual student of Saint Silvester Guzzolini. Benedictine monk.
Born
c.1227 at Serra San Quirico, diocese of Camerino, Italy
Died
26 July 1250 at Sassoferrato, Italy of natural causes
Beatified
27 July 1757 by Pope Benedict XIV (cultus confirmed)
Patronage
Sassoferrato, Italy
Blessed Pierre-Joseph le Groing de la Romagère
Profile
Priest in the diocese of Bourges, France. Imprisoned on a ship in the harbor of Rochefort, France and left to die during the anti-Catholic persecutions of the French Revolution. One of the Martyrs of the Hulks of Rochefort.
Born
28 June 1752 in Saint-Sauvier, Allier, France
Died
26 July 1794 aboard the prison ship Deux-Associés, in Rochefort, Charente-Maritime, France
Beatified
1 October 1995 by Pope John Paul II
Blessed Marcel-Gaucher Labiche de Reignefort
Profile
Priest in the diocese of Bourges, France. Imprisoned on a ship in the harbor of Rochefort, France and left to die during the anti-Catholic persecutions of the French Revolution. One of the Martyrs of the Hulks of Rochefort.
Born
3 November 1751 in Limoges, Haute-Vienne, France
Died
26 July 1794 aboard the prison ship Deux-Associés, in Rochefort, Charente-Maritime, France
Beatified
1 October 1995 by Pope John Paul II
Blessed Marie-Madeleine Justamond
Also known as
Sister Catherine of Jesus
Additional Memorial
9 July as one of the Martyrs of Orange
Profile
Ursuline nun. Martyred in the French Revolution.
Born
6 September 1724 in Bollène, Vaucluse, France
Died
guillotined on 26 July 1794 in Orange, Vaucluse, France
Beatified
10 May 1925 by Pope Pius XI
Saint Austindus of Auch
Also known as
Ostent, Austinde
Profile
Benedictine monk at Saint Oren’s Abbey, Auch, France. Abbot. Instituted the Cluniac reform at Saint Oren’s. Archbishop of Auch in 1041. Helped restore Christian life in his and his suffragan dioceses following the Saracen invasion of Spain. Had to struggle with princes and civil authorities to keep Church rights, prerogatives and property.
Born
c.1000 in Bordeaux, France
Died
1068 at Auch, Aquitaine (in modern France) of natural causes
Saint Erastus
Profile
Treasurer of the city of Corinth, Greece. Convert, brought to the faith by Saint Paul the Apostle. Assisted Paul, especially around Corinth. Bishop of Philippi, Macedonia. Martyr.
Readings
Erastus, the city treasurer, and our brother Quartus greet you. - Romans 16:23
Then he sent to Macedonia two of his assistants, Timothy and Erastus, while he himself stayed for a while in the province of Asia. - Acts 19:22
Erastus remained in Corinth, while I left Trophimus sick at Miletus. - 2nd Timothy 4:20
Blessed Marie-Marguerite Bonnet
Also known as
Sister Saint Augustine
Additional Memorial
9 July as one of the Martyrs of Orange
Profile
Sacramentine nun. Martyred in the French Revolution.
Born
18 June 1719 in Sérignan, Vaucluse, France
Died
guillotined on 26 July 1794 in Orange, Vaucluse, France
Beatified
10 May 1925 by Pope Pius XI
Blessed élisabeth-Thérèse de Consolin
Additional Memorial
9 July as one of the Martyrs of Orange
Profile
Ursuline nun. Martyred in the French Revolution.
Born
9 June 1736 in Courthezon, Vaucluse, France
Died
guillotined on 26 July 1794 in Orange, Vaucluse, France
Beatified
10 May 1925 by Pope Pius XI
Blessed Marie-Claire du Bac
Also known as
Sister Claire of Saint Rosalie
Additional Memorial
9 July as one of the Martyrs of Orange
Profile
Ursuline nun. Martyred in the French Revolution.
Born
9 January 1727 in Laudun, Gard, France
Died
guillotined on 26 July 1794 in Orange, Vaucluse, France
Beatified
10 May 1925 by Pope Pius XI
Blessed Jacques Netsetov
Profile
Born to a Russian father and an Aleut mother. Studied at the seminary in Irkutsk, Russia. Priest. Missionary to the indigenous people on the Aleutian Islands, travelling by kayak and dogsled; he often had to deal with the opposition of native shamans. Translated the New Testament into the Youpik language.
Born
Alaska
Died
1865
Saint Benigno of Malcestine
Also known as
Bénigne
Profile
Augustinian hermit in the Malcesine area on the shore of Lake Garda near Verona, Italy c.800. Known for his piety, deep prayer life and wisdom, he was a much sought spiritual director.
Saint Simeon of Padolirone
Profile
Hermit. Pilgrim to Jerusalem, to Rome, Italy, to Compostella, Spain, and to Tours, France. Miracle worker. Monk at Padolirone Abbey near Padua, Italy.
Born
Armenia
Died
1016
Blessed Évangéliste of Verona
Also known as
Evangelist
Profile
13th century Augustinian hermit in the area of Verona, Italy. Priest.
Born
Verona, Italy
Died
1250 of natural causes
Beatified
1837 by Pope Gregory XVI (cultus confirmation)
Blessed Pérégrin of Verona
Also known as
Peregrine
Profile
13th century Augustinian hermit in the area of Verona, Italy. Priest.
Born
Verona, Italy
Died
1250 of natural causes
Beatified
1837 by Pope Gregory XVI (cultus confirmation)
Blessed George Swallowell
Profile
Layman schoolmaster and Protestant minister. Convert to Catholicism, which led to his execution. Martyr.
Born
Shadforth, Durham, England
Died
26 July 1594 at Darlington, England
Beatified
15 December 1929 by Pope Pius XI
Saint Symphronius the Slave
Profile
Slave in imperial Rome. Helped bring Saint Olympius the Tribune, Saint Exuperia the Martyr and Saint Theodulus the Martyr to the faith. Martyred in the persecutions of Valerian.
Died
burned to death in 257
Saint Olympius the Tribune
Profile
Married to Saint Exuperia the Martyr; father of Saint Theodulus the Martyr. Convert, brought to the faith by Saint Symphronius the Slave. Martyred in the persecutions of Valerian.
Died
burned to death in 257
Saint Exuperia the Martyr
Profile
Married to Saint Olympius the Tribune; mother of Saint Theodulus the Martyr. Convert, brought to the faith by Saint Symphronius the Slave. Martyred in the persecutions of Valerian.
Died
burned to death in 257
Saint Charus of Malcestine
Also known as
Caro
Profile
Augustinian hermit in the Malcesine area on the shore of Lake Garda near Verona, Italy c.800. Known for his piety, deep prayer life and wisdom, he was a much sought spiritual director.
Saint Theodulus the Martyr
Profile
Son of Saint Olympius the Tribune and Saint Exuperia the Martyr. Convert, brought to the faith by Saint Symphronius the Slave. Martyred in the persecutions of Valerian.
Died
burned to death in 257
Blessed Joris
Profile
Bishop in Armenia. Died while on pilgrimage.
Born
Armenian
Died
1033 at Bethune, Artois, France
Saint Gothalm
Profile
Monk in Melk, Austria.
Died
• 1020 of natural causes
• miracles reported at their tomb
Saint Pastor of Rome
Profile
Brother of Pope Pius I. Priest in Rome, Italy.
Died
c.160
Saint Hyacinth
Profile
Martyred in the persecutions of Trajan.
Died
c.110
Saint Valens of Verona
Profile
Bishop of Verona, Italy in 524.
Died
531
Saint Gérontios
Profile
Desert mountain hermit near the monastery of Saint Panteleimon.
Martyred in the Spanish Civil War
Thousands of people were murdered in the anti-Catholic persecutions of the Spanish Civil War from 1934 to 1939. I have pages on each of them, but in most cases I have only found very minimal information. They are available on the CatholicSaints.Info site through these links:
• Blessed Aleix Miquel Rossell
• Blessed Amadeu Amalrich Rasclosa
• Blessed Amadeu Costa Prat
• Blessed Amancio Marín Mínguez
• Blessed Antoni Jaume Secases
• Blessed Antonio Cerdá Cantavella
• Blessed Francesc Vidal Sanuy
• Blessed Gumersindo Valtierra Alonso
• Blessed José Elcano Liberal
• Blessed Josep Casademont Vila
• Blessed Josep Maria Jordá i Jordá
• Blessed Josep Masquef Ferré
• Blessed Lluís Plana Rabugent
• Blessed Manuel Jové Bonet
• Blessed Manuel Martín Sierra
• Blessed Miguel Oscoz Arteta
• Blessed Miquel Vilatimó Costa
• Blessed Onésimo Agorreta Zabaleta
• Blessed Pau Gili Pedrós
• Blessed Pau Roselló Borgueres
• Blessed Pere Caball Juncà
• Blessed Santiago Altolaguirre y Altolaguirre
• Blessed Senén López Cots
• Blessed Teófilo Casajús Alduán
• Blessed Vicente Pinilla Ibáñez
• Blessed Vicente Vázquez Santos
• Blessed Xavier Amargant Boada
• Blessed Xavier Sorribas Dot
