இன்றைய புனிதர்கள் ஜீலை 14

 St. Procopius of Szava

Feastday: July 14

Patron: of Bohemia

Birth: 970

Death: 1053

Basilian abbot, founder, and hermit. A native of Bohemia, he studied at Prague before receiving ordination and becoming a canon of the Basilians. In later years he devoted himself to the life of a hermit and then became an abbot founder of Sazaba Abbey, Prague. He was canonized in 1804.

Saint Procopius of Sázava (Latin: Procopius Sazavensis, Czech: Prokop Sázavský; died 25 March 1053) was a Czech canon and hermit, canonized as a saint of the Catholic church in 1204.

Life

Little about his life is known with certainty. According to hagiographical tradition, he was born in 970, in a Central Bohemian village of Chotouň near Kouřim. He studied in Prague and was ordained there.

He was married and had a son, called Jimram (Emmeram), but later entered the Benedictine order, presumably at Břevnov Monastery, and eventually retired to the wilderness as a hermit, living in a cave on the banks of Sázava River, where over time he attracted a group of fellow hermits. The community of hermits was incorporated as a Benedictine monastery by the duke of Bohemia in 1032/3, now known as Sázava Monastery, or St Procopius Monastery, where he served as the first abbot for the span of twenty years until his death.

Veneration

Local veneration of Procopius as a saint is recorded for the 12th century when the first biography Vita minor has been written. He was canonized in 1204; however, there is still much debate on how his canonization was performed. It is stated that Pope Innocent III canonized him in 1204[2][5] or that during a liturgical elevation and translation of his body to the altar in Sázava his canonization took place. This was at that time the equivalent to canonization[1]

After his canonization, he became greatly venerated throughout Bohemia, to the point of his being considered the national saint of the kingdom of Bohemia. His life and wonders were described by Vita antiqua from the 2nd Half of the 13th century, and Vita maior from the 14th century. His remains were transferred to All Saints Church in Prague Castle in 1588.

The Cyrillic portion of the Reims Gospel manuscript (since 1554 kept in Reims, France) were attributed to Procopius in the 14th century, and Charles IV commissioned an extension of the manuscript in Glagolitic script in 1395.

Sázava Monastery had been destroyed in the Hussite Wars, but the church was re-established in the 17th century, as well as the monastery buildings changed in a castle. The Baroque-era frescos "The Meeting of Hermit Procopius with Prince Oldřich" and "Abbot Procopius Giving Alms" besides other frescos depicting scenes the saint's life and the history of the monastery, were discovered there (under layers of 19th-century paint) in the 2000s.

Hugo Fabricius, a monk at Sázava, wrote a new life of St. Procopius in the 18th century, Požehnaná Památka Welikého Swěta Diwotworce Swatýho Prokopa ("The Blessed Legacy of the Great Miracle Worker of the World, St. Procopius").

Numerous churches in Bohemia are dedicated to him, and many Baroque-era statues and paintings of the saint are extant. Among these is the early 18th century Procopius statue on Charles Bridge by Ferdinand Brokoff. Modern retellings of the saint's life were published by Czech poets Jaroslav Vrchlický and Vítězslav Nezval.

The "Cave of St. Procopius", the supposed site of his original hermitage, was discovered by Method Klement OSB in the 1940s.

On 9 March 2017, by the decision of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church, the name of "Venerable Procopius, Abbot of Sázava" was added to the Menologium of the Russian Orthodox Church

Saint Camillus of Lellis

 புனிதர் கமில்லஸ் டி லெல்லிஸ் 

(St. Camillus de Lellis)

குரு/ சபை நிறுவனர்:

(Priest and Religious Founder)

பிறப்பு: மே 25, 1550

புச்சியானிகோ, சீட்டி, நேப்பிள்ஸ் அரசு 

(Bucchianico, Chieti, Kingdom of Naples)

இறப்பு: ஜூலை 14, 1614 (வயது 64)

ரோம், திருத்தந்தையர் மாநிலங்கள்

(Rome, Papal States)

ஏற்கும் சமயம்:

ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை

(Roman Catholic Church)

அருளாளர் பட்டம்: கி.பி. 1742

திருத்தந்தை பதினான்காம் பெனடிக்ட்

(Pope Benedict XIV)

புனிதர் பட்டம்: கி.பி. 1746

திருத்தந்தை பதினான்காம் பெனடிக்ட்

(Pope Benedict XIV)

முக்கிய திருத்தலம்:

புனித மரியா மடலேனா தேவாலயம், இத்தாலி

(Church of Santa Maria Maddalena, Rome, Italy)

பாதுகாவல்: 

நோயாளிகள், மருத்துவர்கள், செவிலியர்கள், மருத்துவமனைகள்

நினைவுத் திருநாள்: ஜூலை 14

புனிதர் கமில்லஸ் டி லெல்லிஸ், ஒரு இத்தாலிய குருவும், நோயாளிகளின் சேவைகளுக்காக அர்ப்பணிக்கப்பட்ட ஒரு சபையின் நிறுவனரும் ஆவார்.

கமில்லஸ், கி.பி. 1550ம் ஆண்டு, மே மாதம், 25ம் நாளன்று, தற்போதைய “அப்ரஸ்ஸோ” (Abruzzo) (அன்றைய “நேப்பில்ஸ்” அரசின் (Kingdom of Naples) கீழிருந்த) பிறந்தார். இவர் பிறக்கும்போது, இவரது தாயார் “கமில்லாவுக்கு” (Camilla Compelli de Laureto) ஏறத்தாழ ஐம்பது வயது. இவரது தந்தை “நெப்போலிட்டன்” மற்றும் ஃபிரெஞ்ச்” அரச இராணுவங்களில் (Neapolitan and French Royal Armies) அதிகாரியாக பணியாற்றினார். கமில்லஸ் தந்தையின் கோப குணங்களைக் கொண்டு வளர்ந்தார். வயதான தாயாரால் இவரைக் கட்டுப்படுத்த இயலவில்லை. இவருக்கு பன்னிரண்டு வயதாகையில் தாயார் மரித்துப் போனார்.

தாயை இழந்த கமில்லஸ் யாரும் கவனிப்பாரற்று, ஆதரவற்றிருந்தார். பதினாறு வயதிலேயே “வெனீஷியன்” (Venetian Army) இராணுவத்தில் சேர்ந்தார். துருக்கி (Turks) நாட்டுக்கெதிரான போரிலும் பங்குகொண்டார். பத்து வருடங்களுக்கும் மேல் இராணுவத்தில் பணியாற்றிய பின்னர், அவர் பணி புரிந்த இராணுவ படைப் பிரிவு கலைக்கப்பட்டது. வேறு வழியற்ற கமில்லஸ், “மன்ஃபிரடோனியா” (Manfredonia) எனுமிடத்திலுள்ள கபுச்சின் (Capuchin Friary) துறவற மடத்தில் கூலி வேலை செய்யத் தொடங்கினார். 

கமில்லஸ் இராணுவத்திலிருந்தபோது காலில் அடி பட்டு காயம் ஏற்பட்டிருந்தது. அது ஆறாமல் கடுமையாக பாதிக்கப்பட்டார். கமில்லஸிடம் ஆக்ரோஷ குணங்களுடன் சூதாடும் பழக்கமுமிருந்தது. இவரை கண்காணித்து வந்த துறவற மடத்தின் பாதுகாவலர், இவரை திருத்தி இவரிடமுள்ள நற்குணங்களை வெளிக்கொணர தொடர்ந்து முயற்சித்தார். இறுதியில், துறவியின் அறிவுரை அவரது இதயத்தை ஊடுருவியது. அத்துடன், கி.பி. 1575ம் ஆண்டு இவர் கத்தோலிக்கராக மனம் மாறினார். கபுச்சின் (Capuchin) சபையின் புகுமுக துறவியாக (Novitiate) இணைந்தார். எனினும் அவரது காலிலிருந்த புண் அவருக்கு தொடர்ந்து வேதனை அளித்தது. அது இனி குணமாக்க இயலாது என்று மருத்துவர்கள் கைவிரித்து விட்டனர். இதன் காரணமாக அவருக்கு கபுச்சின் சபையில் அனுமதி மறுக்கப்பட்டது.

பின்னர் ரோம் (Rome) பயணமான கமில்லஸ், அங்கே, “குணமாக்க இயலாது” என்று கைவிடப்பட்ட நோயாளிகளுக்கு மருத்துவம் செய்யும், “சேன் கியகோமோ மருத்துவமனையில்” (San Giacomo Hospital) இணைந்தார். (இம்மருத்துவமனை, புனிதர் ஜேம்ஸ் மருத்துவமனை சபையால் (Hospitaller Knights of St. James) நிறுவப்பட்டது. அங்கே, தாமும் ஒரு நோயாளிகளைப் கவனிப்பவராக (Caregiver) மாறிய கமில்லஸ், பின்னாளில் அதே மருத்துவமனையின் கண்காணிப்பாளராக (Superintendent) உயர்ந்தார். இதற்கிடையே துறவு வாழ்வு வாழ்ந்த இவர், செபம் – தவம் ஆகியவற்றையும் தீவிரமாக பின்பற்றினார். மயிரிழைகளாலான மேலாடையையே அணிந்தார். உள்ளூரில் பிரபலமான குருவான அருட்தந்தை (பின்னர் புனிதராக அருட்பொழிவு செய்யப்பட்டவர்) “ஃபிலிப் நேரி” (Philip Neri) அவர்களை தமது ஒப்புரவாளராகவும் (Confessor), ஆன்மீக வழிகாட்டியாகவும் (Spiritual Director) ஏற்றுக்கொண்டார்.

தமது மருத்துவமனையின் பணியாளர்கள் நோயாளிகளை சரியாக கவனிப்பதில்லை என்பதனை கண்ட லெல்லிஸ், நோயாளிகளின் சேவையில் தமது பக்தி விசுவாசத்தை வெளிப்படுத்த வெளியிலிருந்து பயபக்தியுடைய ஆண்கள் குழுக்களை அழைத்து வந்தார். இறுதியில், இந்த காரணத்துக்காக ஒரு மத சபையை தொடங்க எண்ணினார். இதற்கான அங்கீகாரத்தை திருச்சபையிடமிருந்து வேண்டினார். “ஃபிலிப் நேரி” (Philip Neri) இப்பெருமுயற்சியை அங்கீகரித்தார். ஒரு பணக்கார கொடை வள்ளல் லெல்லிஸின் இறையியல் கல்விக்கான செலவுகளை கொடையாக தந்தார்.

கி.பி. 1584ம் ஆண்டின் உயிர்த்த இறைவனின் பெருவிழாவுக்கு பின்னர் வரும் ஏழாவது ஞாயிற்றுக்கிழமையன்று, (பெந்தெகொஸ்தே – Pentecost) “புனித அசாஃப், வேல்ஸ்” ஆயர், (Bishop of St Asaph) “லார்டு தாமஸ் கோல்டுவெல்” (Lord Thomas Goldwell) அவர்களால் குருத்துவ அருட்பொழிவு செய்விக்கப்பட்டார். பின்னர், கமில்லஸும் அவரது துணைவர்களும் தமது மருத்துவமனையிலிருந்து ஓய்வு பெற்றனர். பின்னர், அங்கிருந்து கிளம்பி, “தூய ஆவியின் மருத்துவமனை” (Hospital of the Holy Ghost) சென்று, அங்குள்ள நோயாளிகளைக் கவனிக்கும் பொறுப்பினை ஏற்றனர்.

அதன்பின்னர், (M.I.) என்று சுருக்கமாக அழைக்கப்படும் (Order of Clerks Regular, Ministers of the Infirm) எனும் சமய சபையினை கமில்லஸ் நிறுவினார். இச்சபை பொதுவாக, “கமில்லியன்ஸ்” (Camillians) அழைக்கப்படுகிறது. போர்களில் அவருக்கிருந்த அனுபவம், அவரை ஒரு மருத்துவ சேவை பணியாளர்களின் குழு (Health Care Workers) ஒன்றினை உருவாக்க உதவியது. இக்குழு, போர்முனைகளில் காயம் ஏற்படும் இராணுவ வீரர்களுக்கு சேவை செய்யும். அன்று, இவர்களணியும் நீண்ட அங்கியில் (Cassock) பெரிய சின்னமாக விளங்கிய செஞ்சிலுவை, (Red Cross) இன்று உலகின் பெரியதோர் சங்கத்தின் (Red Cross Society - செஞ்சிலுவைச் சங்கம்) அடையாளமாக உள்ளது. இதுவே உண்மையான, சுமார் நானூறு வருடங்களுக்கு முன்னர் தோற்றுவிக்கப்பட்ட “சர்வதேச செஞ்சிலுவை மற்றும் செம்பிறை இயக்கம்” (International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement) ஆகும்.

கி.பி. 1601ம் ஆண்டு, “கனிஸ்ஸா” (Battle of Canizza) போரின்போது ஒரு நாள், “கமில்லியன்ஸ்” (Camillians) தங்கியிருந்த, அவர்களது மருத்துவ பொருட்கள் வைக்கப்பட்டிருந்த கூடாரம் தீ பற்றி எரிந்து முற்றிலும் நாசமானது. ஒரு பொருள் கூட மீதமாகவில்லை. அடி பட்ட போர் வீரர்களுக்கு சேவை செய்வதற்காக சென்றிருந்த ஒரு “கமில்லியன்ஸின்” அங்கியிலிருந்த செஞ்சிலுவை மட்டும் எரியாமல் தப்பியது. இச்சம்பவம், தெய்வீக அங்கீகாரம் வெளிப்படுத்தப்பட்டதாக கொள்ளப்பட்டது.

கி.பி. 1586ம் ஆண்டு, திருத்தந்தை “ஐந்தாம் சிக்ஸ்டஸ்” (Pope Sixtus V) இவர்களது “கமில்லியன்ஸ்” (Camillians) குழுவுக்கு சங்கம் (Congregation) என்ற அங்கீகாரம் அளித்தார். ரோம் நகரிலுள்ள “புனித மரியா மகதலின்” (Church of St. Mary Magdalene) தேவாலயத்தை அவர்களுக்காக ஒதுக்கிக் கொடுத்தார். இன்றளவும் அந்த தேவாலயத்தை அவர்கள்தாம் பராமரிக்கின்றனர். 1588ம் ஆண்டு “நேப்பிள்ஸ்” (Naples) நகருக்கும், 1594ம் ஆண்டு “மிலன்” (Milan) நகருக்கும் தங்களது சபையை விரிவுபடுத்தினர். மிலன் நகரின் “கா’ கிராண்டா” (Ca' Granda) மருத்துவமனையில் நோயாளிகளுக்கு சேவை புரிந்தனர். இவர்களின் ஞாபகார்த்தமாக, “கா’ கிராண்டா” (Ca' Granda) மருத்துவமனையின் பிரதான முற்றத்தில் ஒரு நினைவு சின்னம் இன்றும் அவரது இருப்பை நினைவுபடுத்துகிறது.

கி.பி. 1591ம் ஆண்டு, திருத்தந்தை “பதினைந்தாம் கிரகோரி” (Pope Gregory XV) அவர்களது சங்கத்தை “மென்டிகன்ட்” (Mendicant Orders) சபைக்கு நிகரானதாக அந்தஸ்து உயர்த்தினார்.

தமது சபையின் தலைமைப் பொறுப்பினை கி.பி. 1607ம் ஆண்டில் விட்டுக்கொடுத்த கமில்லஸ், தொடர்ந்து சபைக்கு சேவையாற்றினார். இதற்கிடையே, இவர்களது சபை இத்தாலி முழுதும் மட்டுமல்லாது, ஹங்கேரி (Hungary) நாட்டிலும் பரவியிருந்தது. ஒருமுறை இத்தாலியின் மருத்துவமனைகளை ஆய்வு செய்வதற்காக சபையின் புதிய தலைவருடன் சென்றிருந்த கமில்லஸ், பயணத்தின்போது நோய்வாய்ப்பட்டார். கி.பி. 1614ம் ஆண்டு, தமது 64 வயதில் நித்திய வாழ்வில் மரித்தார். இவரது உடல் “மரியா மகதலின்” தேவாலயத்தில் (Church of St. Mary Magdalene) அடக்கம் செய்யப்பட்டது.

Also known as

• Camillus de Lellis

• Camillo de Lellis

Profile

Son of a military officer who had served both for Naples and France. His mother died when Camillus was very young. He spent his youth as a soldier, fighting for the Venetians against the Turks, and then for Naples. Reported as a large individual, perhaps as tall as 6'6" (2 metres), and powerfully built, but he suffered all his life from abscesses on his feet. A gambling addict, he lost so much he had to take a job working construction on a building belonging to the Capuchins; they converted him.

Camillus entered the Capuchin noviate three times, but a nagging leg injury, received while fighting the Turks, each time forced him to give it up. He went to Rome, Italy for medical treatment where Saint Philip Neri became his priest and confessor. He moved into San Giacomo Hospital for the incurable, and eventually became its administrator. Lacking education, he began to study with children when he was 32 years old. Priest. Founded the Congregation of the Servants of the Sick (the Camillians or Fathers of a Good Death) who, naturally, care for the sick both in hospital and home. The Order expanded with houses in several countries. Camillus honoured the sick as living images of Christ, and hoped that the service he gave them did penance for his wayward youth. Reported to have the gifts of miraculous healing and prophecy.

Born

25 May 1550 at Bocchiavico, Abruzzi, kingdom of Naples, Italy

Died

14 July 1614 at Genoa, Italy of natural causes

Canonized

29 June 1746 by Pope Benedict XIV

Patronage

• against illness, sickness or bodily ills; sick people (proclaimed on 22 June 22 1886 by Pope Leo XIII)

• hospitals

• hospital workers

• nurses

• Abruzzi, Italy

Saint Kateri Tekakwitha

 புனிதர் கத்தேரி தேக்கக்விதா 

(St. Kateri Tekakwitha)

கன்னியர், பாவத்திற்காக வருந்துபவர், பொது நிலைத்துறவி:

(Virgin, Penitent, Religious Ascetic and Laywoman)

திருமுழுக்கு பெயர்: கேதரின் தேக்கக்விதா

பிறப்பு: கி.பி. 1656

ஒஸ்செர்நான், இரோகுயிஸ் கான்ஃபெடரசி, (1763ம் ஆண்டு வரை நியு ஃபிரான்ஸ் (தற்போதைய ஒரிஸ்வில், நியூயார்க் மாநிலம்)

(Ossernenon, Iroquois Confederacy (New France until 1763, modern Auriesville, New York)

இறப்பு: ஏப்ரல் 17, 1680

கானாவெக், கியூபெக், கனடா

(Kahnawake, Quebec, Canada)

ஏற்கும் சமயம்: 

ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை

(Roman Catholic Church)

முக்திபேறு பட்டம்: ஜூன் 22, 1980 

திருத்தந்தை இரண்டாம் ஜான் பவுல்

(Pope John Paul II)

புனிதர் பட்டம்: அக்டோபர் 21, 2012 

திருத்தந்தை பதினாறாம் பெனடிக்ட்

(Pope Benedict XVI)

முக்கிய திருத்தலம்:

புனிதர் ஃபிரான்சிஸ் சேவியர் தேவாலயம், கானாவெக், கியூபெக், கனடா

(Saint Francis Xavier Church, Kahnawake, Quebec, Canada)

நினைவுத் திருநாள்: ஜுலை 14

பாதுகாவல்: 

சூழலியலாளர் (Ecologists), சுற்றுச்சூழல் (Environment), அனாதைகள் (Loss of Parents), 

நாடுகடத்தப்பட்டவர் (People in Exil), அமெரிக்க முதற்குடிமக்கள் (Native Americans),

தங்களது பக்திக்காக கேலிக்கு உள்ளாகிய மக்கள் (People Ridiculed for their Piety)

கேதரின் “ (Catherine ) எனும் இயற்பெயர் கொண்ட புனிதர் கத்தேரி டேக்கக்விதா, ஒரு ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபையின் புனிதரும் “அல்கோன்குயின்-மோஹாவ்க்” (Algonquin–Mohawk laywoman), பொதுநிலைத் துறவியும் ஆவார். இவர், “மோஹாவ்க்’கின் லில்லி மலர்” (Lily of the Mohawks) என்றும் அழைக்கப்படுகிறார். இவர் தற்போது நியூயார்க் மாநிலம் அமைந்துள்ள இடத்தில் பிறந்தவர். 

இவர் சிறுவயதில் சின்னம்மை நோயால் தாக்கப்பட்டு பிழைத்தவர் ஆவார். இவர் இளமையிலேயே பெற்றோரை இழந்தவர். தமது 19 வயதில் கத்தோலிக்கத்துக்கு மதம் மாறித் திருமுழுக்கு பெற்றார். இவர் தனது வாழ்நாளை, இன்றைய “கனடா” (Canada) நாட்டின் (அன்றைய புதிய ஃபிரான்ஸ் (New France) நாட்டின்) இயேசுசபை மறைப்பணி தளமான (Jesuit mission) “மொண்ட்ரியால்” (Montreal) நகருக்கு தெற்கே உள்ள “கானாவாக்கே” (Kahnawake) கிராமத்தில் கழித்தார்.

இவர் தனது 24 வயதில் கற்பு நிலை உறுதிபூண்டார். தனது நல்லொழுக்கத்திற்கும் கற்பு நிலைக்கும் பேர்போன இவர் தனது கடும் தவ முயற்சிக்காக அறியப்படுகின்றார். இவர் கத்தோலிக்கத்துக்கு மதம் மாறியதால் தனது சொந்த குடும்பத்தாலும், இனத்தாலும் ஒதுக்கப்பட்டார்.

அமெரிக்க முதற்குடிமக்களுள் திருச்சபையின் பீட மகிமை அளிக்கப்பட்ட முதல் பெண் இவர் ஆவார். இவருக்குத் திருத்தந்தை இரண்டாம் அருள் சின்னப்பர் 1980ல் அருளாளர் பட்டம் அளித்தார். திருத்தந்தை பதினாறாம் பெனடிக்ட், 2012ம் ஆண்டு, அக்டோபர் மாதம், 21ம் நாளன்று, புனித பேதுரு பேராலயத்தில் இவருக்குப் புனிதர் பட்டம் அளித்தார். பல்வேறு அதிசயங்களும், இயற்கைக்கு மீறிய நிகழ்வுகளும் இவரது மரணத்திற்கு பின்னர் நிகழ்ந்துள்ளதாகக் கூறப்படுகின்றது.

பெற்றோரும் இளம் பருவமும்:

திருமுழுக்கின்போது கேதரின் என்று பிரஞ்சு மொழிவடிவத்தில் கொடுக்கப்பட்ட பெயரே "கத்தேரி" (Kateri) என்று வழங்கலாயிற்று. கத்தேரி தேக்கக்விதா பிறந்த ஆண்டு சுமார் 1656 ஆகும். அமெரிக்க முதற்குடி மக்களின் ஒரு பிரிவாகிய மோகாக் இனத்தவராகிய கத்தேரி பிறந்த ஊரின் பெயர் ஓசர்நினோன். அது இன்றைய நியூயார்க் மாநிலத்தில் உள்ள ஓரிஸ்வில் (Auriesville) நகருக்கு அருகில் உள்ளது.

கத்தேரியின் தந்தை பெயர் கென்னெரோன்குவா (Kenneronkwa) ஆகும். அவர் மோகாக் (Mohawk) இனத்தின் ஒரு தலைவராக இருந்தார். கத்தேரியின் தாய் பெயர் 'டகஸ்குயிடா' (Tagaskouita). அவர் கத்தோலிக்க சபை உறுப்பினராக இருந்தார். அல்கோன்குவின் இனத்தவரான அவர் கவர்ந்துசெல்லப்பட்டு பின்னர் மோகாக் இனத் தலைவரின் மனைவி ஆனார். இளவயதில் 'டகஸ்குயிடாவுக்கு' மொண்ட்ரியால் மாநிலத்தில் பிரஞ்சு கத்தோலிக்க மறைபரப்பாளர்கள் திருமுழுக்குக் கொடுத்துக் கத்தோலிக்க முறைப்படி கல்வியும் கற்பித்திருந்தனர். மோகாக் போர்வீரர்கள் அவரைக் கைதியாகப் பிடித்து, தமது பிரதேசத்துக்குக் கொண்டுசென்றனர். பின்னர் அவர் மோகாக் இனத்தலைவரான் கென்னெரோன்குவாவை மணந்துகொண்டார்.

கத்தேரி பிறந்த ஊரில் முதற்குடி மக்களின் பல இனத்தவர் வாழ்ந்துவந்தனர். மோகாக் இனத்தவரில் பலர் ஐரோப்பியரால் கொணரப்பட்ட நோய்கள் காரணமாகவும் அடிக்கடி நிகழ்ந்த போர்கள் காரணமாகவும் மடிந்தனர். எனவே மோகாக் இனத்தவர் பிற இனத்தவர்மீது போர்தொடுத்து அவர்களைக் கைதிகளாகப் பிடித்துத் தமது பிரதேசத்துக்குக் கொண்டுவந்தனர். இவ்வாறு அவர்களின் எதிரிகளாக இருந்த ஹ்யூரோன் இனத்தவர் பலர் கைதிகளாகப் பிடிக்கப்பட்டனர்.

தாய்வழி உறவுமுறை:

மோகாக் இனத்தவர், பிற இரோக்குவா வகையினரைப் போன்று, தாய்வழி உறவுமுறையை (matrilineal kinship system) கடைப்பிடித்தனர். அதன்படி, குழந்தைகள் பிறக்கும்போது அவர்கள் தாய் எந்த இனத்தவரோ அந்த இனத்தவர்களாகக் கருதப்பட்டனர்.

கத்தேரி சிறு குழந்தையாக இருந்தபோது அவருடைய கிராமம் வேறொரு இடத்துக்கு மாற்றப்பட்டது. மோகாக் மக்களில் பலர் 1661-1663 காலக் கட்டத்தில் பெரியம்மை நோய்க்குப் பலியானார்கள். கத்தேரியின் பெற்றோரும் சகோதரரும் அவ்வாறே இறந்தனர். நோயின் காரணமாகக் கத்தேரியின் கண்பார்வை பாதிக்கப்பட்டது, அவருடைய உடம்பிலும் தழும்புகள் பல ஏற்பட்டன. பெற்றோரையும் சகோதரரையும் இழந்த கத்தேரியை அவருடைய தாய்மாமன் எடுத்து வளர்த்தார். அவர் "ஆமைக் குழு" (Turtle Clan) என்னும் பிரிவைச் சார்ந்தவர்.

கத்தேரியின் குணநலன்கள்:

கத்தேரி மிகவும் அடக்கமான பெண் என்றும், கேளிக்கைக் கூட்டங்களில் பங்கேற்காதவர் என்றும் அவருடைய வரலாற்றை எழுதிய இயேசு சபையினர் கூறுகின்றனர். அவர் தம் உடலில் ஏற்பட்டிருந்த தழும்புகளை மறைக்கும் வண்ணம் தலையில் ஒரு போர்வையைச் சுற்றியிருந்தார். அநாதையாக இருந்தபோது பெரும்பாலும் அவருடைய விரிந்த குடும்பத்தினர் அவரைப் பராமரித்தனர். அவருடைய தாயின் குடும்பத்தினர் வாழ்ந்த பொதுவீட்டில் (longhouse) அவரும் வாழ்ந்திருப்பார்.

கத்தேரி தம் இனத்தைச் சார்ந்த பெண்கள் செய்த மரபுவழித் தொழிலில் ஈடுபட்டார். இவ்வாறு, துணி நெய்தல், விலங்குகளின் தோலிலிருந்து வார் செய்தல், கோரைப் புல்லினால் பாய் கூடை பெட்டி போன்றவை முடைதல் ஆகிய கலைத் தொழிலை அவர் செய்தார். மேலும், வேட்டையாடிக் கொண்டுவரப்பட்ட இறைச்சியைச் சமைத்தல், தானியங்கள் காய்கறிகளைச் சமைத்தல் போன்ற வீட்டுவேலைகளைச் செய்தார். பயிரிடும் காலத்தில் வயலில் வேலை செய்வது, களை பிடுங்குவது போன்றவற்றிலும் அவர் ஈடுபட்டார்.

கத்தேரிக்கு 13 வயது நிரம்புகையில் அவர் திருமணம் செய்ய வேண்டும் என்று உறவினர் கேட்டபோது அவர் தாம் திருமணம் புரியப்போவதில்லை என்று கூறிவிட்டார்.

சமூகப் பின்னணி:

கத்தேரி வளர்ந்த காலத்தில் அவரது சமூகத்தில் பெரும் மாற்றங்கள் நிகழ்ந்த வண்ணம் இருந்தன. மோகாக் இன மக்களுக்கும் பிரஞ்சு மற்றும் டச்சு குடியேற்றத்தினருக்கும் இடையே பரிமாற்றங்களும் மோதல்களும் நிகழ்ந்தன. நியூயார்க் மாநிலத்தில் ஆல்பனி மற்றும் ஷெனக்டடி பகுதிகளில் குடியேறிய டச்சு குடியேற்றத்தினரோடு மோகாக் இனத்தார் கம்பளி வியாபாரத்தில் ஈடுபட்டிருந்தனர். பிரஞ்சு குடியேற்றத்தினர் ஹ்யூரோன் இனத்தாரோடு கூட்டுவைத்துக்கொண்டு வியாபாரம் நடத்தினர். மோகாக் இனத்தவர் வாழ்ந்த இரோக்குவா பகுதியில் நுழையும் எண்ணத்தோடு பிரஞ்சு குடியேற்றத்தினர் 1666ல் மோகாக் இனத்தவரின் கிராமங்களைத் தாக்கினர். அவற்றுள் பலவற்றையும் குளிர்கால சேமிப்புத் தளங்களையும் அழித்துத் தகர்த்தனர்.

ஃபிரெஞ்ச் குடியேற்றத்தினரிடத்தில் தோல்வியுற்ற மோகாக் இனத்தவர்கள் அவர்களோடு சமாதான ஒப்பந்தம் செய்ய வேண்டியதாயிற்று. அதன்படி, இயேசு சபை மறைப்பணியாளர்கள் மோகாக் கிராமங்களில் பணிசெய்யத் தொடங்கினர். அந்த மறைப்பணியாளர்கள் மோகாக் மொழியையும் பிற தல மொழிகளையும் கற்றனர். இவ்வாறு மக்களுடைய மொழியிலேயே மறைப்பணி செய்வது எளிதாயிற்று.

கிறிஸ்தவக் கொள்கைகளைத் தழுவியமைத்தல்:

கிறிஸ்தவ மதக் கொள்கைகளை மோகாக் இனத்தவருக்கு விளக்கி உரைத்தபோது இயேசு சபை மறைப்பணியாளர்கள் மோகாக் மக்களின் கருத்து உருவகங்களைப் பயன்படுத்தினர். கிறிஸ்தவ நம்பிக்கைக்கும் மோகாக் நம்பிக்கைக்கும் பொதுவாக இருந்த கருத்து ஒற்றுமைகளை இனம் கண்டனர். மோகாக் மொழியில் வானுலகைக் குறிக்கப் பயன்பட்ட சொல்லாகிய "கரோன்ஹியாக்கே" (Karonhià:ke,) என்பதை இயேசு கற்பித்த இறைவேண்டலில் வருகின்ற "விண்ணகம்" என்னும் சொல்லையும் கருத்தையும் குறிக்க பயன்படுத்தினர். இது வெறுமனே ஒரு சொல்லின் மொழிபெயர்ப்பு என்று அமையாமல், இரு கலாச்சாரப் பார்வைகளுக்குப் பாலம்போல அமைந்தது என்று, கத்தேரியின் வாழ்க்கை பற்றி எழுதிய டாரென் போனபார்த்தே என்பவர் கூறுகிறார்.

மோகாக் ஆற்றுக்குத் தென்பகுதியில் மோகாக் மக்கள் தம் புதிய குடியிருப்பை அமைத்து அதற்குக் கானவாகா (Caughnawaga) என்று பெயரிட்டனர். 1667ல் கத்தேரிக்கு 11 வயது நடந்தபோது மோகாக் குடியிருப்புக்கு ஜாக் ஃப்ரெமென், ஜாக் ப்ரூயாஸ், ஜான் பியெரோன் என்னும் இயேசு சபையினர் மூவர் வந்தனர். அவர்களைக் கத்தேரி சந்தித்தார். இயேசு சபையினரோடு தொடர்பு ஏற்பட்டால் கத்தேரி கிறிஸ்தவ மறையைத் தழுவிவிடுவாரோ என்று அஞ்சினார் கத்தேரியின் மாமனார். அவருடைய ஒரு மகள் ஏற்கனவே கிறிஸ்தவத்தைத் தழுவியதன் காரணமாக மோகாக் குடியிருப்பாகிய கானவாகாவை விட்டு, மொண்ட்ரியால் அருகே அமைந்திருந்த கத்தோலிக்க மறைத் தளமான கானவாக்கே என்னும் இடத்துக்குப் போய்விட்டிருந்தார்.

கத்தேரிக்கு 18 வயது ஆனபோது, 1675ம் ஆண்டின் வசந்த காலத்தில் இயேசு சபைத் துறவி "ஜாக் தெ லாம்பெர்வில்" (Jacques de Lamberville) என்பவர் கத்தேரிக்கு கிறிஸ்தவ மறை பற்றிய போதகம் வழங்கினார்.

கத்தேரி கிறிஸ்தவராகி கானவாக்கே ஊரில் குடியேறுதல்:

கத்தேரிக்கு 20 வயது நிரம்பியபோது, அவர் கிறிஸ்தவ மறை பற்றிப் போதிய அறிவு பெற்றார். எனவே தந்தை லாம்பெர்வில் 1676ம் ஆண்டு, ஏப்பிரல் 18ம் நாள், இயேசு உயிர்த்தெழுந்த திருவிழாவின் போது கத்தேரிக்குத் திருமுழுக்கு வழங்கினார். புதிதாகக் கிறிஸ்தவத்தைத் தழுவ விரும்பியோருக்கு அவர்கள் இறக்கும் தறுவாயில் அல்லது முழு ஈடுபாட்டோடு கிறிஸ்தவதைக் கடைப்பிடிப்பார்கள் என்று உறுதியான பிறகு மட்டுமே திருமுழுக்கு அளிப்பது வழக்கமாக இருந்தது. ஆனால் கத்தேரி தம் இள வயதிலேயே போதிய மறை அறிவும் ஊக்கமும் பெற்றிருந்தார்.

திருமுழுக்குப் பெற்றபின், கத்தேரி தம் ஊராகிய கானவாகா குடியிருப்பில் மேலும் 6 மாதங்களைக் கழித்தார். அவர் கிறிஸ்தவரானதற்கு எதிர்ப்புத் தெரிவித்தவர்கள் கத்தேரிமேல் சில குற்றச்சாட்டுகளைச் சுமத்தினர். கத்தேரி மந்திரவாதத்திலும் தவறான நடத்தையிலும் ஈடுபட்டார் என்று குற்றம் சாட்டினர்.

அப்போது, கத்தேரிக்குத் திருமுழுக்கு வழங்கிய தந்தை லாம்பெர்வில் கூறிய அறிவுரைப்படி, கத்தேரி தம் கிராமத்தை விட்டுப் புறப்பட்டார். கிறிஸ்தவ மதத்தைத் தழுவிய அமெரிக்க முதற்குடி மக்கள் பலர் ஒன்றுகூடிக் குடியேற்றமாக அமைந்த கானவாக்கே மறைத்தளத்துக்கு கத்தேரி 1677ல் சென்றார். அம்மறைத்தளம் புனித லாரன்சு ஆற்றின் கரையில், மொண்ட்ரியால் நகரத்துக்குத் தென்பகுதியில் அமைந்திருந்தது.

கத்தேரி புரிந்த ஒறுத்தல் முயற்சிகள்:

கானவாக்கே மறைத்தளத்துக்கு வந்து சேர்ந்த கத்தேரி கி.பி. 1678ம் ஆண்டு, மரி-தெரேஸ் தேகையாகுவெந்தா (Marie-Thérèse Tegaiaguenta) என்னும் பெண்மணியை அங்கே சந்தித்தார். தமக்குள்ளே ஆழ்ந்த நட்புக் கொண்ட அந்த இருவரும் கிறிஸ்தவ மறையை உருக்கமாகக் கடைப்பிடிப்பதில் முனைந்தனர். எனவே இரகசியமாக அவர்கள் தம்மைச் சாட்டையால் அடித்துக்கொள்வதுண்டு. கத்தேரியின் வாழ்க்கை வரலாற்றை எழுதிய கோலனெக் கூற்றுப்படி, கத்தேரி சில சமயங்களில் ஒரே அமர்வில் 1000-1200 தடவைத் தம்மைக் கசையால் அடித்துக்கொண்டாராம்.

நீண்ட உபவாசம் இருத்தல், கசையால் தம்மை அடித்தல், உடலைக் கீறிக்கொள்ளுதல், முட்படுக்கையில் படுத்தல், கனலால் தம்மைச் சுடுதல் என்று பலவகைகளில் கத்தேரி ஒறுத்தல் முயற்சிகளை மேற்கொள்ளலானார்.

கத்தேரியின் இறப்பு:

கி.பி. 1679ம் ஆண்டு, இயேசு துன்பங்கள் அனுபவித்து, இறந்து உயிர்பெற்றெழுந்த நிகழ்ச்சியை நினைவுகூரும் வாரத்தின்போது கத்தேரியின் உடல் நிலை மிகவும் மோசமானதை அவருடைய நண்பர்கள் கண்டனர். இன்னும் ஒருசில மணி நேரம் மட்டுமே அவருடைய உயிர் நீடிக்கும் என்று உணர்ந்த கிராம மக்கள் அனைவரும் கத்தேரியைச் சூழ்ந்து கூடினர். அவர்களோடு இயேசு சபைத் துறவியர் ஷோஷத்தியே மற்றும் கோலனெக் ஆகிய இருவரும் வந்தனர்.

தந்தை கோலனெக் கத்தேரிக்கு இறுதிச் சடங்காகிய நோயில் பூசுதல் என்னும் திருவருட்சாதனத்தை வழங்கினார்.

அமெரிக்க முதற்குடி கிறிஸ்தவரான கத்தேரி தெக்கக்விதா என்னும் புனிதப் பெண்மணி தம் 24ம் வயதில், கி.பி. 1680, ஏப்பிரல் 17ம் நாளன்று, உயிர்துறந்தார். அப்போது அவர் அருகே மரி-தெரேசும் உண்டு. கத்தேரியை நேரடியாகத் தெரிந்து, அவருடைய வாழ்க்கை வரலாற்றை எழுதிய தந்தை ஷோஷத்தியே கூறுவது போல, கத்தேரி தாம் இறப்பதற்கு முன் உரைத்த கடைசி சொற்கள் இவை: "இயேசுவே, நான் உம்மை அன்புசெய்கிறேன்."

கத்தேரியின் உடல் ஒளிவீசுதல்:

கத்தேரியின் உயிர் உடலை விட்டுப் பிரிந்ததும் அவ்வுடலில் ஒரு மாற்றம் நிகழ்ந்ததைச் சூழ்ந்து நின்றோர் கண்டனர். தந்தை 'கோலனெக்' கூறுகிறார்: "தழும்புகளால் தடித்துப்போன கத்தேரியின் அந்த முகம், அவருடைய இறப்புக்குப் பின் ஒரு மணி நேரத்தில் எழில் பொங்கும் ஒளிவீசியதை நான் கண்டேன்.

கத்தேரியின் கல்லறை:

தந்தை ஷோஷத்தியே கத்தேரியின் கல்லறை அருகே ஒரு சிற்றாலயம் எழுப்பினார். கி.பி. 1684ம் ஆண்டு தொடங்கி, கத்தேரி இறந்த இடம் ஒரு திருப்பயணத் தலமாக மாறியது. மக்கள் கத்தேரியின் கல்லறைக்குச் சென்று அவருக்கு வணக்கம் செலுத்தலாயினர். கத்தேரியின் எலும்புகளை எடுத்து அவற்றைத் துகள் ஆக்கி அதைப் புதியதொரு சிற்றாலயத்தில் வணக்கத்தோடு வைத்தனர் இயேசு சபையார். கத்தேரியின் நினைவு இறவாது இருப்பதற்கு இது ஓர் அடையாளமானது. கத்தேரியின் உடலின் மீபொருள் சிலருக்கு நலம் கொணர்ந்ததாகக் கூறப்படுகிறது.

கத்தேரியின் கல்லறை வாசகம்:

கத்தேரியின் கல்லறையில் மோகாக் மொழியில் கீழ்வரும் வாசகம் பொறிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது:

"செந்நிற மக்களிடையே பூத்த எழில்மிகு மலர் இங்கே துயில்கின்றது."

Also known as

• Catherine Tekakwitha

• Lily of the Mohawks

• Tegakouita, Tegakwitha

Additional Memorial

• 17 April

• 14 July (United States)

• 25 March on some calendars

Profile

Daughter of a Christian Algonquin woman captured by Iroquois and married to a non-Christian Mohawk chief. Orphaned during a smallpox epidemic, which left her with a scarred face and impaired eyesight. Converted and baptized in 1676 by Father Jacques de Lamberville, a Jesuit missionary. Shunned and abused by relatives for her faith. Escaped through 200 miles of wilderness to the Christian Native American village of Sault-Sainte-Marie. Took a vow of chastity in 1679. Known for spirituality and austere lifestyle. Miracle worker. Her grave became a pilgrimage site and place of miracles for Christian Native Americans and French colonists. First Native American proposed for canonization, her cause was started in 1884 under Pope Leo XIII. The Tekakwitha Conference, an international association of Native American Catholics and those in ministry with them, was named for her.

Born

1656 at Osserneon (Auriesville), modern New York, USA

Died

17 April 1680 at Caughnawaga, Canada of natural causes

Canonized

21 October 2012 by Pope Benedict XVI

Patronage

• ecologists, ecology, environment, environmentalism, environmentalists

• exiles

• loss of parents

• orphans

• people ridiculed for their piety

• Native Americans

• Gallup, New Mexico, diocese of

Blessed Boniface of Canterbury

Profile

Born to the nobility, member of the ducal House of Savoy. Eleventh child of Count Thomas of Savoy. Brother of Queen Beatrix of Savoy. Uncle of Queen Eleanor of England.

Carthusian monk at the Grande Chartreuse. Prior of the monastery in Natua, France. Bishop of Belley, France in 1233. Chosen archbishop of Canterbury, England by Pope Innocent IV in 1243. Attended the Council of Lyon in 1245. He revised the court, eliminated unnecessary offices in the archdiocese, and worked to get the nearly bankrupt diocese back to fiscal health. Tried to reduce royal meddling in the Church’s internal affairs and control of its appointments.

Tried to implement reforms in a number of the monasteries in his diocese, but many refused to recognize him or permit his visits. Some of the disputes actually led to violence, and he was forced to excommunicate some clerics to force compliance. Others, however, welcomed his reform efforts, and were impressed with his personal piety, his charity, and his simple lifestyle. In 1258 he was chosen the leader of a group of king‘s counselors who represented the interests of the English barons against the king. In May 1261 he called a council at Lambeth castle which led to declarations explaining that the Church had the right to oppose worldly forces and intervention. However, Pope Urban IV needed the support of King Henry and refused to ratify these decrees.

Boniface went into voluntary exile in France from 1262 to 1266, administering his archdiocese as best he could from across the Channel, and continued to oppose Henry’s unilateral appointments to ecclesiastical offices and his taxation of Church property. But he sided with the king on other matters, especially when the barons resorted to civil war. Briefly served as regent of England, and accompanied the king on diplomatic trips to France. Died while trying to settle family business and end feuds between family factions. Later English historians complained of his excessive involvement in worldly politics and his family affairs, and he was far more appreciated by those who knew him in France.

Born

c.1207 near Sainte-Hélòne-du-Luc in the Savoy region of modern France

Died

• 18 July 1270 at the Sainte-Hélòne des Milliere castle in Hautecombe, Savoy, France of natural causes

• body found incorrupt in mid-16th century

Beatified

7 September 1838 by Pope Gregory XVI (cultus confirmed)

Saint Francis Solano

Also known as

• Francis Solanus

• Francisco Solano

• Thaumaturgus of the New World

• Wonder Worker of the New World

Profile

Son of Matthew Sanchez Solanus and Anna Ximenes, Andalusian nobles. Joined the Franciscans at age 20. Preacher for many years in southern Spain. Novice master at Arifazza. Worked with plague victims in Granada in 1583; caught the plague himself, but recovered.

Missionary to South America with Father Balthazar Navarro in 1589. After some time in Panama they took ship to travel south. The ship carried slaves, and Francis worked to evanglize them. During a strong storm, the ship ran aground. The captain abandoned the ship and its slave cargo to the rocks, but Francis stayed, baptizing them just before the ship broke apart on the rocks. Francis kept his little flock together and safe for three days until help arrived.

He spent the rest of his life as a missionary, travelling throughout South America, but especially around Lima, Peru, working with the natives and Spanish colonists. Reputed to have converted 9,000 natives during a single sermon. Learned many native languages and dialects quickly, and it is said that he preached to tribes of different tongues in one language and was understood by all. Could play the lute, and was known to play and sing before the altar. Noted healer. Custos of the Franciscan convents in Tucuman and Paraguay. Elected guardian of the Franciscan convent in Lima. Foretold both the destruction of Truxillo by an earthquake, and his own death.

Born

10 March 1549 at Montilla, diocese of Cordova, Andalusia, Spain

Died

14 July 1610 at Lima, Peru of natural causes

Canonized

27 December 1726 by Pope Benedict XIII

Patronage

• Argentina

• Bolivia

• Chile

• Paraguay

• Peru

• diocese of Añatuya, Argentina

Blessed Angelina di Marsciano

Also known as

• Angelina of Montegiove

• Angelina of Corbara

• Angelina of Foligno

Profile

Born to the Italian nobility, the daughter of the Duke of Marciano, and Anna, daughter of the Count of Corbara; her mother died when Angelina was 12. Given in an arranged marriage at age 15 to the Duke of Civitella, Giovanni da Terni, who agreed to honour the girl’s private vow of chastity. Widowed at age 17, she quickly moved to follow a call to religious life before another marriage could be arranged. She gave away her wealth and property to the poor, became a Franciscan tertiary, and travelled the countryside, preaching repentence and chastity.

Because of her emphasis on chastity, she was accused of preaching the Manichaean heresy, part of which opposes marriage; for good measure, there were charges of witchcraft, as well, and she was arrested. King Ladislas of Naples acquitted her of all charges, but because of the disruption to public order that she caused, he banned her from the kingdom.

Moving her base of operations to the church of Santa Maria degli Angeli in Assisi, Italy, Angelina had a vision in which she was told to found a monastery for women tertiaries in Foligno, Italy. With the bishop‘s approval, she founded the cloistered Santa Anna convent in 1397 to care for the sick, poor, widows and orphans. It was so succesful that other, similar houses were soon opened in other Italian cities, and by the time of her death she was supervising 12 houses of tertiaries, and at one point there were 135 affiliated convents.

Born

1377 in Orvieto, Terni, Italy

Died

• 14 July 1435 in Foligno, Perugia, Italy of natural causes

• buried in the Franciscan church in Foligno

• body found incorrupt and relics enshrined in the church in 1492

Beatified

8 March 1825 by Pope Leo XII (cultus confirmation)

Saint Marciano of Frigento

Additional Memorials

• 30 October (Naples, Italy)

• 14 June (Frigento, Italy; based on the translation of his relics from Frigento to Benevento)

• 5 November (Jerome's Martyrology)

Profile

Born to a wealthy Christian family, when Marciano received his inheritance he gave it all away to the poor and devoted himself to God. His devotion and spiritual wisdom attracted to so many admirers and would-be students that he left Greece for Italy, and became a hermit near the town of Frigento. Miracle worker and healer. Pilgrim to Rome, Italy, travelling with his friend, Bishop Lorenzo of Canosa, Italy. In Rome, Marciano was chosen bishop of Frigento by Pope Saint Leo the Great who, in a church near Rome, had encountered Marciano in prayer and received a vision that he was to be consecrated.

While there are very few points of information in this story, there are a lot of problems with the dates in the original sources. It is possible that, since the first biography was not published until 1662, several Marcians, Marcianos and saintly men with similar names, had their stories mashed together.

Born

5th century Greece

Died

• relics enshrined in Frigento, Italy

• relics translated to the crypt of San Sofia in Benevento, Italy in 839 to protect them from non-Christian raiders

• some relics were enshrined in a wooden bust in Taurasi, Italy in 1708, but at some point the statue and relics were stolen

• part of his skull enshrined in a silver reliquary in Frigento

Patronage

• Frigento, Italy

• Taurasi, Italy

Blessed Richard Langhorne

Profile

Third son of William Langhorne of the Inner Temple, London, England, and Lettice, daughter of Eustace Needham of Little Wymondley, Hertfordshire, England. Richard followed his father into the law, being admitted to the Inner Temple in November 1646, and passing the bar in 1654. He married Dorothy Legatt of Havering, Essex, England, a Protestant Christian; they lived on Shire Lane in London, had two sons, Charles and Francis, both of whom became priests. Part of Richard’s work was to advise the local Jesuits on legal and financial matters, which would come back to haunt him.

Being Catholic, Richard was arrested on 15 June 1667, suspected of involvement in the great fire of London in September 1666, but was released. He was arrested again on 7 October 1678 and lodged in solitary confinement in Newgate Prison for eight months on suspicion of involvement in the Popish Plot of Titus Oates. Though he any denied knowledge of any such thing, on 14 June 1679 he was found guilty of conspiring with the Jesuits to burn London, and sentenced to death. Martyr.

Born

c.1635 in Bedford, Bedforshire, England

Died

hanged on 14 July 1679 at Tyburn, London, England

Beatified

15 December 1929 by Pope Pius XI

Saint Ulric of Zell

Also known as

Ulric of Cluny

Profile

Born wealthy. Suffered from eye trouble from an early age. Page at the court of Empress Agnes. Monk. Ordained as a deacon by his uncle Notker, bishop of Freising, Germany. Archdeacon and cathedral provost. Gave away much of his fortune to help the poor.

Pilgrim to Rome, Italy; while he was gone, some one else was appointed to his position. Benedictine at Cluny Abbey, France in 1052, receiving the habit from Saint Hugh of Cluny. Priest. Confessor at Cluny. Chaplain to a convent at Marcigny. A target of much jealousy among his brother monks. Suffered blinding headaches. Prior at Peterlingen. Founded a priory at Ruggersburg.

Following a dispute with Bishop Burchard of Lausanne, Switzerland who supported Henry IV against the pope, Ulric returned to Cluny. Founded a monastery at Zell in the Black Forest. Abbot at Zell. Founded a convent at Bollschweil. Reported to have miraculously cured a local girl of cancer. Totally blind by 1091. Wrote extensively on the liturgy, the direction of monasteries, and the training of novices.

Born

c.1020 at Ratisbon, Germany

Died

1093 of natural causes

Saint Vincent Madelgaire

Also known as

• Madelgaire

• Madelgarus

• Vincent of Soignies

Profile

Married to Saint Waltrude c.635; son-in-law of Saint Bertille. Father of four: Saint Madalberta, Saint Landericus, Saint Dentlin of Soignies, and Saint Aldetrudis. Sent by King Dagobert I to Ireland to recruit monks to work as missionaries in the region. Founded the Benedictine abbeys of Hautmont in 642, and later one on his estate in Soignies, Belgium. Around 653 he retired live as a monk in Hautmont Abbey, taking the name Vincent, and then to the one at Soignies, Belgium where he became abbot.

Born

c.615 at Strepy les Binches, Hainault, Belgium

Died

14 July 677 at Soignies, Belgium of natural causes

Blessed Humbert of Romans

Profile

Studied in Paris, France. Doctor of civil law. Joined the Dominicans in 1224. Pilgrim to the Holy Lands. Provincial of the Dominican Roman province in 1240. Dominican provincial of France in 1244. Fifth master-general of the Dominicans in 1254. Formed and sponsored several successful foreign missions, supported the education of Dominicans, and approved the final revision of the Dominican Liturgy. He stepped down from his position in 1263, and retired to the priory of Valence, France. Came briefly out of solitude at the request of Pope Clement IV to settle a dispute among members of the Cistercians.

Born

at Romans, France

Died

14 July 1277 at Valence, France of natural causes

Blessed Michael Ghebre

Also known as

• Ghébre Michael

• Mikael Gabra

Profile

Converted to Christianity by Vincentian missionaries in 1844, Michael joined the Order himself. He was ordained in 1851, and served in the Apostolic Vicariate of Abyssinia. Arrested for his faith with four companions whose names have been lost to us during the persecution of Negus Theodore II. Dragged from place to place, he died a prisoner and martyr.

Born

1791 in Dibo, West Gojam (in modern Ethiopia)

Died

30 July 1855 from abuse and ill treatment in prison while travelling between Meccia Coreccia and Molicha Gebaba, Mirab Shewa (in modern Ethiopia)

Beatified

3 October 1926 by Pope Pius XI

Blessed Hroznata of Bohemia

Profile

Born to the Bohemian nobility. Brother of Saint Bozena of Bohemia. Married layman. Widower, with both his wife and only child dying suddenly. Founded the Premonstratensian abbey at Tapi, Bavaria, Germany and became a monk there. Thrown into a dungeon by robbers, he was left to die there when they fled with their loot.

Born

c.1160 in Hroznetin, Karlovarský kraj, Czech Republic

Died

starved to death on 14 July 1217 in St´ry Kynsperk, Karlovarský kraj, Czech Republic

Beatified

16 September 1897 by Pope Leo XIII (cultus confirmation)

Patronage

Bohemia

Saint Deusdedit of Canterbury

Also known as

Adeodatus, Freithona, Frithona, Frithonas, Frithuwine

Profile

Benedictine monk. Sixth Archbishop of Canterbury, England in 655, the first Anglo-Saxon to hold the seat. Served during a relatively quiet period in the history of this diocese. Founded a convent on the Isle of Thanet. Venerable Bede mentions him in his writings, but provides no details about him.

Born

Sussex, England as Freithona

Died

• October 664 in England of plague

• interred in the abbey church of Saints Peter and Paul in Canterbury, England

Blessed Giorgio of Lauria

Also known as

George

Profile

Son of Admiral Don Ruggero. Cousin of Blessed Raymond of Toulouse, he fiercely opposed Raymond‘s call to religious life at the convent of Barcelona, Spain, and even threatened to beat him up if he took the habit; Giorgia later felt the call himself and followed Raymond into the Mercedarians. He devoted himself fully to God and the religious life, and became a model to his brother monks.

Born

Lauria, Potenza, Italy

Died

1339 at the convent of Santa Maria of El Puig, Spain of natural causes

Saint Ioannes Wang Kuixin

Also known as

• John Wang Guixin

• Ruowang

Additional Memorial

28 September as one of the Martyrs of China

Profile

Layman in the apostolic vicariate of Southeastern Zhili, China. Martyred in the Boxer Rebellion.

Born

c.1875 in Nangong, Jizhou, Hebei, China

Died

14 July 1900 in Nangong, Jizhou, Hebei, China

Canonized

1 October 2000 by Pope John Paul II

Saint Marchelm

Also known as

Marcellin, Marcellino, Marcellinus, Marchelme, Marchelmo, Marculf, Markulf, Marchelmus

Profile

Missionary to the Netherlands with Saint Willibrord of Echternach. Worked with Saint Lebuin of Deventer in the area of Overijssel, Netherlands.

Born

England

Died

• c.762 in Oldenzaal, Netherlands

• relics translated to Deventer, Netherlands

Blessed Dorotea Llamanzares Fernández

Also known as

Gertrudis

Profile

Nun of the Franciscan Missionaries of the Divine Motherhood. Martyred in the Spanish Civil War.

Born

6 February 1870 in Cerezales del Condado, León, Spain

Died

14 July 1936 in Hortaleza, Madrid, Spain

Beatified

13 October 2013 by Pope Francis

Blessed Toscana of Verona

Profile

Married. Widow. Nun of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem (Gerosolimitans).

Born

c.1290 at Zevio, Verona, Italy

Died

• 14 July 1343 of natural causes

• buried at Saint Toscana Church, Verona, Italy

Saint Colman of Killeroran

Profile

His name appears on several ancient martyrologies, and some places may have been named for him, but no information about this saint has survived.

Saint Idus of Ath-Fadha

Profile

Fifth century disciple of Saint Patrick by whom he was baptized, and who appointed him bishop of Ath-Fadha, Leinster, Ireland.

Saint Optatian of Brescia

Profile

Bishop of Brescia, Italy for over 50 years.

Died

c.505 of natural causes

Saint Donatus of Africa

Profile

Martyr.

Died

unknown location in Afria, date unknown

Saint Liebert

Also known as

Liberto

Profile

Monk. Abbot. Martyred by Normans.

Born

Malines, Belgium

Died

835

Saint Papias of Africa

Profile

Martyr.

Died

unknown location in Afria, date unknown

Saint Justus of Rome

Profile

Soldier. Martyr.

Died

Rome, Italy, date unknown

Saint Cyrus of Carthage

Profile

Bishop of Carthage.

Saint Just

Profile

Martyr.

Died

Ireland

இன்றைய புனிதர்கள் ஜீலை 13

 St. Teresa de los Andes

ஆண்டெஸ் நகர் இயேசுவின் புனித தெரசா

(1900-1920)

இவர் சிலி நாட்டில் உள்ள சந்தியாகு என்ற நகரில் பிறந்தவர். இவருடைய பெற்றோர் வசதியானவர்கள். ஆனாலும், இறைவன் மீது மிகுந்த நம்பிக்கை கொண்டவர்களாகத் திகழ்ந்தார்கள்.

இதனாலேயே அவர்கள் இவரை இறைநம்பிக்கையிலும் பிறரன்பிலும் நல்ல முறையில் வளர்த்து வந்தார்கள். 

சிறுவயதில் முன் கோபக்காரராக இருந்த இவர், படிப்படியாக வளர்ந்து வந்தபோது, கோபம் கொள்வதை அப்படியே குறைத்துக்கொண்டார். 

இதற்குப் பிறகு இவர் கார்மேல் சபையில் சேர்ந்து துறவியானார். துறவு மடத்தில் இவரது வாழ்க்கை பலருக்கும்  எடுத்துக்காட்டாக இருந்தது.

ஆனால், யாரும் எதிர்பாராதவிதமாக இவர் துறவியான அடுத்த ஆண்டிலேயே தீராத நோயினால் பாதிக்கப்பட்டு, இறையடி சேர்ந்தார்.

இவர் இறக்கும்போது இவருக்கு வயது வெறும் 20 தான். இவருக்கு புனித திருத்தந்தை இரண்டாம் ஜான் பால் 1993 ஆம் ஆண்டு, மார்ச் திங்கள் 21 ஆம் நாள் புனிதர் பட்டம் கொடுத்தார்.

இவர் இளைய தலைமுறையினருக்குப் பாதுகாவலியாக இருக்கிறார்.

Feastday: July 13

Patron: of young people

Birth: 1900

Death: 1920

Beatified: Pope John Paul II

Canonized: Pope John Paul II

 

Discalced Carmelite mystic and the first Chilean to be beatified or canonized. She was baptized Juanita Fernandez Solar and born in Santiago, Chile on July 13, 1900. Devoted to Christ from a very young age, she entered the Discalced Carmelite monastery at Los Andes on May 7, 1919. There she was given the religious name of Teresa of Jesus. She died on April 12, of the following year, having made her religious profession as a Carmelite. A model for young people, Teresa was beatified in 1987 in Santiago, Chile, and was canonized by Pope John Paul II on March 21, 1993.

Teresa of Jesus of Los Andes (13 July 1900 – 12 April 1920), born as Juana Enriqueta Josephina de Los Sagrados Corazones Fernández Solar, (Spanish: Teresa de Jesús de Los Andes) was a Chilean professed religious from the Discalced Carmelites.[1] Fernández Solar was a pious child but had an often unpredictable temperament for she could be prone to anger and being vain but could also demonstrate her charitable and loving nature; she seemed transformed when she decided to become a nun and her character seemed to change for her sole ambition was to dedicate herself to the service of God.[2] But her time in the convent was cut short due to her contracting an aggressive disease that killed her - she knew she would die but was consoled knowing she would be able to make her profession before she died.[3][4]

Her canonization process opened on 23 April 1976 under Pope Paul VI and she became titled as a Servant of God. The confirmation of her life of heroic virtue on 22 March 1986 allowed for her to be titled as Venerable. Solar was beatified on 3 April 1987 in Chile after a miracle attributed to her from her native land cleared her for beatification while another miracle coming from Chile led Pope John Paul II to canonize her as a saint on 21 March 1993 in Saint Peter's Square.

Life

Juana Enriqueta Josefina de los Sagrados Corazones Fernández Solar was born in 1900 in Santiago in Chile to the upper class Miguel Fernández and Lucia Solar as the fourth of six children; three males and two females not including herself. Her brothers were Luis and Miguel and Ignacio and her sisters were Lucía and Rebeca (d. 31 December 1942). Rebeca became a Discalced Carmelite nun at the same convent as Juana as "Teresa of the Divine Heart".[1] Her mother was Lucía Solar de Fernández, her father was Miguel Fernández Jara and her maternal grandfather was Eulogio Solar.[5] Her baptism was celebrated in the parish church of Santa Ana.[3]

Fernández Solar received her education in a college managed by French nuns from the Sacred Heart order, and she remained there from 1907 until 1918. In 1914, she decided to consecrate herself to the Lord and become a Discalced Carmelite.[3][4] On 8 December 1915, she made a vow to remain chaste and she renewed it on a regular basis. Fernández Solar was pious in character, but could also be stubborn and vain; she also lost her temper on some occasions. On one particular occasion, her sister Rebeca grew so fed up with Juana that she hit her while the red-faced Juana grabbed her with anger but stopped and kissed her cheek. Rebeca was confused and unsure but chased her off and said: "Get out of here! You have given me the kiss of Judas!"[2] Juana was hospitalized in 1913 for acute appendicitis. In her childhood, she also liked singing and dancing and played croquet and tennis. She was an able swimmer and could play the piano and harmonium. In 1916, she made a retreat for the Spiritual Exercises.

In her childhood, she read the autobiographical account that Thérèse of Lisieux had written and the experience had a profound effect on her pious and innocent character while also coming to the realization that she wanted to live for God alone. Fernández Solar had to work to overcome her initial self-centered character towards that of one directed to the caring of others above all. Her further inspiration for this self-transformation was her upcoming First Communion which led her to this commitment in an effort to achieve worthiness of what she was soon to receive. Fernández Solar received her Confirmation on 22 October 1909 and made her First Communion later on 11 September 1910.[1] In September 1917 she sent a letter to the prioress of the Discalced Carmelite convent close to her home expressing her desire to enter the order. On October 18, 1917 a nun distributed candies to the children but she grew frustrated when she was given a small piece so hurled it out of her hand and refused another piece that the nun offered her.[2][4] In late 1917 she and her mother left church and she turned to her mother in abruptness and asked whether she knew she would become a religious to which her mother told her that decision was for her father to make. Solar did not pursue it until from school she sent a letter to her father on 25 March 1919 that received no response; she returned home for a brief period but did not mention it and her father never alluded to it either but before she left for school again he consented when she asked him about it.

On 7 May 1919 she entered the novitiate of the Discalced Carmelites in Los Andes at which time she was given the new religious name of "Teresa of Jesus"; she later received the habit on the following 14 October.[4] Toward the end of her short life the new nun began an apostolate of letter-writing in which she shared her thoughts on the spiritual life with others. But she soon contracted typhus that was diagnosed as fatal. However, some historians have suggested that she might have contracted Spanish flu, which was devastating Chile at this time. In any case, her condition grew worse on 2 April 1920 - Good Friday. Sister Teresa was still three months short of turning 20 and had six months to complete her canonical novitiate so as to make her religious vows. But she nevertheless was allowed to profess her vows "in articulo mortis" ("facing death") on 7 April 1920. Sister Teresa received the final sacraments on 5 April 1920 and later died at 7:15pm on 12 April 1920, one week after Easter. Her remains were later relocated in 1940 to a new chapel.[3]

Teresa of Jesus remains popular with the estimated 100 000 pilgrims who visit on an annual basis the shrine where her remains are venerated in the Shrine of Saint Teresa of Los Andes in Los Andes. The nun is Chile's first saint and is popular more so among women and adolescents. Teresa of Jesus was the first Discalced Carmelite outside of Europe to be proclaimed as a saint and is the fifth saint of the order with the name "Teresa".

The beatification process began in an informative process in the Diocese of San Felipe from 20 March 1947 until its closure a few decades later on 14 January 1972; Bishop Roberto Bernardino Berríos Gaínza inaugurated this process while Enrique Alvear Urrutia oversaw its closure in a solemn Mass. Theologians collected her writings for assessment and approved them as being in line with the faith on 7 March 1975. The formal introduction to the cause came on 23 April 1976 under Pope Paul VI and she henceforth became titled as a Servant of God. There was a cognitional process that was also opened in San Felipe and it spanned from 17 November 1976 until 18 March 1978 while the Congregation for the Causes of Saints validated the two previous processes in Rome on 20 March 1981. The postulation later submitted the Positio to the C.C.S. in 1985 at which point theologians approved the cause on 3 December 1985 as did the cardinal and bishop members of the CCS on 18 March 1986. The confirmation of her model life of heroic virtue on 22 March 1986 allowed for Pope John Paul II to title her as Venerable after the C.C.S. Prefect Cardinal Pietro Palazzini bought the document to the pope for promulgation.

The process for a miracle attributed to her opened in Chile where the healing originated in and it was subjected to a diocesan process for investigation from 19 October 1984 until 16 October 1985 while the C.C.S. later validated it on 23 May 1986. The board of medical experts approved this healing to be miraculous on 21 January 1987 while theologians did so as well on 20 February 1987 as did the C.C.S. on 3 March 1987. John Paul II approved this healing to be a legitimate miracle on 16 March 1987 and thus confirmed her beatification. John Paul II beatified the late nun on 3 April 1987 in O'Higgins Park in Chile while her brother Luis was present at her beatification; he was the last direct relative of hers still alive then.

The process for a miracle attributed to her - the definitive one for sainthood - was investigated from 4 December 1990 to 12 June 1991 again in Chile while it received validation not long after on 18 October 1991. Medical experts this healing on 2 June 1992 as did theologians on 19 June 1992 and the C.C.S. on 7 July 1992. John Paul II confirmed the healing as a miracle on 11 June 1992 while he later canonized her on 21 March 1993 in Saint Peter's Square.

St. Silas

Feastday: July 13

Death: 50

One of the leaders of the Church of Jerusalem, Silas was sent with Paul and Barnabas to Antioch to communicate the decisions of the Council of Jerusalem to the Gentile community in Syria. When Paul and Barnabas quarreled over John Mark, Silas was chosen by Paul to accompany him on his second missionary journey to Syria, Cilicia, and Macedonia. Silas was beaten and imprisoned with Paul at Philippi, was involved with Paul in the riot of Jews at Thessalonica that drove Paul and Silas from the city to Beroea, remained at Beroea with Timothy when Paul left, but rejoined him at Corinth. The Silvanus mentioned with Timothy by Paul and who helped him preach at Corinth is believed to be the same as Silas, since Silvanus is a Greek variant of the Semitic Silas. Silvanus is also mentioned as the man through whom Peter communicated and is considered by some scholars to be the author of that epistle. Tradition says he was the first bishop of Corinth and that he died in Macedonia. His feast day is July 13th.

This article is about the first century figure from early Christianity. For other uses, see Silas (disambiguation).

For other saints named Silvanus, see Silvanus.

Silas or Silvanus (/ˈsaɪləs/; Greek: Σίλας/Σιλουανός; fl. 1st century AD) was a leading member of the Early Christian community, who first accompanied Paul the Apostle on his second missionary journey.

Name and etymologies

Silas is traditionally assumed to be the same as the Silvanus mentioned in four epistles. Some translations, including the New International Version, call him "Silas" in the epistles. Paul, Silas, and Timothy are listed as co-authors of the two letters to the Thessalonians. The Second Epistle to the Corinthians mentions Silas as having preached with Paul and Timothy to the church in Corinth (1:19), and the First Epistle of Peter describes Silas as a "faithful brother" (5:12).

There is some disagreement over the original or "proper" form of his name: "Silas", "Silvanus", "Seila", and "Saul" seem to be treated at the time as equivalent versions of the same name in different languages, and it is not clear which is the original name of "Silas", and which is a translation or equivalent nickname, or whether some references are to different persons with equivalent names. He is consistently called "Silas" in the Acts of the Apostles, but the Roman name Silvanus (which means "of the forest") is always used by Paul and in the First Epistle of Peter (5:12); it may be that "Silvanus" is the Romanized version of the original "Silas",[2] or that "Silas" is the Greek nickname for "Silvanus".[2] Silas is thus often identified with Silvanus of the Seventy. Catholic theologian Joseph Fitzmyer further points out that Silas is the Greek rendition of the Aramaic Seila (שְׁאִילָא), a version of the Hebrew Saul (שָׁאוּל‎), which is attested in Palmyrene inscriptions.[3]

Biblical narrative

Silas is first mentioned in Acts 15:22, where he and Judas Barsabbas (known often as 'Judas') were selected by the church elders to return with Paul and Barnabas to Antioch following the Jerusalem Council. Silas and Judas are mentioned as being leaders among the brothers, prophets and encouraging speakers. Silas was selected by Paul to accompany him on his second mission after Paul and Barnabas split over an argument involving Mark's participation. It was during the second mission that he and Paul were imprisoned briefly in Philippi, where an earthquake broke their chains and opened the prison door. Silas is thus sometimes depicted in art carrying broken chains.[4] Acts 16:25-37.

According to Acts 17–18, Silas and Timothy travelled with Paul from Philippi to Thessalonica, where they were treated with hostility in the synagogues by some traditional Jews. The harassers followed the trio to Berea, threatening Paul's safety, and causing Paul to separate from Silas and Timothy. Paul travelled to Athens, and Silas and Timothy later joined him in Corinth.[5]

These events can be dated to around AD 50: the reference in Acts 18:12 to Proconsul Gallio helps ascertain this date (cf. Gallio inscription).[6] According to Acts 18:6–7, Paul ceased to attend the synagogue in Corinth as a result of Jewish hostility, Silas is not mentioned thereafter in the Acts narrative.

He appears in the salutation of 1 and 2 Thessalonians, and is referred to in 2 Corinthians 1:19. This is as expected, as we read of his involvement in Paul's mission when these cities were visited. He also appears in the conclusion of 1 Peter at 5:12, and is perhaps the amanuensis. Peter says he regards Silas as "a faithful brother."

Veneration

Saint Silas is celebrated in the Calendar of Saints of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and that of the Episcopal Church (United States) with a Lesser Feast[7] on January 26 with Timothy and Titus, and separately on July 13 by the Roman Catholic Church and February 10 by the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod. Saint Silas is also venerated by the Eastern Orthodox Church on July 30 along with the Apostles Silvanus, Crescens, Epenetus, and Andronicus and on January 4 where he is venerated with all the apostles.

St. Henry

புனித இரண்டாம் ஹென்றி(St.Henry)

அரசர்

பிறப்பு : 973

பவேரியா (Bavaria), ஜெர்மனி

 இறப்பு : 1024

பாம்பர்க்(Bamberg), ஜெர்மனி

புனிதர்பட்டம்: 1146, திருத்தந்தை 3 ஆம் யூஜின்

இவர் பவேரியா நாட்டு அரசராக 995 ல் உரோம் பேரரசின் மன்னராக 1002 ல் உயர்வுப்பெற்றார். திருச்சபையின் நலனுக்காகவும், வளர்ச்சிக்காகவும் போர்களில் ஈடுபடத் தயங்காதவர். இவர் துறவற மடத் தலைவர்களையும், ஆயர்களையும் நியமனம் செய்யும் அதிகாரத்தை பெற்றிருந்தார். இவரின் துணைவியாரும் புனித வாழ்க்கை வாழ்ந்து புனிதர் பட்டம் பெற்றார். உரோம் நகரில் ஏற்பட்ட கலகத்தை நசுக்க திருத்தந்தை 8ஆம் ஆசீர்வதிப்பருக்கு மன்னர் உறுதுணையாயிருந்தார். இவர் மற்ற நாடுகளில் அமைதி நிலவ அரும்பாடுபட்டார். 

இவர் தன் நாட்டு மக்களுக்கு பின்வரும் இறைவசனத்தை அடிக்கடி கூறிவந்தார். "அழிந்து போகும் செல்வத்தை துறந்துவிட்டு என்றும் அழியா, நிலையான செல்வத்தை வான்வீட்டில் சேர்த்து இடத்தை தக்க வைத்துக்கொள்ளவேண்டும்" என்பதை மறக்கக்கூடாது என்பார். இவ்வுலகில் நாம் பெறும் புகழ் புகையாக மறைந்துவிடும். எனவே நிலையான பேரின்பத்தை அடைய முயற்சிக்கவேண்டும் என்று அடிக்கடி கூறுவார். தன் நாட்டில் கடவுளின் இரக்கத்தைப் பெற, பெரிய பெரிய ஆலயங்களைக் கட்டினார். அவற்றின் பராமரிப்பிற்காக செல்வங்களை வாரி வழங்கினார். பாக்பெர்கில்லிருந்து பணத்தை செலவிட்டார். இறுதிவரை இறைப்பணியாற்றி அவ்வாலய பணியின்போதே உயிர் துறந்தார். 

Feastday: July 13

Patron: of the childless, of Dukes, of the handicapped and those rejected by Religious Order

Death: 1024

St. Henry, son of Henry, Duke of Bavaria, and of Gisella, daughter of Conrad, King of Burgundy, was born in 972. He received an excellent education under the care of St. Wolfgang, Bishop of Ratisbon. In 995, St. Henry succeeded his father as Duke of Bavaria, and in 1002, upon the death of his cousin, Otho III, he was elected emperor. Firmly anchored upon the great eternal truths, which the practice of meditation kept alive in his heart, he was not elated by this dignity and sought in all things, the greater glory of God. He was most watchful over the welfare of the Church and exerted his zeal for the maintenance of ecclesiastical discipline through the instrumentality of the Bishops. He gained several victories over his enemies, both at home and abroad, but he used these with great moderation and clemency. In 1014, he went to Rome and received the imperial crown at the hands of Pope Benedict VIII. On that occasion he confirmed the donation, made by his predecessors to the Pope, of the sovereignty of Rome and the exarchate of Ravenna. Circumstances several times drove the holy Emperor into war, from which he always came forth victorious. He led an army to the south of Italy against the Saracens and their allies, the Greeks, and drove them from the country. The humility and spirit of justice of the Saint were equal to his zeal for religion. He cast himself at the feet of Herebert, Bishop of Cologne, and begged his pardon for having treated him with coldness, on account of a misunderstanding. He wished to abdicate and retire into a monastery, but yielded to the advice of the Abbot of Verdun, and retained his dignity. Both he and his wife, St. Cunegundes, lived in perpetual chastity, to which they had bound themselves by vow. The Saint made numerous pious foundations, gave liberally to pious institutions and built the Cathedral of Bamberg. His holy death occurred at the castle of Grone, near Halberstad, in 1024. His feast day is July 13th. He is the patron saint of the childless, of Dukes, of the handicapped and those rejected by Religious Order.

Henry II (German: Heinrich II; Italian: Enrico II) (6 May 973 – 13 July 1024), also known as Saint Henry the Exuberant, Obl. S. B.,[a] was Holy Roman Emperor ("Romanorum Imperator") from 1014. He died without an heir in 1024, and was the last ruler of the Ottonian line. As Duke of Bavaria, appointed in 995, Henry became King of the Romans ("Rex Romanorum") following the sudden death of his second cousin, Emperor Otto III in 1002, was made King of Italy ("Rex Italiae") in 1004, and crowned emperor by Pope Benedict VIII in 1014.

The son of Henry II, Duke of Bavaria, and his wife Gisela of Burgundy, Emperor Henry II was a great-grandson of German king Henry the Fowler and a member of the Bavarian branch of the Ottonian dynasty. Since his father had rebelled against two previous emperors, the younger Henry spent long periods of time in exile, where he turned to Christianity at an early age, first finding refuge with the Bishop of Freising and later during his education at the cathedral school in Hildesheim. He succeeded his father as Duke of Bavaria in 995 as "Henry IV". As duke, he attempted to join his second-cousin, Emperor Otto III, in suppressing a revolt against imperial rule in Italy in 1002. Before Henry II could arrive, however, Otto III died of fever, leaving no heir. After defeating several contenders to the throne, Henry II was crowned King of Germany on 9 July 1002 as the first in a line of kings to adopt the title Rex Romanorum, an allusion to his perceived prerogative to the future appointment of Imperator Romanorum.[2][failed verification – see discussion] On 15 May 1004 he was anointed King of Italy ("Rex Italiae") and in 1004 Henry II joined Duke Jaromír of Bohemia in his struggle against the Poles, thus effectively incorporating the Duchy of Bohemia into the Holy Roman Empire.[2]

Unlike his predecessor Otto III, who had imposed plans on sovereign administration and active political involvement in Italy, Henry spent most of his reign concerned with the renovation of the imperial territories north of the Alps, a policy summed up on his seal as Renovatio regni Francorum, which replaced Otto's Renovatio imperii Romanorum.[3] A series of conflicts with the Polish Duke Bolesław I, who had already conquered a number of countries surrounding him, required Henry II's full attention and years of political and military maneuvering. Henry did, however, lead three expeditions into Italy to enforce his feudal claim (Honor Imperii): twice to suppress secessionist revolts and once to address Byzantine attempts to obtain dominance over southern Italy. On 14 February 1014, Pope Benedict VIII crowned Henry Holy Roman Emperor in Rome.

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The rule of Henry II has been characterized as a period of centralized authority throughout the Holy Roman Empire. He consolidated his power by cultivating personal and political ties with the Catholic Church. He greatly expanded the Ottonian dynasty's custom of employing clerics as counter-weights against secular nobles. Through donations to the Church and the establishment of new dioceses, Henry strengthened imperial rule across the Empire and increased control over ecclesiastical affairs. He stressed service to the Church and promoted monastic reform. For his remarkable personal piety and enthusiastic promotion of the Church, he was canonized by Pope Eugene III in 1146. He is the only medieval German monarch to ever have been honoured a saint. Henry II's wife was the equally pious Empress Cunigunde, who was canonized in 1200 by Pope Innocent III.[4] As the union produced no children, the German nobles elected Conrad II, a great-great-grandson of Emperor Otto I, to succeed him after his death in 1024. Conrad was the first of the Salian dynasty of emperors.

St. Francis Solano

Feastday: July 13

Birth: 1549

Death: 1610

This saint was born at Montilla in Andalusia in 1549, did his studies in the school of the Jesuits, and in 1569, joined the Franciscan Observance at his birth place. He was duly professed and in 1576 ordained priest. Full of zeal and charity and an ardent desire for the salvation of souls, he divided his time between silent retirement and the ministry of preaching. Francis exercised his ministry in southern Spain for many years and heroically during the plague of 1583 at Granada, when he himself was struck down but made a quick recovery. After the epidemic was passed, Francis was selected to go with Father Balthazar Navarro to Peru. The missionaries to Panama, crossed the Isthmus, and again took ship on the other side. But approaching Peru, they ran into a bad storm and were driven aground on a sand bank. The ship looked as if she were going to pieces, and the master ordered that she be abandoned, leaving aboard her, a number of negro slaves for whom there was no room in the single lifeboat. Francis had these men under instruction and he now refused to leave them, so he remained behind on the ship, which was breaking up. He gathered them around him, encouraged them to trust in the mercy of God and the merits of Jesus Christ, and then baptized them. This he had scarcely done when the vessel parted amidships and some of the negroes were drowned. The remainder were on the part of the hull that was firmly aground and there they remained for three days, Francis keeping up their courage and rigging signals of distress. When the weather broke, the ship's boat returned and took them off to join the others in a place of safety, where they eventually were conveyed to Lima, Peru. Now began twenty years of untiring ministry among the Indians and Spanish colonists. It is said that St. Francis had the "gift of tongues", and for his miracles he was called the "wonder-worker of the New World"; in his funeral sermon Father Sabastiani, S.J., said that God had chosen him to be "the hope and edification of all Peru, the example and glory of Lima, the splendor of the Seraphic order". A habit of his, very reminiscent of his religious father and namesake, was to take a lute and sing to Our Lady before her altar. He died on July 14, 1610, while his brethren was singing the conventual Mass, at the moment of consecration, saying with his last breath, "Glory be to God". His whole life, says Alvarez de Paz, was a holy uninterrupted course of zealous action, yet at the same time, a continued prayer. St. Francis Solano was canonized in 1726. His feast day is July 13th.

Francisco Solano y Jiménez, (also known as Francis Solanus; 10 March 1549 – 14 July 1610) was a Spanish friar and missionary in South America, belonging to the Order of Friars Minor (the Franciscans), and is honored as a saint in the Roman Catholic Church.

Blessed Carlos Manuel Cecilio Rodriguez Santiago

Additional Memorial

4 May (Puerto Rico, based on the day of his baptism)

Profile

Second of five children born to Manuel Baudilio Rodriguez and Herminia Santiago; theirs was a pious family as one of his sisters is a Carmelite nun, one brother a Benedictine monk, the first Puerto Rican to be an abbot. When Carlos was six years old, the family store and home were burned to the ground, and the Rodriguezes moved in with his mother's family. Carlos spent time with his pious maternal grandmother Alexjandrina Esteras who was a significant influence on him. At age 9, Carlos wrestled a rabid dog that had snatched up his 1-year-old cousin; Carlos was badly wounded in the fight, but his cousin survived to live a long life. Carlos suffered from ulcerative colitis from age 13, which interrupted a brilliant scholarly career; he completed high school, but it was several years before he could move on to college.

Carlos never passed up a chance to serve as an altar boy. He worked as an office clerk until 1946, and tried to attend the University of Puerto Rico, but his health prevented it. After receiving a few lessons, he taught himself to play piano and organ, and loved to spend days hiking in the countryside.

Worked as an office clerk at Caguas, Puerto Rico, and at the University of Puerto Rico Agriculture Experiment Station. Part of his works was as a translator, converting English documents to Spanish. He then used his translating skills to write, and with his modest salary to publish, the magazines Liturgy and Christian Culture. With the help of Father McWilliams, he founded a Liturgy Circle at Caguas. With Father McGlone, he organized the chorus Te Deum Laudamus.

Carlos's principal apostolic work was at Catholic University Center, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico where he evangelized to students and teachers. He organized another Liturgy Circle (Circulo de Cultura Christiana: Christian Culture Circle), and published Christian Life Days to help university students enjoy the liturgical seasons. A member of the Brotherhood of Christian Doctrine, Holy Name Society, and Knights of Columbus, he taught catechism to high school students, encouraged liturgical renewal among clergy and laity, and worked for active participation of the laity, the use of vernacular language, and devotion to the Paschal Vigil – all prior to Vatican II.

As the years went by, his health declined further. He suffered from rectal cancer, and the misery of aggressive surgery in 1963. At one point in this misery he felt himself abandoned by God, but soon rediscovered his faith and enthusiasm, and was an example to all of joy in the midst of suffering.

Born

22 November 1918 at Caguas, Puerto Rico

Died

13 July 1963 of cancer at Caguas, Puerto Rico

Beatified

• 29 April 2001 by Pope John Paul II

• the miraculous cure of a patient's non-Hodgkins malignant lymphoma in 1981 is attributed to him

• his Cause is unique, being carried forward by the laity

• first Puerto Rican blessed

• first Caribbean layman blessed

Blessed Mariano de Jesus Eues Hoyos

Also known as

Padre Marianito

Profile

Eldest son of a religious rural Colombian family in a time when the state was hostile to the Church. From age 16 he wanted to become a priest; he entered the new Medellin Seminary at age 24, and was ordained in 1872. Worked in the parishes of San Pedro and Yarumel, and in 1878 he was assigned as priest to Angostura, Colombia where he spent the rest of his life.

Mariano had a great love for the poor, especially rural labourers. His preaching was simple and effective, his time spent ministering to the spiritual and social needs of his flock, and the people who knew him considered him a saint in life. However, his parish was in an area beset by civil war, and neither side seemed sympathetic to the Church; several times Mariano had to hide in nearby caves to escape the fighting.

Padre Marianito was beatified after confirmation of a miracle in the life of Father Rafael Gildardo Velez Saldarriaga of Medellin. Velez underwent prostate surgery in 1970; in 1982 he developed cancer on the scar. He had surgery, cobalt and estrogen therapies, and seemed to have recovered. In March 1987 he developed an oedema of the legs that turned into elephantiasis followed by metastasis of the spinal column, and the 75 year old priest was pronounced terminal. But in September 1987 he began to improve. In two months the oedema was reduced, the cellulitis and bone metastasis had disappeared. Doctors and scientists examined Father Velez in June 1991, and declared his cure had no scientific explanation. Additional analyses carried out in 1997 showed complete recovery, and on 4 April 1998, the Medical Commission of the Vatican Congregation for the Causes of Saints acknowledged unanimously that the priest's cure could not be scientifically explained, and was attributed to Padre Marianito's intercession.

Born

14 October 1845 at Yarumal, diocese of Antioquía, Colombia

Died

13 July 1926 at Angostura, Antioquia, Colombia of severe urinary system infections

Beatified

• 9 April 2000 by Pope John Paul II

• first Colombian to be beatified

Blessed Ferdinando Maria Baccilieri

Profile

Raised in a pious family, he was educated by the Barnabites in Bologna, Italy and the Jesuits in Ferrara, Italy. Jesuit novice in Rome, Italy in 1838, but health problems force him to drop out and return home. When he improved, he studied theology in Ferrara, and was ordained in 1844.

Noted spiritual director and preacher of home missions. He taught Italian and Latin at the seminary in Finale Emilia, Italy, and studied civil and canon law at the Pontifical University of Bologna, Italy. In 1851 the Archbishop of Bologna asked him to administer a troubled parish in Galeazza, Italy. He was so successful at renewing his flock that he was appointed him the parish priest; he stayed for 41 years.

In 1867 Father Ferdinand lost his voice, and was forced to write out his lessons and have others deliver them. With his public work restricted, he concentrated on one-to-one spiritual direction, hearing confessions up to 16 hours at a time. His direction, and his personal holiness, attracted so many spiritual students that without his planning it, a religious congregation formed around the parish. The Confraternity of the Sorrowful Mother was founded to teach poor girls in the area. Later, the Servite Third Order was established. In 1862 he opened a small convent for the members, and in 1866 they were formalized under the rule of the Mantellate Servile Sisters of Rome; the community was approved by the Archbishop of Bologna in 1899, and by the Vatican in 1919. The Confraternity continues its work today in Italy, Germany, Brazil, South Korea and the Czech Republic.

Born

14 May 1821 in Campodoso (modern Modena), Italy

Died

13 July 1893 of natural causes

Beatified

3 October 1999 by Pope John Paul II

Saint Giustina of Arzano

Additional Memorial

3rd Sunday of September (procession commemorates the attempted movement of her relics)

Profile

Young Christian woman in Trieste, Italy who had consecrated herself to God during a period of persecution. A pagan friend of the city's imperial consol Fabiano sought Giuliana in marriage, but she refused, and was discovered to be a Christian. She was arrested, ordered to renouce her faith, and when she would not, sentenced to death. Martyr.

Died

• arrows fired at her would not strike her, and the archers would suddenly sweat blood

• beheaded in Trieste, Italy

• her body was transported to a planned burial site in Sicily, Italy; when the ox pulling the cart reached Arzano, Italy, it refused to go further; the people took this as a sign that the saint wished to stay there

• skull enshrined in a glass case in the church of San Martino in Torre d'Arese, Italy

• legend says that on the 3rd Sunday of September in 1670, the bishop of Pavia, Italy tried to take her relics to his city; when he reached the city limits of Arzano, a massive thunderstorm began, stopping the travellers; if they retreated back into the city, the storm would lessen; when they approached the limits again, it would get worse; when the bishop returned the relics to their original location, the storm stopped and the sun came out; a procession of her relics is still held on the 3rd Sunday in September, but they people are careful never to leave the city limits

Patronage

• Arzano, Italy

• unmarried girls (in Torre d'Arese, Italy)

Blessed James of Voragine

Also known as

• James of Varazze

• James of Viraggio

• James of Genoa

• Giacomo, Jacob, Jacobus, Jacopo

Profile

Dominican in 1244 at age 14. Taught theology and Bible study. Prior of his house in Genoa, Italy. Provincial of Lombardy from 1267 to 1286 where he was a noted preacher. Chosen archbishop of Genoa in 1286, but refused the position. Genoa was placed under interdict for supporting a revolt against the King of Naples; Pope Nicholas IV apppointed James to raised the interdict in 1288. Again chosen archbishop of Genoa in 1292, and this time he was ordered to accept.

He tried to reconcile the warring Guelphs and Ghibellines, was generous to the poor, built and repaired churches, monasteries, and hospitals. He worked to insure clerical discipline, and is reported to have translated the Bible into Italian, though no copies have survived. Wrote the Legenda Aurea Sanctorum (The Golden Legend), a collection of scores of tales of the saints; it has become an invaluable source for information on the middle ages, and reading it led Saint Ignatius of Loyola to a conversion experience.

Born

c.1226 at Varazze (modern Voragine), diocese of Savona, Italy (near Genoa)

Died

13 July 1298 in Genoa, Italy of natural causes

Beatified

11 May 1816 by Pope Pius VII (cultus confirmation)

Saint Mildred of Thanet

Also known as

• Mildred of Minster

• Mildthryth...

Memorial

• 18 May (translation of relics)

• 20 February (translation of relics)

Profile

Daughter of Merewalh, King of Mercia, and Saint Ermenburga of Thanet. Sister of Saint Milburga and Saint Mildgytha. Educated at the convent school of Chelles, near Paris, France. Rejected an offer of marriage, and entered the convent of Minster on the Isle of Thanet, a house which was founded by her mother, is still in use, and is one of the oldest continuously occupied structures in Britain. Benedictine nun. Worked with Saint Theodore of Canterbury. Abbess at Minster where one of her novices of Saint Edburga. Noted for her generosity to the poor, and special attention to social outcasts. Yearly pilgrimages to her relics at Minster continue to today.

Died

• c.700 of natural causes

• relics first enshrined at Canterbury, England

• relics translated to Deventer, the Netherlands

• part of the relics have been translated to Minster, England

Canonized

1388 by Pope Urban VI

Esdras the Prophet

Also known as

Ezra

Profile

Priest and scribe who left Babylon in the 7th year of Artaxerxes (458 B.C.) with a caravan of 1,800 Jewish exiles, to return to Jerusalem. The Persian king had given Esdras a letter ordering the satraps beyond the Euphrates to aid him to enforce observance of the Mosaic Law in Judea. Esdras brought with him an exemption from taxation for the temple officials, and gifts from Artaxerxes and the Jews of Babylon. With these the temple worship was to be enhanced and subsidized. Within a year mixed marriages, of which even priests had been guilty, were dissolved. In 444 B.C., after the walls of Jerusalem had been rebuilt, the Law was read to the assembled multitude, whereupon the Feast of Tabernacles and the Day of Atonement were observed. There followed the renewal of the Covenant, which all solemnly agreed to keep. By Esdras and Nehemias the restoration of the Law was effected. The measures which Esdras himself effected determined in great part the organization and practise of later Judaism. The Talmud assigns to him the compilation of the Books of Paralipomenon. He is also credited with the collection of the canonical books of the Old Testament extant in his time. Jewish tradition regards him as the author of the Books of Esdras.

Saint Clelia Barbieri

Also known as

Cloelia Barbieri

Profile

From her earliest life, Clelia paid no attention to this world, focused solely on the spiritual life. Founded the Little Sisters of the Mother of Sorrows who concentrate on ministering in hospitals and elementary schools to the sick, the aged, the lonely, and a prayer ministry for the poor. Since her death, her voice has been heard in the houses of her order, accompanying her sisters in song.

Born

13 February 1847 at Bundrie di San Giovanni, Persiceto, Italy

Died

13 July 1870 at Bologna, Italy of tuberculosis

Canonized

9 April 1989 by Pope John Paul II

Blessed Berthold of Scheide

Also known as

Berthold of Scheda

Profile

Older brother of Blessed Menrich of Lübeck. Priest. Member of the Premonstratensians. Lay brother at the Scheide monastery near Fröndenberg-on-der-Ruhr, Westphalia (in modern Germany). Hermit at Berg Haslei. There he started speaking out against immorality, standing in the shade of a large oak tree where so many would-be spiritual students gathered that he built a hermitage and chapel to minister to them; that chapel had an image of the Blessed Virgin Mary that his father had brought from the Holy Land. With Blessed Menrich, he founded the Cistercian convent of Vrundeberg Abbey in Westphalia.

Born

12th century near Lübeck, Schleswig-Holstein (in modern Germany)

Died

• c.1214 of natural causes

• buried at the Scheda monastery near Fröndenberg-on-der-Ruhr, Westphalia (in modern Germany)

Blessed Thomas Tunstal

Also known as

• Thomas Helmes

• Thomas Dyer

Additional Memorial

29 October as one of the Martyrs of Douai

Profile

Benedictine. Studied at the seminary in Douai, France. Priest. He returned to England to minister to covert Catholics, using false names to hide from the authorities. Martyred for the crime of priesthood in the persecutions of King James I.

Born

Norwich, Norforlk, England

Died

hanged on 13 July 1616 in Tyburn, London, England

Beatified

15 December 1929 by Pope Pius XI

Saint Eugene of Carthage

Also known as

Eugenius

Profile

Bishop of Carthage, North Africa in 481. Exiled to the desert of Tripoli with many of his parishioners, some of them children, by Arian Vandals. They were allowed to return in 488, but Eugene was exiled again in 496, and he eventually settled in Albi, Italy.

Died

505 in Albi, Italy of the mistreatment suffered in exile

Saint Serapion of Alexandria

Also known as

Serapione

Profile

Martyred in the persecutions of emperor Septimius Severus and governor Aquila.

Died

burned alive c.248 in Alexandria, Egypt

Saint Myrope

Profile

Noted for her many pilgrimages to the graves of martyrs. Hid the relics of Saint Isidore from persecutors, for which action she was imprisoned and scourged.

Born

Chios, Greece

Died

c.251 in prison from the effects of torture

Saint Arno of Würzburg

Profile

Bishop of Würzburg, Germany in 855. Helped organize Crusaders from Bohemia, Moravia and Normandy. Killed by pagan Slavs while he was celebrating Mass. Martyr.

Born

9th century

Died

13 July 892 at Chemnitz, Saxony (in modern Germany)

Saint Turiaf of Dol

Also known as

Thivisiau, Tuien, Turiav, Turiave, Turiavus, Turien, Turiano, Turiavo

Profile

Born to the 8th century French nobility. Monk. Abbot. Priest, ordained by Saint Sampson. Bishop of Dol, Brittany, France.

Born

in Brittany, France

Died

c.750 of natural causes

Blessed Jean of France

Profile

Mercedarian friar. Travelling through Algiers and north Africa from 1398 to 1401, he was repeatedly abused and tortured, but freed 128 Christians who had been enslaved by Muslims.

Died

1401 of natural causes

Saint Serapion of Macedonia

Profile

Zealous evangelist who brought many pagans to the faith. Martyred in the persecutions of Septimus Severus.

Died

burned alive c.195, probably in Macedonia

Saint Salutaris of Carthage

Profile

Exiled from Carthage, North Africa to the desert of Tripoli by Arian Vandals. Martyr.

Died

505

Saint Muritta of Carthage

Profile

Exiled from Carthage, North Africa to the desert of Tripoli by Arian Vandals. Martyr.

Died

505

Saint Dogfan

Also known as

Doewan

Profile

Son of the chieftain Saint Brychan of Brycheiniog. Martyr.

Died

5th century in Dyfed, Wales

Saint Sarra of Egypt

Profile

Fifth-century desert hermitess in Egypt known for her piety, discipline and extremely ascetic life.

Saint Paulus Liu Jinde

Also known as

Baolu, Paul

Additional Memorial

28 September as one of the Martyrs of China

Profile

Married layman in the apostolic vicariate of Southeastern Zhili, China. During the persecutions of the Boxer Rebellion, all the other members of his village renounced Christianity to save their lives. Paulus, instead, went out to meet the Boxers with a rosary and prayer book. Martyr.

Born

c.1821 in Lanziqiao, Hengshui, Hebei, China

Died

13 July 1900 in Lanziqiao, Hengshui, Hebei, China

Canonized

1 October 2000 by Pope John Paul II

Saint Iosephus Wang Kuiju

Also known as

• Joseph Wang Guiji

• Ruose

Memorial

28 September as one of the Martyrs of China

Profile

Layman in the apostolic vicariate of Southeastern Zhili, China. Martyred in the Boxer Rebellion.

Born

c.1863 in Nangong, Jizhou, Hebei, China

Died

13 July 1900 in Nangong, Jizhou, Hebei, China

Canonized

1 October 2000 by Pope John Paul II

Blessed Thérèse-Henriette Faurie

Also known as

Marie of the Annunciation

Additional Memorial

9 July as one of the Martyrs of Orange

Profile

Sacramentine nun. Martyred in the French Revolution.

Born

13 February 1770 in Sérignan, Vaucluse, France

Died

guillotined on 13 July 1794 in Orange, Vaucluse, France

Beatified

10 May 1925 by Pope Pius XI

Blessed Élisabeth Verchière

Also known as

Madeleine of the Mother of God

Additional Memorial

9 July as one of the Martyrs of Orange

Profile

Sacramentine nun. Martyred in the French Revolution.

Born

2 January 1769 in Bollène, Vaucluse, France

Died

guillotined on 13 July 1794 in Orange, Vaucluse, France

Beatified

10 May 1925 by Pope Pius XI

Blessed Marie-Anastasie de Roquard

Also known as

Sister Saint Gervase

Additional Memorial

9 July as one of the Martyrs of Orange

Profile

Ursuline nun. Martyred in the French Revolution.

Born

5 October 1749 in Bollène, Vaucluse, France

Died

guillotined on 13 July 1794 in Orange, Vaucluse, France

Beatified

10 May 1925 by Pope Pius XI

Blessed Anne-Andrée Minutte

Also known as

Sister Saint Alexis

Additional Memorial

9 July as one of the Martyrs of Orange

Profile

Sacramentine nun. Martyred in the French Revolution.

Born

4 February 1740 in Sérignan, Vaucluse, France

Died

guillotined on 13 July 1794 in Orange, Vaucluse, France

Beatified

10 May 1925 by Pope Pius XI

Blessed Marie-Anne Lambert

Also known as

Sister Saint Francis

Additional Memorial

9 July as one of the Martyrs of Orange

Profile

Ursuline nun. Martyred in the French Revolution.

Born

17 August 1742 in Pierrelatte, Drôme, France

Died

guillotined on 13 July 1794 in Orange, Vaucluse, France

Beatified

10 May 1925 by Pope Pius XI

Blessed Marie-Anne Depeyre

Also known as

Saint Saint Frances

Additional Memorial

9 July as one of the Martyrs of Orange

Profile

Ursuline nun. Martyred in the French Revolution.

Born

2 October 1756 in Tulette, Drôme, France

Died

guillotined on 13 July 1794 in Orange, Vaucluse, France

Beatified

10 May 1925 by Pope Pius XI

Blessed Barthélemy Jarrige de La Morelie de Biars

Profile

Priest of the diocese of Limoges, France. Imprisoned on a ship in the harbor of Rochefort, France and left to die during the anti-Catholic persecutions of the French Revolution. One of the Martyrs of the Hulks of Rochefort.

Born

18 March 1753 in Moutier, Haute-Vienne, France

Died

13 July 1794 aboard the prison ship Deux-Associés, in Rochefort, Charente-Maritime, France

Beatified

1 October 1995 by Pope John Paul II

Blessed Louis-Armand-Joseph Adam

Profile

Franciscan Capuchin priest. Imprisoned on a ship in the harbor of Rochefort, France and left to die during the anti-Catholic persecutions of the French Revolution. One of the Martyrs of the Hulks of Rochefort.

Born

19 December 1741 in Rouen, Seine-Maritime, France

Died

13 July 1794 aboard the prison ship Deux-Associés, in Rochefort, Charente-Maritime, France

Beatified

1 October 1995 by Pope John Paul II

Saint Emanuele Lê Van Phung

Also known as

Emmanuel Le Van Phung

Memorial

24 November as one of the Martyrs of Vietnam

Profile

Married layman in the apostolic vicariate of West Cochinchina (in modern Vietnam). Father and catechist; he built a church, a convent for the Daughters of Mary, a home for missionaries, and a college. Arrested on 7 January 1859 in the persecutions of emperor Tu-Duc for the crime of harboring a priest. While in prison, Emmanuele continued to urge his family to cling to their faith and show charity to the persecutors. Martyr.

Born

c.1796 in Ðau Nuoc, Cù Lao Giêng, Vietnam

Died

• beheaded on 13 July 1859 in Châu Ðoc, An Giang, Vietnam

• buried in Ðau Nuoc, Cù Lao Giêng, Vietnam

Canonized

19 June 1988 by Pope John Paul II

Martyrs of Cyprus

Profile

300 Christians who retired to Cyprus to live as cave hermits, devoting themselves to prayer and an ascetic life devoted to God. Tortured and martyred for their faith, and their bodies dumped in the various caves in which they had lived. We know the names of five of them, but no other details even about them – Ammon, Choulélaios, Epaphroditus, Eusthénios and Héliophotos.

Died

• beheaded in the 12th century on Cyprus

• body dumped in the cave where he had lived, and only rediscovered long afterwards

Martyrs of Philomelio

Profile

31 soldiers martyred for their faith in the persecutions of prefect Magno, date unknown. The only name that has come down to us is Alexander.

Died

Philomelio, Phrygia (in modern Turkey)

 Blessed Angeline of Marsciano 

Foundress and Abbess:

Born: 1377 AD

Montegiove, Umbria, Papal States

Died: July 14, 1435

Foligno, Umbria, Papal States

Venerated in:

Roman Catholic Church

(Third Order of St. Francis and the Poor Clares)

Beatified: March 8, 1825

Pope Leo XII

Major shrine:

Chiesa di San Francesco, Foligno, Perugia, Italy

Feast: July 13

The Blessed Angelina of Marsciano, T.O.R., or Angelina of Montegiove was an Italian Religious Sister and foundress and is a beta of the Roman Catholic Church. She founded a congregation of Religious Sisters of the Franciscan Third Order Regular, known today as the Franciscan Sisters of Blessed Angelina. She is generally credited with the founding of the Third Order Regular for women, as her religious congregation marked the establishment of the first Franciscan community of women living under the Rule of the Third Order Regular authorized by Pope Nicholas V.

Unlike the Second Order of the Franciscan movement, the Poor Clare nuns, they were not an enclosed religious order, but have been active in serving the poor around them for much of their history. She is commemorated by the Franciscans on June 4; her liturgical feast is July 13.

Biographical selection:

Angelina was born in 1377 in Montegiove, near Orvieto, Italy, descending from the Counts of Marsciano on her father's side and the Counts of Corbara on her mother's. At age 12 she consecrated her virginity to God, but three years later her father arranged a marriage for her with the Count of Civitella del Tronto in the Abruzzo region in the Kingdom of Naples.

The girl implored her father to let her consecrate herself to God, but her pleas were made in vain. He even threatened his daughter with death if she would not consent to marry in eight days. 

Afflicted in spirit, Angelina had recourse to Our Lord, Who told her to observe the will of her father. Following this counsel, she agreed to marry the Count. The ceremony was performed with great pomp and the traditional feasting. 

On the wedding night, the young lady fled to her room, filled with anguish, and knelt at the feet of a crucifix asking Our Lord to protect her. When the Count arrived, he asked the reason for her tears and she told him about her vow. Hearing this, he was touched by grace and desired to follow her example.

Therefore, he knelt beside his young spouse and promised to respect her vow and to live chastely with her as a sister. Both thanked God for the great grace they had received. Two years later, the Count died leaving Angelina free to manage her life. 

Angelina entered the Third Order of St. Francis and dedicated herself to works of charity and the conversion of sinners. The many miracles she worked made her famous, which caused her to move to Civitella. When many other young ladies from great families entered Angelina's convent, the nobles of the city became displeased and complained to the King that she was opposing the married vocation. In response to these complaints, the King expelled her from his Kingdom. 

She and her companions went to Assisi and then Foligno, where her community of Third Order sisters received papal approval in 1397. She had soon established 15 similar communities of women who followed the Franciscan Rule in other Italian cities. She died on July 14, 1435, as a mother of a great religious family, and was beatified in 1825.

அருளாளர் மார்ஸியானோ நகர் ஏஞ்சலின் 

(Blessed Angeline of Marsciano)

சபை நிறுவனர்/ மடாலய தலைவி:

(Foundress and Abbess)

பிறப்பு: கி.பி. 1357

மான்ட்டேகியோவ், ஊம்ப்ரியா, திருத்தந்தையர் மாநிலங்கள்

(Montegiove, Umbria, Papal States)

இறப்பு: ஜூலை 14, 1435

ஃபாலிக்னோ, ஊம்ப்ரியா, திருத்தந்தையர் மாநிலங்கள்

(Foligno, Umbria, Papal States)

ஏற்கும் சமயம்:

ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை

(Roman Catholic Church)

அருளாளர் பட்டம்: மார்ச் 8, 1825

திருத்தந்தை பன்னிரெண்டாம் லியோ

(Pope Leo XII)

முக்கிய திருத்தலம்:

சீசா டி சேன் ஃபிரேன்செஸ்கோ, ஃபோலிக்னோ, இத்தாலி

(Chiesa di San Francesco, Foligno, Perugia, Italy)

நினைவுத் திருநாள்: ஜூலை 13

“மார்ஸியானோ நகர் ஏஞ்சலின்” (Angeline of Marsciano) என்றும், “மான்ட்டேகியோவ் நகர் ஏஞ்சலினா” (Angelina of Montegiove) என்றும் அழைக்கப்படும் இவர், ஒரு இத்தாலிய கத்தோலிக்க அருட்சகோதரியும், “ஃபிரான்சிஸ்கன் மூன்றாம்நிலை சபையின் அருட்சகோதரிகளின் சபையின்” (Congregation of Religious Sisters of the Franciscan Third Order Regular) நிறுவனரும் ஆவார். இன்று இச்சபை, "அருளாளர் ஏஞ்சலினின் ஃபிரான்சிஸ்கன் அருட்சகோதரிகள் சபை" (Franciscan Sisters of Blessed Angeline) என்றழைக்கப்படுகிறது.

கி.பி. 1357ம் ஆண்டு, ஊம்ப்ரியாவிலுள்ள மூதாதையர்களின் “மான்ட்டேகியோவ்” என்னும் கோட்டையில் (Castle of Montegiove) பிறந்த இவருடைய தந்தை பெயர் “ஜாகோபோ” (Jacopo Angioballi) ஆகும். இவருடைய தாயார் “அன்னா” (Anna) ஆவார்.

தமது ஆறு வயதிலேயே தமது ஒரு சகோதரியுடன் அனாதரவாகவும் தனிமையிலும் விடப்பட்ட ஏஞ்சலினா, தமது பதினைந்து வயதில், “ஸிவிடெல்லா டெல் ட்ரொன்டோ” (Count of Civitella del Tronto) நகரின் பிரபுவான “கியோவன்னி ட டேர்னி” (Giovanni da Terni) என்பவருக்கு திருமணம் செய்து வைக்கப்பட்டார். ஆனால், இரண்டே வருடங்களில் அவரது கணவர் மரணமடைந்ததால், குழந்தைகளற்ற ஏஞ்சலினா, விதவையானார். தமது கணவரின் தோட்டங்களை நிர்வகிக்கும் பொறுப்பேற்றார்.

பின்னர், தமது வாழ்வினை இறைவனுக்கு அர்ப்பணிக்க தீர்மானித்தார். தமது திருமணத்தின் முன்னரே செயல்படுத்த விரும்பியதை இப்போது சாதித்தார். "மூன்றாம் நிலை ஃபிரான்சிஸ்கன்" சபையில் அருட்சகோதரியாக இணைந்தார்.

பல துணைவர்களுடன் இணைந்து நாட்டின் கிராமங்களில் செயல்படும் வகையில் 'அப்போஸ்தலிக்க சபை' ஒன்றினை தொடங்கினார். "மனம் திரும்புதல் மற்றும் கன்னித்தன்மையின் மதிப்புகளை" போதிக்க ஆரம்பித்தார். அத்துடன், அவசியப்படுபவர்களுக்கு தேவைப்படும் உதவிகளையும், சேவைகளையும் செய்ய ஆரம்பித்தார்.

நாட்டின் இளம்பெண்களை கத்தோலிக்க வாழ்வு வாழ அழைத்த காரணத்தால், இவர் ஒரு மந்திரவாதி என்றும், பெண்களுக்கெதிராக - திருமணம் செய்வதை தடுக்கும் வகையில் போதனைகள் செய்வதாகவும் குற்றம் சாட்டப்பட்டதால் இவரது மத போதனைகளும் செயல்பாடுகளும் தடுத்து நிறுத்தப்பட்டன. நேப்பிள்ஸ் அரசர் “லாடிஸ்லாஸ்” (Ladislas, the King of Naples) அவர்களின் முன்னர் நிறுத்தப்பட்ட ஏஞ்சலினா, தமது தரப்பு வாதங்களை எடுத்து வைத்தார். அவற்றை ஏற்றுக்கொண்ட அரசர், ஏஞ்சலினாவை குற்றச்சாட்டுக்களிலிருந்து விடுவித்தார். ஆனால், மீண்டும் பிரச்சினைகள் ஏற்படாதிருக்கும் பொருட்டு, ஏஞ்சலினாவையும் அவரது தோழர்களையும் நாடு கடத்த உத்தரவிட்டார்.

அதன்பிறகு, ஏஞ்சலினா “அசிசி” (Assisi) பயணமானார். வழியில், "ஃபிரான்சிஸ்கன் சபையின் தொட்டில்" (The Cradle of the Franciscan Order) என அழைக்கப்படும் பேராலயமான “சான்ட மரியாவில்” (Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli) இளைப்பாருதலுக்காகவும் செபிப்பதற்காகவும் தங்கினார். அங்கே, அவருக்கு ஆண்டவர் இயேசு காட்சியளித்தார். 'ஃபோலிக்னோ' (Foligno) என்னும் இடத்தில் “மூன்றாம் நிலை ஃபிரான்சிஸ்கன் சபையின்” (Third Order of Saint Francis) சட்டப்படி நடக்கும் “துறவியர் மடம்” ஒன்றினை தொடங்க இறைவன் கட்டளை இட்டார். இதற்கு அங்குள்ள உள்ளூர் ஆயர் ஒப்புதலளித்தார்.

கி.பி. சுமார் 1394ம் ஆண்டு “ஃபோலிக்னோ” (Foligno) என்ற இடத்தில் தங்கிய ஏஞ்சலினா, “புனித அன்னா” (St. Anna) என்ற சிறிய மடாலயத்தில் இணைந்தார். அங்கே தலைமைப் பொறுப்பினை ஏற்ற அவர், கி.பி. 1397ம் ஆண்டு, பன்னிரண்டு பெரும் சபைகளை நிறுவி, அதன் தலைமை பொறுப்பேற்றார். கி.பி. 1435ம் ஆண்டு, இவருடைய மரணத்தின் முன்னரே, இவருடைய சபை “ஃப்ளோரன்ஸ்” (Florence), “ஸ்போலேடோ” (Spoleto), “அசிசி” (Assisi) மற்றும் “விடெர்போ” (Viterbo) ஆகிய இடங்களிலும் விரிவடைந்தது.

கி.பி. 1435ம் ஆண்டு, ஜூலை மாதம், 14ம் நாளன்று, மரணமடைந்த ஏஞ்சலினா, ஃபோலிக்னோவில் (Foligno) உள்ள “புனித ஃபிரான்சிஸ் ஆலயத்தில்” (Church of St. Francis) அடக்கம் செய்யப்பட்டார்.

கி.பி. 1825ம் ஆண்டு, மார்ச் மாதம், 8ம் நாளன்று, திருத்தந்தை பன்னிரெண்டாம் லியோ (Pope Leo XII) அவர்களால் ஏஞ்சலினாவுக்கு அருளாளர் பட்டம் அளிக்கப்பட்டது.