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01 November 2023

இன்றைய புனிதர்கள் நவம்பர் 2

 Feast of All Souls

 மரித்த விசுவாசிகள் அனைவரின் நினைவு நாள் 

நினைவுத் திருவிழா: நவம்பர் 2

நவம்பர் மாதம் என்றாலே கல்லறைத் தோட்டங்கள் எல்லாம் அழகு செய்யப்படுகின்றன. புதர் மண்டிப் போய் கிடந்த கல்லறைகள் எல்லாம் மீண்டும் புதுப் பொலிவுடன் தோற்றம் தருகின்றன. கல்லறைகளைச் சுத்தம் செய்து வெள்ளையடித்தல், கல்லறைகளை சந்தித்தல், இறந்தவர்களுக்கான திருப்பலி நிறைவேற்றல், இறந்தவர்களை நினைத்து சிறப்பு அன்னதானம் வழங்கல்.... இப்படியாக பல்வேறு நிகழ்ச்சிகளால் கார்த்திகை மாதம் முக்கியமானதாக அமைந்துவிடுகின்றது.

ஏன் இந்தக் கொண்டாட்டங்கள். ஏன் இந்த ஆர்ப்பரிப்பு? எதற்காக நாம் இறந்தவர்களை நினைவு கூறுகின்றோம். அனைத்து ஆன்மாக்களின் நினைவு தினம் நமக்கு என்ன, எதைக் கற்றுத்தருகின்றது.


மரித்த விசுவாசிகள் அனைவரின் நினைவு நாள் (All Souls' Day அல்லது The Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed) என்பது, சில கிறிஸ்தவ சபைகள் மரித்தோரை நினைவுகூர்ந்து அவர்களுக்காக இறைவேண்டல் செய்கின்ற ஒரு சிறப்பு விழா ஆகும். இதனைக் கல்லறைத் திருநாள் எனவும் அழைப்பர். கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை உட்பட பல கிறிஸ்தவ சபைகள் இவ்விழாவை நவம்பர் மாதம் இரண்டாம் நாள் கொண்டாடுகின்றன.

கிழக்கு கிறிஸ்தவ சபைகளின் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை, இந்நாளைச் சிறப்பாக நினைவு கூர்கின்றது. மேலும், ஆங்கிலிக்க ஒன்றியம் மற்றும் பழைய கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபைகளும் இதனைக் கொண்டுள்ளன.

தூய்மை பெறும் நிலை:

தூய்மை பெறும் நிலை, அல்லது உத்தரிப்பு நிலை, அல்லது உத்தரிக்கிற ஸ்தலம் என்பது, கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபையின் நம்பிக்கையின்படி, மரிக்கும் வேளையில் நம்பிக்கையுடன் கடவுளோடு நட்புறவில் மரித்தும் விண்ணகம் செல்ல முழு தகுதியற்றவர்களாக இருப்பவர்கள், சிறிது காத்திருந்து தூய்மைபெற்று முதிர்ச்சியடைய கடவுளால் அளிக்கப்படும் வாய்ப்பு ஆகும். இவர்கள் இந்த நிலையில் தங்கள் பாவங்களுக்கு உரிய வேதனைப்பட்டு, தூய்மை அடைவார்கள் எனவும் முற்றிலும் தூய்மை அடைந்த பிறகு, விண்ணகம் செல்வார்கள் எனவும் கத்தோலிக்கர் நம்புகின்றனர். இத்தகையோருக்கு கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபையினர் இவ்வுலகில் இருந்து தங்களின் மன்றாட்டினால் உதவிட முடியும் என நம்புகின்றனர். நவம்பர் மாதம் முழுதும் இந்த நிலையில் இருப்போருக்காக கத்தோலிக்கர்கள் சிறப்பாக மன்றாடுகின்றனர். குறிப்பாக இறந்த விசுவாசிகள் அனைவரின் நினைவு நாளன்று அவர்களின் கல்லரைகளுக்குச்சென்று மன்றாடுவது வழக்கமாய் உள்ளது.

 தூய்மை பெறும் நிலை பற்றிய நம்பிக்கை:

இறந்தோரை நினைவுகூர்ந்து, அவர்கள் விண்ணகப் பேரின்பத்தை அடைவதற்காக அவர்களுக்காக இறைவேண்டல் செலுத்தும் வழக்கம் "தூய்மை பெறும் நிலை" (Purgatory) பற்றிய நம்பிக்கையின் அடிப்படையில் எழுந்ததாகும்.

தூய்மை பெறும் நிலையை கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபையின் மறைக்கல்வி நூல் இவ்வாறு விவரிக்கிறது:

தூய்மை பெறும் நிலை என்பது கடவுளோடு நட்புறவில் இறந்து, நிலைவாழ்வு உறுதி செய்யப்பட்டிருந்தாலும் விண்ணகப் பேரின்பத்தை அடைவதற்கு முன் தங்கள் பாவங்களுக்காகப் பரிகாரம் செய்யும் நிலை ஆகும்

இந்த தூய்மை பெறும் நிலையைக் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை "உத்தரிக்கிற ஸ்தலம்" அல்லது "உத்தரிப்பு ஸ்தலம்" என்று அழைப்பது பழைய வழக்கம் ஆகும்.


இறந்து உத்தரிப்பு நிலையில் வேதனைப்படும் உற்றார், உறவினர், நண்பர்களின் மற்றும் யாரும் நினையா ஆன்மாக்களை நினைவு கூர்ந்து அவர்களுக்காக இந்நாளில் கிறித்தவர் வேண்டுதல் செலுத்துகின்றனர். இவ்விழாவில் கல்லறைகள் மலர்களாலும் மெழுகுதிரிகளாலும் அலங்கரிக்கப்படுகின்றன. கல்லறைத் தோட்டங்களில் திருப்பலி நிறைவேற்றப்பட்டு, கல்லறைகள் மந்திரிக்கப்படுகின்றன. கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபையில் நவம்பர் மாதம் முதல் வாரத்தில் கல்லறைகளை சந்தித்து இறந்த விசுவாசிகளுக்காய் வேண்டுதல் புரிவோருக்கு முழு பலன் (Plenary indulgence) உண்டு என நம்பப்படுகின்றது.

விழாக் கொண்டாடும் நாள்:

கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபையில் இந்த நாள் ஆண்டுதோறும் நவம்பர் மாதம் இரண்டாம் தேதி நினைவுகூரப்படுகின்றது. இது, அனைத்து புனிதர் பெருவிழாவுக்கு அடுத்த நாளாகும். இந்த நாளுக்கான திருப்பலி வாசகங்கள் இறந்தோருக்காகக் குறிக்கப்பட்டுள்ள வாசகங்களிலிருந்து தேர்ந்து கொள்ளப்படும். நவம்பர் மாதம் இரண்டாம் தேதி ஞாயிறாக இருந்தால், ஆங்கிலிக்க ஒன்றியத்தில் 2008ம் ஆண்டு நிகழ்ந்தது போல, அடுத்த நாளான நவம்பர் 3 அன்று இந்த நாள் நினைவு கூரப்படும்.

கிழக்கு மரபுவழி திருச்சபை, இயேசு கல்லறையில் இருந்த நாளான சனிக்கிழமைகள் பலவற்றை வருடம் முழுதும் ஒதுக்கி இறந்த விசுவாசிகளை நினைவு கூர்கின்றது.

 வேண்டாம் மரணம்:

மரணம் நிகழாத நாளில்லை, மரணம் நிகழாத வீடில்லை என்றே சொல்ல வேண்டும். இயற்கையாக ஏற்படும் மரணம் முதல், விபத்து மற்றும் தற்கொலை வரை ஏற்படும் மரணச் செய்திகள், பத்திரிகைகளில் ஒவ்வொரு நாளும் வராமல் இருந்ததில்லை. இதனால்தான் மரணம் என்றதுமே எல்லோருக்கும் இயல்பான ஒரு பயம் ஏற்படுகின்றது. மரணம் என்பது ஓர் எதார்த்தம். மரணமா? அது வேண்டாம் என்று எண்ணுவோரே அதிகம். காரணம், மரணம் வாழ்வின் மிகப்பெரும் இழப்பை ஏற்படுத்துகின்றது. இருப்பினும் மண்ணில் பிறக்கும் ஒவ்வொரு உயிரும் இறப்பைச் சந்தித்தே ஆகவேண்டும். மரணம் எனக்கு வேண்டாம் என்று தப்பித்துக்கொள்ள முடியாது. மாறாக அனைத்து உயிர்களும், அதிலும் குறிப்பாக ஒவ்வொரு மனிதரும் சந்தித்தே ஆகவேண்டியது வாழ்வின் எதார்த்தம்.

ஆகவே நவம்பர் மாதம் 2ம் தேதி அனைத்து ஆன்மாக்களின் நினைவு நாளாக, அதாவது மரித்தோர் தினமாக திருச்சபை சிறப்பித்து வருகின்றது. பாமர மக்கள் இதைக் கல்லறைத் திருநாள் என்றும் அழைக்கின்றனர். எவ்வாறு இவ்விழா வழக்கத்திற்கு வந்தது என்பதை சற்று பார்ப்போம்.

தொடக்க திருச்சபையின் வாழ்வு மிகவும் போராட்டம் நிறைந்த வாழ்வாக அமைந்திருந்தது. முதல் இரண்டு நூற்றாண்டுகளில் உரோமையில் அவ்வப்போது ஏற்பட்ட வேதக்கலாபனையில் பலரும் இயேசுவுக்கு சாட்சியாக இறந்தனர். மிகக்குறிப்பாக திருச்சபையின் இரு தூண்கள் எனப்படும் புனித பேதுரு மற்றும் புனித பவுலின் கல்லறைகள் மக்களிடையே விரும்பிச் சந்திக்கப்பட்ட இடங்களாக மாறின. காலஞ்செல்லச் செல்ல மறைச் சாட்சிகளாக இறந்த இவர்களின் கல்லறைகளில் கி.பி 3ம் நூற்றாண்டுக்குப் பிறகு திருச்சபை ரோமில் வேரூன்ற ஆரம்பித்த பின்னர் ஒவ்வொரு ஆண்டும் அவர்களின் சாட்சிய வாழ்வை நினைவு கூர்ந்து மக்கள் விழாக் கொண்டாடி அவர்களின் கல்லறைகளைச் சந்தித்து வந்தனர்.

வேத கலாபனைகளில் மறைசாட்சிகளாக மரித்தவர்களை ஒட்டுமொத்தமாக அடக்கம் செய்யும் பழக்கமும் இருந்தது. திருத்தூதர்களின் கல்லறைகள் போன்றே அவர்களின் கல்லறைத் தோட்டங்கள் காலப் போக்கில் மக்கள் விரும்பிச் சந்திக்கும் இடங்களாகவும் மாறின. இதற்கு சிறந்த உதாரணம் திருத்தொண்டராக இருந்து மறைசாட்சியாக மரித்த புனித லோரன்ஸ் என்பவரின் இடத்தில் இன்றும் அவரின் பெயரில் ஆலயம் உள்ளது. அதை ஒட்டிய மிகப் பெரிய கல்லறைத் தோட்டம் இன்றளவும் உள்ளது. மக்கள் ஒவ்வொரு ஆண்டும், சிறப்பான வகையில் இங்கு திருப்பலி நிறைவேற்றி மறைசாட்சிகளாக இறந்தவர்களை நினைவு கூறுகின்றனர். இருப்பினும் இக்கல்லறை விழா உலகத் திருச்சபை அளவில் கொண்டாடப்படும் விழாவாக இருக்கவில்லை.

கி. பி. 998ம் ஆண்டில், புனித ஓதிலோ என்பவர் தன்னுடைய குளுனி சபையினருக்கு இதனை அறிமுகப்படுத்தினார். இவர் குளுனி சபையின் முதல் மடாதிபதியாக இருந்தார். தன்னுடைய துறவற மடத்தில் வாழ்வோர் இறந்தவர்களுக்காக சிறப்பான செபங்களைச் செய்ய வேண்டும் என்பதற்காக இவ்விழாவை அறிமுகப்படுத்தினார்.

11ம் நூற்றாண்டில் மரித்தவர்களுக்காக மன்றாடும் குளுனி சபையினரின் வழக்கம் ஐரோப்பிய நாடுகளிம், இலத்தீன் அமெரிக்கா நாடுகளும், மிக விரைவாகப் பரவியது. இறந்த ஆன்மாக்களுக்காக மன்றாடும் இவ்விழாவைத் தாய் திருச்சபை கி.பி 13ம் நூற்றாண்டில் அனைத்துலகின் விழாவாக கொண்டாட அனுமதிவழங்கியது. 

 இறந்தவர்களுக்காக மன்றாடுதல்:

இறந்தவர்களுக்காக மன்றாடும் வழக்கம் விவிலிய வழக்கமாகும். இது மக்கபேயர் காலத்திலிருந்து வருகின்றது.(2மக் 12:43-45) யூதா, மக்கபே இறந்தவர்களுக்காகப் பாவப்பரிகாரப் பலி ஒப்புக் கொடுக்க எருசலேமிற்கு ஆள்களை அனுப்பினார். இந்த மரபு புனித பவுலின் காலத்தில் இயேசு வழியாக இறந்தவர்கள் மீட்பைப் பெறுவதற்காக வாழ்ந்து கொண்டிருந்தோர் அவர்கள் பெயரில் திருமுழுக்குப் பெற்றுக் கொண்டனர் (1கொரி 15:29). இதன் பின்னணியில்தான் காலப்போக்கில் இறந்தவர்களுக்காகச் செபிக்கும் பழக்கமும், கல்லறைத் தோட்டச் சந்திப்புக்களும், திருப்பலி ஒப்புக் கொடுக்கும் பழக்கமும் தாய் திருச்சபையின் மரபில் வளர்ந்தது.

பழைய ஏற்பாட்டு பலிகளைவிட இயேசுவின் ஒப்புயர்வற்ற கல்வாரிப்பலி அனைத்து பாவங்களையும் போக்குகின்றது. எனவேதான் நவம்பர் மாதம் இறந்தவர்களுக்காக திருப்பலிகள் ஒப்புக்கொடுக்கப்படுகின்றன. ஆகவே நவம்பர் மாதம் ஏன் நாம் இறந்த ஆன்மாக்களின் தினமாக கொண்டாடுகின்றோம் என்பது எமக்கு தெளிவாகின்றது. எனவே இறந்தவர்களை நினைத்து நாமும் திருப்பலி ஒப்புக்கொடுத்து செபிப்போம்

About the Feast

Feast in commemoration of the faithful departed in Purgatory. Abbot Odilo of Cluny instituted it in the monasteries of his congregation in 998, other religious orders took up the observance, and it was adopted by various dioceses and gradually by the whole Church. The Office of the Dead must be recited by the clergy on this day, and Pope Benedict XV granted to all priests the privilege of saying three Masses of requiem -


All Souls' Day, also known as the Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed and the Day of the Dead, is a day of prayer and remembrance for the faithful departed,[2] which is observed by Roman Catholics and other Christian denominations annually on 2 November. All Souls' Day is often celebrated in Western Christianity; Saturday of Souls is a related tradition more frequently observed in Eastern Christianity. Adherents of All Souls' Day traditions often remember deceased friends and relatives in various ways on the day.[3][4] Through prayer, intercessions, alms and visits to cemeteries, people commemorate the poor souls in purgatory and gain them indulgences. Beliefs and practices associated with All Souls' Day vary widely among Christian denominations.


The annual celebration is the third day of Allhallowtide, after All Saints' Day (1 November) and All Hallows' Eve (October 31).[5] Prior to the standardization of Western Christian observance on 2 November by St. Odilo of Cluny during the 10th century, many Catholic congregations celebrated All Souls Day on various dates during the Easter season as it is still observed in some Eastern Orthodox Churches and associated Eastern Catholic and Eastern Lutheran churches. Churches of the East Syriac Rite (Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, Chaldean Catholic Church, Assyrian Church of the East, Ancient Church of the East) commemorate all the faithful departed on the Friday before Lent.

n the Catholic Church, "the faithful" refers essentially to baptized Catholics; "all souls" commemorates the church penitent of souls in purgatory, whereas "all saints" commemorates the church triumphant of saints in heaven. In the liturgical books of the Latin Church it is called the Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed (Latin: Commemoratio omnium fidelium defunctorum).


The Catholic Church teaches that the purification of the souls in purgatory can be assisted by the actions of the faithful on earth. Its teaching is based also on the practice of prayer for the dead mentioned as far back as 2 Maccabees 12:42–46.[6] The theological basis for the feast is the doctrine that the souls which, on departing from the body, are not perfectly cleansed from venial sins, or have not fully atoned for past transgressions, are debarred from the Beatific vision, and that the faithful on earth can help them by prayers, alms, deeds, and especially by the sacrifice of the Holy Mass


 Saint Winifred of Wales


Also known as

Guinevere, Guinevra, Gwenffrewi, Gwenfrewi, Wenefrida, Winefred, Winefride, Winfred



Profile

Daughter to Trevith, a member of the Welsh landed class and advisor to the king. Spiritual student of her maternal uncle Saint Beuno Gasulsych. Physically beautiful, she made a private vow of chastity, becoming a bride of Christ. Murdered when she rejected the amorous advances of a chieftain named Caradog of Hawarden; she had escaped from him, and was seeking shelter in a church when he caught and killed her. Legend says that where her head fell, a well sprang up which became a place of pilgrimage, and whose waters were reported to heal leprosy, skin diseases, and other ailments. Saint Beuno raised her back to life; he cursed Caradog who was promptly swallowed by the earth. Winifred became a nun, and later abbess at Cwytherin, Deubighshire, Wales.


Born

c.600 at Holywell, Wales


Died

• beheaded in the early 7th century

• c.655 of natural causes at Denbighshire, Wales

• relics translated to Shrewsbury, England in 1138

• shrine destroyed and relics scattered by order of King Henry VIII in 1540

• remaining relics taken to Rome, but returned to England in 1852, and now housed at Holywell and Shrewsbury




Blessed John Bodey

 அருளாளர் ஜான் போடீ 

கல்வியாளர், பொதுநிலை இறையியலாளர், மறைசாட்சி:

பிறப்பு: கி.பி. 1549

வெல்ஸ், சோமர்செட், மேன்டிப் மாவட்டம், தென்மேற்கு இங்கிலாந்து

இறப்பு: நவம்பர் 2, 1583

ஆன்டோவார், ஹேம்ப்ஷைர், இங்கிலாந்து

முக்திப்பேறு பட்டம்: டிசம்பர் 15, 1929

திருத்தந்தை பதினோராம் பயஸ்

நினைவுத் திருநாள்: நவம்பர் 2

அருளாளர் ஜான் போடீ, ஒரு ஆங்கிலேய ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க கல்வியாளராகவும், பொதுநிலை இறையியலாளராகவும் இருந்தார். கி.பி. 1583ம் ஆண்டு, மறைசாட்சியாக மரித்த இவர், கி.பி. 1929ம் ஆண்டு, அருளாளராக கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபையால் உயர்த்தப்பட்டார்.

இவர், தென்மேற்கு இங்கிலாந்து (South West England) நாட்டின், சோமர்செட் (Somerset) மாநிலத்தின், மேன்டிப் (Mendip district)மாவட்டத்தின், வெல்ஸ் (Wells) எனப்படும் ஒரு கத்தோலிக்க நகரத்தில், கி.பி. 1549ம் ஆண்டு, பிறந்தார். ஒரு பணக்கார வியாபாரியின் மகனாகப் பிறந்த இவர், "வின்செஸ்டர் கல்லூரி" (Winchester College) எனப்படும், பிரிட்டிஷ் பொதுப் பள்ளி பாரம்பரியத்தில் சிறுவர்களுக்கான ஒரு சுயாதீன உறைவிடப் பள்ளியில் தமது பள்ளிக் கல்வியையும், "ஐக்கிய அரசு" (United Kingdom) நாடுகளிலுள்ள ஆக்ஸ்போர்டு பல்கலைக்கழகத்தின் (University of Oxford) கீழுள்ள கல்லூரிகளில் ஒன்றான, "புதிய கல்லூரியில்" (New College) பட்டப்படிப்பையும் பயின்ற இவர், 1568ம் ஆண்டு, அதே கல்லூரியின் ஆசிரியருமானார். பின்னர், அங்கேயே முதுகலை பட்டமும் பெற்றார். ஆனால், ஐவரும், இவருடன் ஆசிரிய பணியாற்றிவந்த மற்றும் ஏழு பெரும், கி.பி. 1576ம் ஆண்டு, கல்லூரிக்கு வருகைதந்த "வின்செஸ்டர் ஆயர்" (Bishop of Winchester), "ராபர்ட் ஹார்ன்" (Robert Horne,) என்பவரால் தம் பணியை இழந்து வெளியேற்றப்பட்டனர்.

அதற்கு பிந்தைய வருடம், சிவில் சட்டம் (Civil law) கற்பதற்காக ஃபிரான்ஸ் நாட்டின் "டோவாய்" (Douai) என்னுமிடத்திலுள்ள "ஆங்கிலேய கல்லூரிக்கு" (English College) சென்றார். ஆனால், கி.பி. 1578ம் ஆண்டு, ஃபெப்ரவரி மாதம், இங்கிலாந்து திரும்பினார். திரும்பியதும், அவர் "ஹாம்ப்ஷயர்" (Hampshire) நகரின் பள்ளி ஆசிரியரானார். 1580ம் ஆண்டு, ஏப்ரல் மாதம், இவரது சக பள்ளி ஆசிரியரான "ஜான் ஸ்லேடு" (John Slade) என்பவருடன் சேர்ந்து, "ராயல் மேலாதிக்கத்தை" (Royal Supremacy) மறுத்த காரணத்துக்காக கைது செய்யப்பட்டு, கால்களில் இரும்பு சங்கிலிகளால் பிணைக்கப்பட்டு, "வின்செஸ்டர் காவுல்" (Winchester Gaol) சிறையில் மூன்று ஆண்டுகள் சிறை வைக்கப்பட்டார். கி.பி. 1583ம் ஆண்டு, ஏப்ரல் மாதம், உயர் தேசத்துரோகத்திற்காக கண்டனம் செய்யப்பட்டார். இந்த தண்டனை அநியாயமானது மற்றும் சட்டவிரோதமானது என்ற உணர்வு வெளிப்படையாக இருந்த காரணத்தால், அவர்கள் மீண்டும் விசாரிக்கப்பட்டனர். கி.பி. 1583ம் ஆண்டு, ஆகஸ்ட் மாதம், "ஹாம்ப்ஷயர்" (Hampshire) மாகாணத்தின் "அன்டோவர்" (Andover) சிறைச்சாலையில், மீண்டும் கண்டனம் செய்யப்பட்டார்.

ஒரு ஆங்கிலேய இறையியலாளரும், ஆக்ஸ்போர்டு பல்கலைக்கழகத்தின் (University of Oxford) கீழுள்ள "மகதலின் கல்லூரியின்" தலைவரும் (President of Magdalen College), இங்கிலாந்து திருச்சபையின் (Church of England) "க்ளோசெஸ்டர்" (Gloucester) மற்றும் "வின்செஸ்டர்" (Winchester) பேராலயங்களின் தலைவருமான, "லாரன்ஸ் ஹம்ப்ரி" (Lawrence Humphrey) என்பவருடன், "பைத்தீனிய" நகரான "நிசியா" (Bithynian city of Nicaea) எனுமிடத்தில் நடந்த கிறிஸ்தவ ஆயர்களின் முதலாவது மகா சபை (The First Council of Nicaea) தொடர்பாக, ஜான் போடீ பல சர்ச்சைகளைக் கொண்டிருந்தார். "யூசிபியஸிடமிருந்து" (Eusebius) அவரது குறிப்புகள் இன்னும் உள்ளன.

ஜான் போடீ, தமது இரண்டாவது வழக்கு விசாரணைக்குப் பிறகு, சிறையிலிருந்து, ஆங்கில கத்தோலிக்க தெய்வீக முனைவர் "ஹம்ப்ரி எலி" என்பவருக்கு பின்வருமாறு எழுதினார்:

      "பூமியில் பரவும் எமது காரணங்களுக்காக, இரும்பும், பரலோகத்தில் தங்கம் மற்றும் விலைமதிப்பற்ற கற்களை மிஞ்சும் என்று நாங்கள் கருதுகிறோம். அதுவே எமது குறிக்கோள். அதுவே எமது விருப்பமுமாகும். இந்நிலையில், நாங்கள் தினமும் அச்சுறுத்தப்படுகிறோம். தடைகள் எப்போது வாசலுக்கு கொண்டு வரப்படும் என்று எதிர்பார்த்திருக்கிறோம். எங்கள் வலிமை, எங்கள் மகிழ்ச்சி மற்றும் இறுதிவரை எங்கள் விடாமுயற்சி ஆகியவற்றிற்காக உங்கள் அனைவரின் நல்ல ஜெபங்களையும் நாங்கள் விரும்புகிறோம் என்று கடவுளின் பொருட்டு நான் உங்களைக் கோருகிறேன்."

- எங்கள் பொறுமை பள்ளியிலிருந்து.

செப்டம்பர் 16, 1583

இங்கிலாந்து தேசத்தின் மகாராணியை இங்கிலாந்து கிறிஸ்தவ திருச்சபையின் தலைவியாக ஒப்புக்கொள்ளாத காரணத்திற்காகவும், தாம் கொண்டிருந்த கத்தோலிக்க விசுவாசத்திற்காகவும், ஜான் போடீ, 1583ம் ஆண்டு, நவம்பர் மாதம், 2ம் தேதி, ஆண்டோவரில் (Andover) தூக்கிலிடப்பட்டார்.

தூக்கு மேடையில் நின்றிருந்த ஜான் போடீ, அங்கு சூழ்ந்திருந்த மக்களை பார்த்து, பின்வருமாறு கூறினார்:

"உண்மையில், நான் இரண்டு முறை தண்டிக்கப்பட்ட காரணத்தால், நான் போதுமான அளவு தணிக்கை செய்யப்பட்டுள்ளேன்... திருப்பலி கேட்பதனையும், 'மரியே வாழ்க' என்று கூறுவதனையும் தேசத்துரோகம் என்று நீங்கள் நினைத்தால், அந்த தேசத்துரோகத்தினை நீங்கள் தாராளமாகச் செய்யலாம்... உலக சம்பந்தமான, மற்றும் அனைத்து லௌகீக காரணங்களுக்காகவும், நான் அன்னை மரியாளையே எனது சட்டபூர்வ மகாராணியாக ஒப்புக்கொள்கிறேன்... வேறு யாருமல்லர்... இங்குள்ள நல்ல மனிதர்கள்... ஒன்றை மட்டும் தெளிவாக புரிந்துகொள்ளுங்கள்... இங்கிலாந்து நாட்டின் மகாராணியை, இங்கிலாந்து கிறிஸ்தவ திருச்சபையின் தலைவியாக ஒப்புக்கொள்ளாத ஒரே காரணத்துக்காக நான் சாகிறேன்... அதனை நான் ஒப்புக்கொள்ள மாட்டேன்... ஒப்புக்கொள்ளவே மாட்டேன்... உங்கள் எலிசபெத் மகாராணியின் மாட்சிமை, அமைதி, மற்றும் பாதுகாப்பிற்காக கூட நான் கடவுளை நீண்டகாலமாக ஜெபிக்கிறேன்... நீங்கள் வேறு யாருக்கும் கீழ்ப்படியக்கூடாது என்று நான் விரும்புகிறேன்..."


ஜான் போடீயின் சகோதரர் "கில்பர்ட்" (Gilbert), கி.பி. 1581ம் ஆண்டு, ஏப்ரல் மாதம், 28ம் நாளன்று, இயேசுசபையின் குருவான, அருட்தந்தை "அலெக்சாண்டர் பிரையண்ட்" (Alexander Briant) என்பவருடன் கைது செய்யப்பட்டார். அவர், "பிரிட்வெல்" (Bridewell) எனுமிடத்தில், சவுக்கடி தண்டனைக்கு உள்ளாக்கப்பட்டர். பின்னர் கிளைச் சிறைகளில் ஒன்றில் அடைத்து வைக்கப்பட்டார். பிணையில் விடுவிக்கப்பட்ட அவர், மீண்டும் விசாரணைக்கு அழைக்கப்பட்டபோது, ஆஜராகாமல், ஃபிரான்ஸ் நாட்டின் "ரைம்ஸ்" (Rheims) நகருக்கு தப்பியோடினார்.

Additional Memorials

• 29 October as one of the Martyrs of Douai

• 1 December as one of the Martyrs of Oxford University


Profile

Educated at Winchester and Oxford in England. Fellow of New College, Oxford in 1568. Convert. Studied law at Douai, France in 1576. Returned to England in February 1578 as a schoolmaster. Married layman. Repuditated King Henry VIII's claim of supremacy in spiritual matters. Arrested in 1580, spending three years in prison in Winchester. Tried and condemned with Blessed John Slade for his belief in Winchester in April 1583, he was re-tried in Andover, and convicted again on 15 August 1583. Martyr.


Born

1549 at Wells, Somerset, England


Died

• hanged, drawn, and quartered on 2 November 1583 at Andover, England

• his dying words were Jesu, Jesu, esto mihi Jesus


Beatified

15 December 1929 by Pope Pius XI



Saint Victorinus of Pettau

 பெட்டாவ் நகர புனிதர் விக்டோரினஸ் 

ஆயர்/ மறைசாட்சி:

பிறப்பு: ----

கிரேக்கம்

இறப்பு: கி.பி. 303 அல்லது 304

போயட்டோவியோ

ஏற்கும் சமயம்:

ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை

மரபுவழி திருச்சபை

நினைவுத் திருநாள்: நவம்பர் 2

புனிதர் விக்டோரினஸ், கி.பி. 270களில் பிரசித்தி பெற்ற ஆதி கிறிஸ்தவ திருச்சபை எழுத்தாளர் ஆவார். இவர், பேரரசன் “டயக்லேஷியன்” (Emperor Diocletian) காலத்தைய கிறிஸ்தவர்களின் துன்புறுத்தல்களில் மறைசாட்சியாக மரித்தார். இவர், ரோமப் பேரரசின் பண்டைய பிராந்தியமான, “பன்னோனியா” (Pannonia) எனுமிடத்திலுள்ள “போயட்டாவியோ” (Poetovio) மறைமாவட்ட ஆயர் ஆவார்.

அனேகமாக, கிரேக்கத்தின் கிழக்கு மற்றும் மேற்கத்திய அரசுகளின் எல்லைப்பகுதியான போயட்டாவியோ'வில் (Poetovio) பிறந்ததாகக் கருதப்படும் இவர், இலத்தீன் மொழியை விட, கிரேக்க மொழியை சிறப்பாக பேசினார் என்பது புனிதர் ஜெரோம் அவர்களின் எழுத்துக்களில் தெளிவாகிறது.

ஆனால், தமது விவிலிய விளக்கவுரைகளில் இலத்தீன் மொழியை பயன்படுத்திய முதல் இறையியலாளர் விக்டோரினஸ் ஆவார். அவரது படைப்புகள் மதிப்பீடு செய்யப்படுவதற்கு திருத்தந்தை முதலாம் ஜெலாசியஸ் (Pope Gelasius I) முக்கிய காரணம் என்று அறியப்படுகிறது.

புனிதர் ஜெரோம் அவர்கள் தமது "திருச்சபை எழுத்தாளர்கள் பட்டியலில்" விக்டோரினசுக்கு ஒரு கெளரவமான இடத்தை கொடுத்திருக்கிறார்.

விக்டோரினஸ், தமது காலத்தைய ராஜதுரோகம் சம்பந்தமான ஆராய்ச்சிக் கட்டுரைகளை தவிர்த்து, பல்வேறு புனித எழுத்தாளர்கள் எழுதிய "ஆதியாகமம், யாத்திராகமம், லேவியராகமம், ஏசாயா, எசேக்கியேல், ஆபகூக், பிரசங்கி, Canticles என்ற Canticle, புனித மத்தேயு, கடவுள் அருள் வெளிப்பாடு" (Holy Scripture, such as Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Isaiah, Ezekiel, Habakkuk, Ecclesiastes, the Canticle of Canticles, St. Matthew, and the Apocalypse) ஆகிய தூய நூல்களின்மேல் வர்ணனை எழுதியுள்ளார். அவரது படைப்புகளும் வர்ணனைகளும் காணாமல் போயுள்ளன.

கடவுள் அருள் வெளிப்பாடு விளக்கவுரை:

திருச்சபையின் அருட்தந்தையருள் விக்டோரினஸ் மிகவும் வெளிப்படையான ஒருவராக விளங்கினார்.

மீண்டும் அடிப்படை கருத்தை அறிந்துகொள்ளவும், 'கடவுள் அருள் வெளிப்பாடு' தடையின்றி மற்றும் தீர்க்கதரிசனப்படி வளரும் ஒன்றாகும் என்றும், ஆனால் பல்வேறு உட்பிரிவுகளாக ஒன்றுக்கொன்று இணையாக இயக்கமுறும் என்றும் முதன்முதலில் எழுதிய திருச்சபையின் அருட்தந்தை விக்டோரினஸ் ஆவார். அத்துடன், இரண்டாம் வருகையின் கரு வெளிப்படுத்தல் முழுவதும் சிந்தனை ஒரு தொடர்ச்சியானது என்றும் கண்டார்.

அவர் திருச்சபையில் உள்ள கிரிஸ்தவர்களின் ஏழு வகுப்புகளைக் குறிக்கும் வகையில், ஏழு சபைகளில் எழுதினார். உலகம் முழுதும் சுவிசேஷம் பரவுதல் தொடர்பான தீர்க்கதரிசனத்தின் ஏழு முத்திரைகள் பற்றி விளக்கினார். இரண்டாம் வருகை மற்றும் உலக முடிவு தொடர்பாக வரும் யுத்தம், பஞ்சம், கொள்ளை நோய்கள் மற்றும் திருச்சபையினுள்ளேயே ஏற்படும் துன்புறுத்தல்கள் பற்றியும் விளக்கினார்.

Also known as

• Victorinus Petravionensis

• Victorinus von Pettau

• Victorinus Pictaviensis

• Victorinus of Patawii



Profile

Wrote a number of well-known and scholarly commentaries on the Old and New Testament; only scraps of the writings about Genesis and Revelations have survived. His works were greatly admired by Saint Jerome, and are believed to be the first writings in Latin by a Christian on the Old Testament. Noted preacher. Bishop of Pettau, Upper Pannonia (in modern Styria Austria). Fought several of the heresies of the day. Martyred in the persecutions of Diocletian.


Like many in his day, Victorinus was a Millenarian - he believed that Christ would return to the earth to rule for a thousand years. This thinking was later condemned as heresy, and many of his writings were suppressed and subsequently lost.


Born

3rd century Greece


Died

303 or 304 (records vary)



Blessed Margaret of Lorraine

லோட்ரிங்கன் நகர் துறவி மர்கரீத்தா Margareta von Lothringen

பிறப்பு 

1463, 

லோட்ரிங்கன், பிரான்சு

இறப்பு 

2 நவம்பர் 1521, 

அர்கெண்டான் Argentan, பிரான்சு

இவர் லோட்ரிங்கன் அரசன் பிரட்ரிக் என்பவரின் மகள். இவர் தனது குழந்தை பருவத்திலிருந்தே தூரிங்கன் நாட்டு(Thüringen) புனித எலிசபெத்தைப்போல வாழ வேண்டுமென்று ஆசைப்பட்டார். எலிசபெத் மர்கரீத்தாவின் தூரத்து உறவினர் ஆவர். மர்கரீத்தா ஏழைகளின் வாழ்வில் அக்கறைக் கொண்டு வாழ்ந்தார். துறவியாக வேண்டுமென்றும் அதன் வழியாக பல ஏழைகளுக்கு உதவ வேண்டுமென்றும் விரும்பினார். ஆனால் அவரின் தந்தை, அவரின் 25 ஆம் வயதில் ரெனே டி அலேங்கோன் (Rene d’ Alencon) என்பவருக்கு திருமணம் செய்து வைத்தார். 4 ஆண்டுகள் மட்டுமே அவருடன் சேர்ந்து வாழ்ந்தார். பின்னர் தன் கணவர் இறந்துவிடவே, தன்னுடைய மூன்று குழந்தைகளையும் கிறிஸ்துவ விசுவாசத்தில் வளர்த்தார். பின்னர் தன் கணவரின் சொத்துக்கள் அனைத்தையும் ஏழைகளுக்கு பகிர்ந்து கொடுத்தார். பல கிறிஸ்துவ ஆலயங்கள் கட்டவும், கிறிஸ்துவ நிறுவனங்களுக்கும் உதவிகளை செய்தார். பின்னர் தன்னுடைய 3 பிள்ளைகளும் வளர்ந்து இவரைவிட்டுப் பிரிந்து செல்லவே, கார்மேல் கிளரீசியன் மடத்திற்கு சென்றார். அங்கு மற்ற துறவிகளுடன் சேர்ந்து, அர்கெண்டானில் துறவற இல்லம் ஒன்றைக் கட்டினார். அங்குதான் இவர் துறவற பயிற்சிகளைப் பெற்று, வார்த்தைப்பாடுகளைப் பெற்றார். ஆன்மீக வாழ்வில் சிறந்து வாழ்ந்த இவர் துறவியான சில ஆண்டுகளிலேயே இறந்தார். இன்று இவரின் கல்லறைமேல் பங்கு ஆலயம் ஒன்று கட்டுப்பட்டுள்ளது. 

Also known as

• Margaret Lotarynska

• Marguerite de Lorraine-Vaudemont

• Margarita, Margherita, Marguerite



Profile

Youngest daughter of Duke Frederick of Lorraine (in modern France and Jolanta Anjou; niece of Margaret of Anjou. Married René, Duke of Alençon, who was 23 years her senior, in 1488. Mother of three. Widowed in 1492. She administered the ducal estate herself, lived austerely, took care of her family, and gave largely to charities. Founded a Poor Clare convent at Argentan, Brittany, France. When her children were grown, she entered the convent as a nun, making her vows in 1520; she always refused attempts to make her the abbess.


Born

1463 in Vaudemont Castle, Lorraine, France


Died

2 November 1521 at Argentan, Brittany, France of natural causes


Beatified

10 March 1921 by Pope Benedict XV (cultus confirmed)



Blessed Luigi Campidello


Also known as

Pio of Saint Aloysius


Additional Memorial

3 November - Passionists



Profile

Fourth of six children of Joseph and Filomena Belpani. Known as a good student and an extremely pious child. Taught catechism to other children. Member of the Passionists, taking the name Pio, and making his vows on 30 April 1884. Noted for his piety and his devotion to the Eucharist and Mary. Was preparing for the priesthood when he died.


Born

29 April 1868 in Trebbio di Possio Berni, Rimini, Italy as Luigi Campidello


Died

• 2 November 1889 in San Vito di Romagna, Forlì, Italy of tuberculosis

• buried in the churchyard in San Vito di Romagna

• relics interred in the sanctuary of Our Lady of Casale in 1923


Beatified

17 November 1985 by Pope John Paul II





Saint Justus of Trieste


Also known as

Giusto, Just, Sergius



Profile

Saint Justus of Trieste was a Roman Catholic saint who lived in the 3rd century. He is the patron saint of Trieste, Italy.


Justus was born in Trieste, Italy, in the late 3rd century. He was a wealthy and respected citizen of the city. He was also a devout Christian.


During the persecution of Christians under the Roman Emperor Diocletian, Justus was arrested and charged with being a Christian. He refused to renounce his faith and was sentenced to death by drowning.


On November 2, 293 AD, Justus was thrown into the sea from a boat. However, his body was miraculously washed ashore. Justus was buried in Trieste, where his tomb became a place of pilgrimage for Christians.


Justus is venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church. His feast day is celebrated on November 2nd.

Died

• weighted down and thrown into the sea to drown in 303

• buried by a priest named Sebastian on the spot where his body washed up on shore

• there is documentation that his relics were in the cathedral of Trieste, Italy in 1040 and 1624


Canonized

• Pre-Congregation

• there is evidence of his cultus in Trieste, Italy as early as the 6th century



Saint Marcian of Chalcis

Also known as

Marcianus, Martianus, Markianos


Profile

Born to the nobility. Soldier, commander and member of the imperial court. He abandoned the worldly life to become a desert hermit at Chalcis near Antioch. His reputation for holiness attracted so many students that he founded a monastery for them. Miracle worker; when he wished to read at night, a light from heaven would shine down on him.


Born

Cyrrhus, Syria


Died

• c.387 of natural causes

• buried in secret by his own request

• his tomb was re-discovered about 50 years later and became a place of pilgrimage



Saint Amicus of Rambone


Also known as

Amico



Profile

Born a prince, the son of a local Italian ruler. Benedictine monk in the Rambone abbey, Pollenza, Italy. Abbot there in 891.


Born

9th century in Monte Milone (modern Pollenza), Italy


Died

• early 10th century of natural causes

• remained re-interred in a stone vault at the Rambone abbey in 1510

• relics enshrined in 1929


Saint Amicus of Fonte Avellana

Profile

Born to the Italy, but gave it up for a call to religious life. Priest. Hermit. Benedictine monk at Saint Peter's in Fonte Avellana, Italy.


Born

c.925 near Camerino, Italy


Died

c.1045 of natural causes



Saint Eustochium of Tarsus


Profile

When Julian the Apostate renounced Christianity, he ordered all subjects to make a sacrifice to idols. Eustochium refused. She was arrested, tortured and convicted for her faith. Martyr.


Died

died from general torture and abuse while in prayer in prison in Tarsus, Cilicia in 362



Saint Erc of Slane



Saint Erc of Slane was an Irish saint who lived in the 5th century. He is best known for founding the monastery of Slane in County Meath.


Very little is known about Erc's early life. He is said to have been the brother of Saints Uny and Ia, who were also Irish saints. Erc is also said to have traveled to Cornwall, where he founded a monastery at St Erth.


Erc returned to Ireland and founded the monastery of Slane. The monastery quickly became a center of learning and culture. Erc is also credited with establishing a school at Slane, where King Dagobert II of France is said to have received his early education.


Erc died in Slane in the 5th century. His feast day is celebrated on November 2nd.


Saint Theodotus of Laodicea


Profile

Saint Theodotus of Laodicea was a bishop of Laodicea in Syria from the early 300s. He replaced Stephen, who apostasized during the Great Persecution (303–313). The exact year of his consecration cannot be fixed more precisely. He attended at least four church councils. According to Eusebius of Caesarea's Historia ecclesiastica, Theodotus "proved his personal name ... true" and was a gift from God to the diocese of Laodicea.


Theodoret, writing over a century later, considered him one of the leaders of Arianism. Because none of his writing survives, it is impossible to know Theodotus' theology with any exactitude. He may have defended Arius more out of loyalty to the Alexandrian church, with which Laodicea had strong connections, than out of strong theological agreement. He is sometimes called a Eusebian, that is, a follower of Eusebius of Nicomedia.


Theodotus is said to have been a wise and compassionate pastor. He was also a skilled theologian, and he was known for his ability to explain complex theological concepts in a clear and concise way. He was a strong defender of the Christian faith, and he was not afraid to speak out against heresy.


Theodotus died around 335 AD. He is commemorated by the Catholic Church on November 2, and by the Orthodox Church on November 19.


Saint Jorandus of Kergrist


Saint Jorand of Kergrist (died c. 1127) was a Breton hermit and saint. He is venerated by the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.


Little is known about Jorand's early life. He is said to have been born into a wealthy family in Brittany. However, he gave up his inheritance to become a hermit. He lived in a cave near the village of Kergrist, where he devoted himself to prayer and penance.



Jorand was known for his holiness and his miracles. He is said to have healed the sick, raised the dead, and calmed storms. He was also a skilled craftsman, and he made many beautiful objects for the church.


Jorand died in his cave around the year 1127. His tomb became a place of pilgrimage, and many miracles were attributed to his intercession.


Jorand is remembered for his holiness, his miracles, and his dedication to prayer and penance. He is also known as a patron saint of hermits and craftsmen.



Saint George of Vienne


Profile

Saint George of Vienne was bishop of Vienne in France in the 7th century. He was born in the early 7th century, probably in the region of Vienne. He was educated in the church and became a priest. In 660, he was elected bishop of Vienne.


George was a wise and compassionate leader. He worked to improve the lives of the poor and the sick. He also worked to promote peace and unity among the people of his diocese.


George was a strong defender of the faith. He fought against heresy and paganism. He also worked to spread the Gospel to new areas.


George died in 675 or 699. He was canonized in 1251. His feast day is celebrated on November 2nd.


Life


Very little is known about Saint George's early life. He was born in the early 7th century, probably in the region of Vienne. He was educated in the church and became a priest.


In 660, George was elected bishop of Vienne. He was a wise and compassionate leader. He worked to improve the lives of the poor and the sick. He also worked to promote peace and unity among the people of his diocese.


George was a strong defender of the faith. He fought against heresy and paganism. He also worked to spread the Gospel to new areas.

Miracles

George is credited with performing many miracles, including healing the sick, raising the dead, and converting non-believers.

One of the most famous miracles attributed to George is the slaying of a dragon. According to the legend, a dragon was terrorizing the people of a nearby village. George killed the dragon and saved the village.

Death

George died in 675 or 699. He was canonized in 1251. His feast day is celebrated on November 2nd.

Veneration

Saint George is a popular saint in the Catholic Church. He is the patron saint of England, Georgia, and Catalonia. He is also the patron saint of soldiers, knights, and farmers.

In art, Saint George is often depicted as a knight slaying a dragon. He is also sometimes depicted as a bishop, preaching to the people.



Saint Maura of Scotland


Profile


Saint Maura of Scotland is a obscure saint who is mentioned in the Aberdeen Breviary, a 15th-century liturgical book. According to the Breviary, Maura was a close associate of Saint Baya, whom she used to visit on her island home of Great Cumbrae. She is also said to have died at Kilmaurs in Ayrshire.


There is very little information available about Saint Maura's life and work. However, the fact that she is mentioned in the Aberdeen Breviary suggests that she was a well-known and respected saint in Scotland during the Middle Ages.


Some scholars have suggested that Saint Maura may have been a missionary who worked to spread Christianity in the west of Scotland. Others have suggested that she may have been a nun who dedicated her life to prayer and contemplation.


Whatever her exact role, Saint Maura is remembered as a holy and virtuous woman who made a significant contribution to the Christian life in Scotland. Her feast day is celebrated on November 2 & 3


In addition to the Aberdeen Breviary, Saint Maura is also mentioned in a few other sources, including the Scottish Register of Tartans. The Register describes her as a devotee of Saint Columba who settled on Great Cumbrae in the 7th century to devote her life to the religious instruction of young girls.


It is possible that there are two different saints named Maura who were venerated in Scotland during the Middle Ages. However, it is also possible that the two saints are actually the same person. More research is needed to clarify this issue.


Saint Publius of North Africa


Profile

Saint Publius of North Africa (died c. 60) is a Christian saint venerated by the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Oriental Orthodox Churches. He is the patron saint of Malta, where he is known as San Publju. 

Tradition states that Publius was the governor of Malta when Saint Paul was shipwrecked there in the year 60 AD. Publius was converted to Christianity by Paul, and he helped to spread the faith on Malta.



Publius is said to have been martyred during the persecution of Christians under the Roman emperor Nero. He is buried in Floriana, Malta.


Publius is remembered for his hospitality to Saint Paul and his role in the conversion of Malta to Christianity. He is also known for his miracles, which are said to have been manifested after his death.



Saint Papias of North Africa


Profile

Saint Papias of North Africa was a Christian martyr who lived in the 3rd century. He is commemorated on November 2nd with Saints Publio, Victor, and Hermes.


Very little is known about Saint Papias' life. According to tradition, he was a native of Morocco. He was arrested and imprisoned during the persecution of Emperor Diocletian. While in prison, he was tortured and eventually martyred.


Saint Papias is venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Oriental Orthodox Church. He is considered to be a patron saint of Morocco and North Africa.


In the Catholic Church, Saint Papias is depicted in art as a young man with a beard and a martyr's palm. He is sometimes shown wearing a Roman tunic or a military uniform.



Saint Victor of North Africa


Profile

Saint Victor of North Africa was a bishop of Vita in the African province of Byzacene in the 5th century. He is known for his history of the persecution of the African Catholics by the Arian Vandals, titled Historia persecutionis Africanae provinciae. The history is an important source of information on the Vandal persecution, and it also provides valuable insights into the life of the early Christian church in North Africa.


Victor was born in North Africa, probably in the Roman province of Byzacene. He was ordained a priest and then a bishop. He was bishop of Vita from 454 to 484.


During the reign of the Vandal king Hunneric (477-484), the African Catholics were subjected to a severe persecution. Hunneric was an Arian, and he sought to suppress the Catholic Church in his kingdom. He closed churches, exiled bishops, and imprisoned and tortured Catholics.


Victor was one of the leaders of the Catholic resistance to the Vandal persecution. He wrote letters to other bishops and to the pope, urging them to stand firm against the Vandals. He also wrote his history of the persecution, in which he documented the atrocities committed by the Vandals.


Victor's history of the persecution is an important source of information on this period of Church history. It is also a valuable source of insights into the life of the early Christian church in North Africa.


Victor died in 484. He is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church and in the Orthodox Church



Saint Ambrose of Agaune


Profile

Abbot of the monastery of Agaunum, Switzerland.Saint Ambrose of Agaune (c. 510 - 570) was a Frankish monk and abbot. He is venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.



Ambrose was born in Trier, Germany, to a wealthy and influential family. He was educated in the classics and became a lawyer. However, he was drawn to the monastic life, and at the age of 25 he entered the monastery of Agaune in the Swiss Alps.


Ambrose quickly became a leader in the monastery, and in 544 he was elected abbot. He was a wise and compassionate leader, and he helped to reform the monastery. He also established a school for the children of the local villagers.


Ambrose was also a skilled administrator, and he helped to manage the monastery's estates. He was also a generous benefactor of the poor and the sick.


Ambrose is best known for his role in the conversion of the Franks to Christianity. He worked closely with King Chlothar I, and he helped to establish Christianity as the religion of the Frankish kingdom.


Ambrose died in 570. He is buried in the Abbey of Agaune, which is now a place of pilgrimage.


Ambrose is remembered for his holiness, his wisdom, and his dedication to the Christian faith. He is also known as a patron saint of lawyers and of the Frankish people.




Saint Baya of Scotland


Profile

Tenth century anchoress in Scotland. Spiritual director of Saint Maura of Scotland.aint Baya of Scotland is a relatively obscure saint, but she is said to have been a missionary and spiritual teacher in the 10th century. She is most closely associated with the island of Great Cumbrae in the Firth of Clyde, where she is said to have founded a monastery.

Very little is known about Baya's life, but the Aberdeen Breviary, a 16th-century liturgical book, contains a legend about her. The legend tells that Baya was a princess who was instructed in the eremitical life by Saint Maura. After Maura's death, Baya continued her work as a missionary and teacher. She is said to have converted many people to Christianity on Great Cumbrae and elsewhere in Scotland.


Baya's feast day is celebrated on November 2nd. She is sometimes depicted in art as a young woman with a book in her hand, symbolizing her teaching ministry.


One of the few places where Baya is still remembered is at the Church of Saint Baya in Kilmaurs, Ayrshire. The church is said to be built on the site of Baya's monastery.



Saint Domninus of Grenoble


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Saint Domninus of Grenoble was a bishop of Grenoble, France, from 450 to 506. He was born in the Auvergne region of France and was educated in Lyon. He was ordained a priest and then a bishop. He was known for his preaching, his charity, and his work to promote Christianity in Gaul. He was also a defender of the poor and the oppressed.

Domninus was born in the Auvergne region of France around 400 AD. He was educated in Lyon, where he was ordained a priest. He was then appointed bishop of Grenoble, a position he held for over 50 years.


Domninus was a powerful preacher who used his sermons to promote Christianity and to call for social justice. He was also a generous philanthropist who founded several monasteries and churches. He was a tireless advocate for the poor and the oppressed, and he was known for his compassion and mercy.


Domninus died in Grenoble in 506 AD. He was canonized by Pope Clement VI in 1343.


Saint Hermes of North Africa


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Saint Hermes of North Africa was a third-century Christian martyr. He is venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Little is known about Hermes' life, but he is believed to have been a priest in North Africa. He was arrested and martyred during the persecution of Christians under the Roman emperor Diocletian.



According to tradition, Hermes was tortured and beheaded. His relics are said to be preserved in the Basilica of Saint Hermes in Rome.

Hermes is remembered for his courage and his witness to the Christian faith. He is also known for his miraculous powers, which are said to have been manifested after his death.

One of the most famous miracles attributed to Hermes is the healing of a blind man. The blind man was brought to Hermes' tomb and prayed for healing. Hermes appeared to the man and restored his sight.

Another miracle attributed to Hermes is the rescue of a ship that was caught in a storm. The sailors prayed to Hermes for help, and he calmed the storm and saved the ship.

Hermes is a popular saint in North Africa and Italy. He is often invoked for protection against storms and other natural disasters. He is also known as a patron saint of sailors and fishermen.




Martyrs of Isfahan



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Acindynus, Pegasius and Anempodistus were Persian priests who were imprisoned, tortured, interrogated and martyred in the persecutions of king Sapor II of Persia; he considered any Christian to be a Roman spy and anti-Persian. The three were brought back to life, miraculously healed, freed from their chains, and began preaching Christianity, miraculously healing Sapor II in the process. This defiance enraged Sapor so much that he ordered them executed again; they were thrown into a cauldron of molten lead, but walked out unharmed. This miracle brought one of the torturers, Aphthonius, to convert; he was immediately martyred. Other attempts were made to kill them, and they emerged each time unharmed. Senator Elpidiphorus led a group speaking in favour of the Christians for their courage and faith; he was immediately executed. In the end the original three Christians were burned to death. Martyrs all - Acindynus, Anempodistus, Aphthonius, Elpidephorus and Pegasius.


Born

Persia


Died

• c.350 in Isfahan, Persia

• relics transferred to Constantinople and enshrined in a church dedicated to them

• some relics taken to France in 1204 during the 4th Crusade

• relics in France were lost when hidden from anti-Christian forces in the French Revolution

• relics in France re-discovered in 1892 in Grozon



Martyrs of Sebaste


Profile

A group of ten soldiers in the imperial Roman army of Emperor Licinius Licinianus who were executed together for refusing to burn incense as a sacrifice to the emperor. The only details that have survived are five of their names - Agapius, Cartherius, Eudoxius, Styriacus and Tobias.


Died

burned at the stake in 315 in Sebaste (in modern Turkey)

31 October 2023

இன்றைய புனிதர்கள் நவம்பர் 1

 Feast of All Saints

அனைத்து புனிதர்கள் திருவிழா

கி.மு.முதலாம் நூற்றாண்டில் உரோமையை மார்கஸ் அக்ரிப்பா (கி.மு. 63- கி.மு. 12) என்ற மன்னன் ஆண்டுவந்தான். அவன் எல்லா தெய்வங்களுடைய சிலைகளையும் வைப்பதற்கு என்று பாந்தயோன் என்ற ஆலயத்தைக் கட்டி எழுப்பினான். இவ்வாலயமானது கி.பி. 126 ஆம் ஆண்டு மீண்டுமாகக் கட்டி எழுப்பப்பட்டது. 4 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டில் கிறிஸ்தவ மதம் உரோமையின் அரச மதமாக மாறியபிறகு, அதன்பிறகு வந்த போகஸ் என்ற மன்னன் பந்தயோன் என்ற அந்த ஆலயத்தை திருச்சபைத் தந்துவிட்டான். அப்போது திருச்சபையின் தலைவராக – திருத்தந்தையாக - இருந்த ஆறாம் போனிபேஸ் என்பவர் எல்லா தெய்வங்களுக்குமாக இருந்த பந்தயோன் ஆலயத்தை அனைத்துப் புனிதர்களின் ஆலயமாக மாற்றினார். அன்றிலிருந்துதான் அனைத்துப் புனிதர்களின் விழாவானது அதிகாரப் பூர்வமாகக் கொண்டாடப்பட்டது.

வரலாற்றுப் பின்னணி

இன்று நாம் புனிதர்கள் அனைவருடைய விழாவைக் கொண்டாடி மகிழ்கின்றோம். திருச்சபை ஒவ்வொருநாளும் ஒரு புனிதரை நினைவுகூறும்போது, எதற்காக அனைத்துப் புனிதர்களின் விழா என்று தனியாக ஒரு நாளை ஒதுக்கி புனிதர்களுக்கு விழாக் கொண்டாடவேண்டும் என்றும் நினைக்கலாம். ஆனால் திருவெளிப்பாடு நூலில், “யாராலும் எண்ணிக்கையிட முடியாத பெரும்திரளான மக்கள் – எல்லா நாட்டையும், குலத்தையும் மக்களினத்தையும் மொழியையும் சேர்ந்தவர்கள் – அரியணைக்கும் ஆட்டுக்குட்டிக்கும் முன்பாக நின்றுகொண்டு, கையில் குருத்தோலைகளைப் பிடித்தவர்களாய், “அரியனையில் வீற்றிருக்கும் எங்கள் கடவுளிடமிருந்தும் ஆட்டுக்குட்டியிடமிருந்துமே மீட்பு வருகின்றது” என்று உரத்த குரலில் கடவுளைப் போற்றிப் புகழ்ந்துகொண்டிருக்கிறார்கள். இவர்களை எல்லாம் 365 நாட்களில் நினைவு கூர்ந்து கொண்டாடுவது என்பது இயலாத காரியமாகும். எனவேதான் திருச்சபை, இந்த மண்ணுலகில் கடவுளுக்காக உகந்த வாழ்க்கை வாழ்ந்து வந்த தூயவர்களுக்கு விழா எடுத்துக்கொண்டாடுகின்றது. அவ்விழாதான் ‘அனைத்துப் புனிதர்கள் விழா’ என்று கொண்டாடப் படுகின்றது.

முதலில் புனிதர்கள் என்பவர் யார்?, எதற்காக நாம் அவர்களுக்கு விழா எடுத்துக்கொண்டாட வேண்டும் என்று சிந்தித்துப் பார்த்துவிட்டு, இவ்விழாவின் வரலாற்றுப் பின்னணியை சற்று அறிந்துகொள்வோம். புனிதர்கள் என்பவர்கள் வானத்திலிருந்து குதித்த வானதூதர்கள் கிடையாது, அவர்கள் இந்த மண்ணுலகில் தோன்றியவர்கள். மண்ணுலகில் தோன்றினாலும் தங்களுடைய மண்ணக வாழ்க்கையை கடவுளுக்கு உகந்ததாய் மாற்றியமைத்துக்கொண்டு, இறைத்திருவுளத்தை தங்களுடைய வாழ்வால், வார்த்தையால் நிறைவேற்றியவர்கள் அவர்கள்தான் புனிதர்கள் – தூயவர்கள் என்று அழைக்கப்படுகின்றார்கள். புனிதர்களை எதற்காக நாம் நினைவுகூறவேண்டும் என்ற கேள்வி எழலாம். அதற்கு விவிலியத்திலிருந்தே பதில் இருக்கின்றது. “உங்களுக்குக் கடவுளின் வார்த்தையை எடுத்துச் சொன்ன உங்கள் தலைவர்களை நினைவுகூருங்கள். அவர்களது வாழ்வின் நிறைவை எண்ணிப் பார்த்து, நீங்களும் அவர்களைப் போல நம்பிக்கையுள்ளவர்களாய் இருங்கள்” (எபி 13:7) என்கிறார் எபிரேயருக்கு எழுதிய திருமுகத்தின் ஆசிரியர். ஆம், நமக்கு இறைவாக்கைப் போதித்த புனிதர்களை நினைவுகூர்ந்து பார்க்கவேண்டும், அவர்களுடைய முன்மாதிரியைப் பின்பற்றி அவர்களுடைய வழியில் நடக்கவேண்டும். அதைத்தான் திருச்சபை நம்மிடமிருந்து எதிர்பார்க்கின்றது.


இரண்டாம் வத்திகான் சங்கமானது “தூயவர்களின் வாழ்விலே மாதிரியையும் அவர்களின் ஒன்றிப்பிலே தோழமையையும் அவர்கள் பரிந்து பேசுவதால் உதவியையும் அவர்களிடமிருந்து நாம் தேடுகின்றோம்” என்கிறது. ஆகவே, புனிதர்கள் அல்லது தூயவர்களின் விழாவைக் கொண்டாடுவதால் பயன்பெறப் போவது என்னமோ நாம்தான் என்பதை நாம் உணர்ந்துகொள்ளவேண்டும்.

எதற்காக அனைத்துப் புனிதர்களின் விழாவைக் கொண்டாடுகின்றோம் என்று சிந்தித்துப் பார்த்த நாம், இவ்விழாவின் வரலாற்றுப் பின்னணியை இப்போது உணர்ந்துகொள்வோம். புண்ணிய வாழ்வு அல்லது சாட்சிய வாழ்வு வாழ்ந்து வந்தவர்களுக்கு விழா எடுத்துக் கொண்டாடும் வழக்கம் 155- 156 ஆம் ஆண்டிலிருந்தே இருந்து வந்திருக்கிறது. கமிர்னா நகரின் ஆயராக இருந்த போலிக்கார்ப்பின் எலும்புகளை எடுத்து, அதனை பத்திரமாக வைத்து இறைமக்கள் அவருடைய விண்ணகப் பிறப்பு விழாவைக் கொண்டாடி இருக்கிறார்கள். மூன்றாம் நூற்றாண்டில் வாழ்ந்து வந்த சிப்ரியான் என்பவரும் புனிதர்களுக்கு விழா எடுத்துக்கொண்டாடும் வழக்கத்தைக் கொண்டிருந்தார். இப்படி இருந்த வழக்கம் திருத்தந்தை ஆறாம் போனிபேஸ் காலத்தில் பந்தயோன் ஆலயம் அனைத்துப் புனிதர்களின் ஆலயமாக மாற்றப்பட்டபிறகு அனைத்துப் புனிதர்களின் விழா திருச்சபை முழுவதும் கொண்டாடப்பட்டது. அன்றிலிருந்து இன்று வரை இவ்விழாவானது ஒவ்வொரு ஆண்டும் நவம்பர் 1 ஆம் நாள் கொண்டாடப் பட்டு வருகின்றது.

Profile

Instituted to honour all the saints, known and unknown. It owes its origin in the Western Church to the dedication of the Roman Pantheon in honuor of the Blessed Virgin Mary and all the martyrs by Pope Saint Boniface IV in 609, the anniversary of which was celebrated at Rome on 13 May. Pope Saint Gregory III consecrated a chapel in the Vatican basilica in honor of All Saints, designating 1 November as their feast. Pope Gregory IV extended its observance to the whole Church. It has a vigil and octave, and is a holy day of obligation; the eve is popularly celebrated as Hallowe'en.



Patronage

Arzignano, Italy




Blessed Rupert Mayer


Also known as

• The Apostle of Munich

• The Limping Priest (a result of his war injury)



Additional Memorials

• 3 November (Diocese of Munich-Freising, Germany)

• 5 November (Diocese of Eichstätt, Germany)


Profile

Rupert grew up in a family with five children and received his basic education in Stuttgart, Germany. Feeling a call to the priesthood, he studied philosophy and theology in Freiburg, Switzerland, then in Munich and Tübingen in Germany. Ordained a priest in 1899. Assistant pastor in Spaichingen, Germany. Joined the Jesuits in Feldkirch, Vorarlberg, Austria in 1900. From 1906 to 1912, he travelled around Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands, preaching parish missions. In 1912 he was assigned to Munich where he worked with migrants who had come to the city looking for work.


Father Rupert volunteered as an army chaplain in World War I. He worked for a while in a camp hospital, but was promoted to captain and sent to the front lines in France, Poland and Romania to minister to soldiers in the trenches. He lived with the soldiers, and was accepted by them. During combat he would crawl unarmed and under fire from man to man, encouraging them, praying with them, administering the Sacraments to them. In December 1915 he was awarded the Iron Cross for bravery, the first chaplain to receive the honour. In December 1916 he was injured on the Romanian front by an exploding grenade, and lost his left leg.


Back in Munich after the War, Father Rupert returned to preaching, teaching, youth ministry and leading retreats for priests. He was there during the short-lived, communist-inspired “Bavarian Republic” of 1918 to 1919. Leader of the Marian Congregation in Munich in 1921. Beginning in 1923 he publicly announced that Nazism was incompatible with Christianity, and no Catholic could be a member of the party. This led to several arrests by the Gestapo including a six month stretch in “protective custody” beginning on 16 May 1937 after which he was sent for seven months to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp. In 1939, with his health failing and fearing his death would make him a martyr and a rallying point for anti-Nazi Catholics, he was released from the camp on condition that he stay in the Benedictine Abbey of Ettal and not preach. He was finally freed by Allied forces in 1945 and returned to Munich to spend his last few months back in his old ministry.


Born

23 January 1876 in Stuttgart, Germany


Died

• 1 November 1945 in the church of Saint Michael in Munich, Bavaria, Germany of a stroke while preaching during morning Mass

• buried at the Jesuitenfriedhof in Pullach, Germany, which became a pilgrimage site

• re-interred in the crypt of the Marian Congregation church called Bürgersaalkirche in Munich, Germany in 1948


Beatified

3 May 1987 by Pope John Paul II in Munich, Germany



Blessed Teodor Jurij Romzha


Profile

Greek Catholic. Studied philosophy from 1930 to 1933. Studied theology in Rome from 1933 to 1937; received a Licentiate. Ordained on 25 December 1936.



Drafted into the military, he served on the border with Germany; discharged in 1938. Minister to the impoverished parish of Berezovo, Maramorosh District. Professor of philosophy and spiritual director at the seminary in Uzhorod in 1939. Monsignor in 1942. Consecrated bishop of the Mukachiv eparchy on 24 September 1944.


His eparchy was annexed into Soviet Ukraine on 29 June 1945. Teodor fought to preserve the rights of his Church during the occupation. The atheist government ordered the bishop and all the faithful to renounce any connection with Rome, and to submit to the Patriarch of Moscow. Romza refused, and the open persecutions by the State began. The government annouced that Nestor Sydoruk was the bishop of the eparchy, and faithful Greek Catholic priests and lay people were intimidated, harassed, abused, and imprisoned. Romza travelled his diocese by horse and buggy, ministering to his flock. Severely wounded on 27 October 1947 in a Bolshevik assassination attempt that involved ramming his cart with a motor vehicle, then beating him with rifle butts; he was later murdered in his hospital bed. His work helped many Transcarpathian Christians return from the Orthodox Church to the Greek Catholic. Martyr.


Born

14 April 1911 at Velykyj Bychkiv, Transcarpathia, Ukraine


Died

poisoned in his hospital bed on 1 November 1947 at Mukachiv, Ukraine


Beatified

27 June 2001 by Pope John Paul II at Ukraine



Saint Nuño de Santa Maria Álvares Pereira


Also known as

• Nuño of Saint Mary

• Nonius Alvares Pereira

• Nuno Álvares Pereira



Profile

Cousin of the founder of the noble Braganza family. Constable of the kingdom of Portugal, a knight, and a prior in the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem. Married. Career soldier, fighting for, and a hero of Portuguese independence. Widower. Lay-brother in the Order of Friars of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel at Lisbon, Portugal in 1423, taking the name Nuño of Saint Mary. He undertook the meanest duties in the friary, begging alms from door to door. Founded a monastery at Lisbon. Noted for a life of prayer, penance, and devotion to Our Lady.


Born

24 June 1360 at Cernache do Bonjardim, Sertã, Castelo Branco, Portgual


Died

• 1 November 1431 (Easter Sunday) at the Carmelite monastery at Lisbon, Portugal of natural causes

• tomb lost in the earthquake of 1755


Canonized

26 April 2009 by Benedict XVI



Blessed Ranieri Rasini


Also known as

• Ranieri of Aretino

• Ranieri of Arezzo

• Ranieri of Borgo

• Ranieri of Sansepolcro

• Raniero, Ranier



Additional Memorial

31 October (Franciscans)


Profile

Franciscan Friar Minor who served as his convent porter and beggar in Borgo San Sepolcro (modern Sansepolcro), Italy. He was known for his humility, poverty, patience and service to the poor.


Among the miracles attributed to him was the resurrection from the dead of two children, which led to his patronage of women in labour who sought his protection for their new children. In 2004, on the 700th anniversary of his death, the bell in the tower of the San Francesco church was dedicated to Ranier, and it is rung each time there is a birth in the town.


Born

c.1250 in Sansepolcro, Umbria, Italy


Died

• 1 November 1304 in Sansepolcro, Umbria, Italy of natural causes

• embalmed (unusual for the day) and interred in the crypt of the church of San Francesco in Sansepolcro


Beatified

• popular devotion among the poor of Sansepolcro, Italy began immediately upon his death

• the city council of Sansepolcro soon after had an altar erected in his honour in the local church of San Francesco, and began collecting testimonies of miracles attributed to his intercession

• 18 December 1802 by Pope Pius VII (cultus confirmation)


Patronage

women in labour



Blessed Peter Paul Navarro


Also known as

• Paul Navarro

• Pietro Paolo Navarro


Profile

Joined the Jesuits in Naples, Italy in 1578. Ordained in Goa, India. Missionary to Japan. Became fluent in Japanese, and lived as much like a native as he could, wanting to show that Christianity was no threat to a Japanese lifestyle.


An imperial edict in 1614 expelled all foreigners. Instead of leaving, Peter went into hiding so he could minister to the converts he had made. He travelled the country disguised as a beggar, wood seller, farmer, and peddler in order to conduct covert Masses. He wrote on the faith, and translated Christian works into Japanese.


Arrested by priest hunters in December 1621 along with two catechists, Petrus Onizuka Sadayu and Denis Fugiscima, and a layman, Clement Kuijemon. They were condemned to death by the Shogun on 27 October 1622. Father Peter Paul celebrated Mass and ordained his two catechists as Jesuit priests in the hours just before his execution.


Born

1560 at Laino Borgo, Cosenza, Italy


Died

• burned alive on 1 November 1622 at Ximabara, Nagasaki, Japan

• died praying the Litany of Our Lady


Beatified

7 May 1867 by Pope Blessed Pius IX



Saint Mathurin


Also known as

Maturinus


Profile

Raised a pagan; his father was even commissioned to persecute Christians by emperor Maximian. Mathurin converted at age 12. Priest at age 20, ordained by Saint Polycarp. Zealous evangelist in his region, even converting his parents. Noted exorcist, even healing Theodora, the daughter of the emperor; his ministry of dealing with the possessed led to his tradition of patronage of the mentally ill.



Born

Larchant, France


Died

• Rome, Italy of natural causes

• buried in Rome, he climbed out of the grave to return to his old home at Larchant, France

• in 1004 the canons of Notre-Dame de Paris divided his relics between Larchant, some in Paris, France

• Paris relics enshrined in a church dedicated to him in 1153; it became a place of pilgrimage and healing for centuries

• his shrine in Larchant was burned by Huguenots in 1568





Rachel the Matriarch


Profile

Old Testament Jewish Matriarch. Wife of the Patriach Jacob. She spent a lengthy marriage in shame over her sterility, considered a sign of God's disfavor. However, late in life she had two sons, Joseph, he of the many-coloured coat, and Benjamin.



Born

17th-18th century BC


Died

• 17th-18th century BC in childbirth

• buried in Bethlehem





Saint Caesarius of Africa


Also known as

• Caesarius of Terracina

• Cesario, Cesareo



Profile

Deacon of an African church. During a visit to Italy, he witnessed a pagan celebration of Apollo; Caesarius objected to the human sacrifice it involved. For his interference, he was imprisoned for two years, and then for his faith he was martyred with Saint Julian.


Born

African


Died

• tied into a sack and thrown into the sea to drown at Pisco Montano, Terracina, Italy, date unknown

• body recovered and buried near Terracina

• in the 4th century, Emperor Valentinian was cured at the shrine of Caesarius at Terracina

• relics translated to a church on the Palatine Hill, Rome, Italy by order of the emperor Valentinian

• relics translated to the church of San Cesareo in Palatio, Appian Way, Rome



Saint Austremonius


Also known as

• Apostle of Auvergne

• Austromoine, Stramonius, Stremonius



Profile

May have been the first bishop of Clermont, France. Contemporary of the three bishops of Aquitaine who attended the Council of Arles in 314.


Born

3rd century


Died

• early 4th century of natural causes

• interred at at Issoire, France

• re-interred at Volvic

• relics taken to Mauzac Abbey in 761

• some relics taken to Saint-Yvoine, France in the mid-9th-century

• many relics returned to Issoire c.900


Canonized

• Pre-Congregation

• popular devotion began in the mid-6th-century after a deacon named Cantius received a vision of angels around the neglected tomb of Astremonius



Saint Valentin Faustino Berri Ochoa


Also known as

• Balentin Berrio-Otxoa de Arizti

• Valentin de Berriochoa

• Valentine Berrio-Ochoa



Additional Memorial

24 November of one of the Martyrs of Viet Nam


Profile

Born in the Basque country. Dominican. Ordained on 14 June 1851. Missionary to the Philippines and then to Viet Nam. Appointed coadjutor vicar apostolic of Central Tonkin, (modern diocese of Bùi Chu) Viet Nam and titular bishop of Centuria on 25 December 1857. Martyred with Saint Jerome Hermosilla.


Born

14 February 1827 at Elorrio, diocese of Vitoria, Spain


Died

tortured and beheaded on 1 November 1861 Hai Duong, Vietnam


Canonized

19 June 1988 by Pope John Paul II


Saint Benignus of Dijon


Also known as

Benigna, Benigne, Benigny



Profile

Missionary to the areas of Marseilles, Autun, and Dijon in France, sent by Saint Polycarp of Smyrna. Martyred in the persecutions of Marcus Aurelius. The people of Tours, France reverenced the grave of Benignus, but the local bishop wished to put a stop to the cult, believing the tomb to be that of a heathen who had been mistakenly identified as Benignus; he started demolition, received a vision explaining his error, and instead built a basilica over the restored sarcophagus.


Born

at Smyrna


Died

clubbed to death with an iron bar in 178



Saint Genesius of Lyon

Also known as

Genès, Genes, Genestus


Profile

Benedictine monk. Abbot of Fontenelle. Part of the court and camp of King Clovis II. Chief almoner to Queen Saint Bathildis. Succeeded Saint Chamond as bishop and archbishop of Lyons, France in 657. Chartered the Abbey of Corbie, France. Chartered the Convent of the Blessed Virgin founded by Ebroin, mayor of the palace, and his wife Leutrude. In a conflict between Ebroin and Saint Leger, Bishop of Autun, Genesius took the bishop's side and was attacked by an armed band sent by Ebroin to expel him from Lyons. Genesius gathered his own forces and defended his city.


Died

• 679 of natural causes

• his body was in the church of Saint Nicetius till the beginning of the 14th century, when it was transferred to Chelles


Saint Vigor of Bayeux


Also known as

Vigeur, Vigile, Vigorus



Profile

Studied at Arras, France. Spiritual student of Saint Vedast of Arras. He studied for the priesthood, but found the vocation so overwhelming that he ran from it for a while. He eventually realized his vocation and was ordained. Preacher and missionary. Bishop of Bayeux, France in 513, he continued his missionary work, bringing people to the faith, building churches and monasteries.


Born

Artois, France


Died

• 537 of natural causes

• buried on Mont Chrismat

• relics moved to the Abbey of Saint-Riquier in Picardy, France in 981 to avoid invading Normans



Saint Jerome Hermosilla


Also known as

• Jerónimo Hermosilla

• Jerónimo Hermosilla Aransãez



Profile

Dominican. Missionary to Manila, Philippines. Priest. Missionary to Viet Nam in 1828. Vicar Apostolic of Eastern Tonkin, Viet Nam and titular bishop of Miletopolis on 2 August 1839. Bishop. Worked with Saint Joseph Khang. Martyred with Saint Valentin Faustino Berri Ochoa.


Born

30 September 1800 at Santo Domingo de la Calzada, Old Castile, Spain


Died

tortured and beheaded on 1 November 1861 Hai Duong, Vietnam


Canonized

19 June 1988 by Pope John Paul II



Saint Pere Josep Almató Ribera Auras


Also known as

Pedro Ribera



Additional Memorial

24 November of one of the Martyrs of Vietnam


Profile


Saint Pere Josep Almató Ribera Auras was a Spanish Dominican priest and missionary who was martyred in Vietnam in 1861. He was born in Sant Feliu Sasserra, Catalonia, Spain, on November 1, 1830. He entered the Dominican Order in 1846 and was ordained a priest in 1853.

In 1855, Almató was sent to Vietnam as a missionary. He arrived in the country in 1856 and began working in the province of Hải Dương. He was known for his dedication to his work and his love for the Vietnamese people.

In 1861, Almató was arrested by the Vietnamese authorities for his missionary work. He was tortured and imprisoned, but he refused to renounce his faith. On November 1, 1861, he was executed by beheading along with 116 other Vietnamese and foreign Catholics.

Almató was beatified by Pope Pius X in 1906 and canonized by Pope John Paul II in 1988. He is one of the 117 Vietnamese martyrs who are honored together on November 24th.

Born

1 November 1830 in San Feliú Saserra, Barcelona, Spain

Died

tortured and beheaded on 1 November 1861 Hai Duong, Vietnam

Canonized

19 June 1988 by Pope John Paul II



Saint Marcel of Paris


Also known as

Marcellus



Profile

Ninth bishop of Paris, France. Chaired the Council of Paris in 360 - 361 which recognized the edicts of the Council of Nicaea in 325. Supported Saint Genevieve. Legend says that there was a dragon in Paris which was devouring women of "ill repute"; Marcel defeated it by striking it with his bishop's crozier.


Born

c.396 on Île de la Cité, Paris, France


Died

November 436


Representation

dragon



Blessed Dionysius Fugixima


Also known as

• Denis Fugiscima

• Dionysius Fugishima

• Dionisius Fujishima Jubyoe


Additional Memorials

• 4 February Jesuits

• 10 September as one of the 205 Martyrs of Japan


Profile


Blessed Dionysius Fugixima (also known as Fujishima Denbei) was a Japanese Catholic layman and martyr who was killed during the Shimabara Rebellion in 1638. He is one of 205 Japanese martyrs beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1987.

Fugixima was born in 1612 in Urakami, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. He was the son of a wealthy Catholic family. He received a classical education and was known for his intelligence and piety.

In 1637, the Shimabara Rebellion broke out. The rebellion was a peasant uprising against the oppressive rule of the Tokugawa shogunate. The rebels were also motivated by their desire to practice their Catholic faith freely.

Fugixima joined the rebellion and fought bravely. He was captured by the shogunate forces in 1638 and was tortured and executed. He was beheaded on November 1, 1638, at the age of 26.

Born

at Aitzu, Arima, Japan

Died

burned alive on 1 November 1622 at Shimabara, Nagasaki, Japan

Beatified

7 May 1867 by Pope Blessed Pius IX



Deborah the Prophetess


Also known as

• Deborah the Judge

• Deborah the Matriarch

• Debbora


Profile

Old Testament prophetess and judge. Married to Lapidoth. See the passage below from Judges that talks about her.

Deborah the Prophetess was a judge and prophetess in ancient Israel. She is mentioned in the Book of Judges, where she is credited with leading the Israelites to victory over the Canaanites.

Deborah was a strong and courageous woman. She was not afraid to speak out against injustice and to lead her people in battle. She was also a gifted poet, and she is famous for her Song of Deborah, which is one of the oldest pieces of Hebrew literature.

The story of Deborah is an inspiration to all who are called to serve God and their people. She is a reminder that even the smallest and most unlikely people can make a difference.




Saint Lucinus of Angers


Also known as

Lesin, Lezin, Licinius



Additional Memorials

• 8 June (Angers, France)

• 21 June (translation of relics)


Profile

Born to the French nobility. Count of Anjou. He gave up the title and worldly life to become a monk. Bishop of Angers, France, ordained by Saint Gregory of Tours.


Born

c.540 in France


Died

c.618 of natural causes



Saint Julian of Africa


Profile

Priest of an African church. During a visit to Italy, he witnessed a pagan celebration of Apollo; Julian objected to the human sacrifice it involved. He was imprisoned for two years, and then martyred with Saint Caesarius.


Born

African


Died

tied into a sack and thrown into the sea to drown at Pisco Montano, Terracina, Italy, date unknown


Patronage

Terracina, Italy



Saint Germanus of Montfort


Profile

Studied at Paris, France. Priest. Benedictine monk at Savigny, France. Prior of the monastery at Talloires, France. Spent the last years of his life as a hermit.


Born

c.906 at Montfort, Brittany (in modern France)


Died

• 1000 of natural causes

• relics enshrined by Saint Francis de Sales in 1621



Blessed Petrus Onizuka Sadayu


Also known as

Peter Onizuko

Profile

Onizuka was a Japanese Jesuit priest and martyr who was born in 1574 in the village of Onizuka, Japan. He was baptized at a young age and entered the Jesuit novitiate in 1595. He was ordained a priest in 1601 and began working as a missionary in the Kyoto region.

Onizuka was known for his zeal and his dedication to his missionary work. He was also known for his courage in the face of persecution. In 1606, he was arrested by the Japanese authorities for preaching the Gospel. He was tortured and imprisoned, but he refused to renounce his faith.

On February 10, 1612, Onizuka was executed by crucifixion along with 18 other Christians. He was the first Japanese Jesuit priest to be martyred.

Onizuka was beatified by Pope Pius IX in 1867. He is honored as a martyr in the Catholic Church

Born

Arima, Japan


Died

burned alive on 1 November 1622 at Shimabara, Nagasaki, Japan


Beatified

7 May 1867 by Pope Blessed Pius IX



Saint Cadfan


Also known as

Catman, Catamanu, Catamanus, Gadfan, Gideon


Profile

Sixth-century monk. Spiritual teacher of Sadwen of Wales. Emigrated from Brittany to Wales where he founded several monasteries. First abbot of Bardsey Abbey in Wales. Llangadfan, Montgomeryshire, Wales is named in his honour.


Born

Brittany (in modern France)


Patronage

Llangadfan, Wales



Saint Magnus of Milan


Also known as

Magno



Additional Memorial

25 September as one of the Holy Bishops of Milan


Profile

Saint Magnus of Milan was the Archbishop of Milan from 518 to 530. He is honored as a saint in the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church.

Very little is known about his life. He lived during a time of great political and religious turmoil in Italy. The Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great was an Arian, a Christian who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ. Theodoric initially supported Magnus, but later persecuted him for his Catholic beliefs.

Magnus is known for his great charity and his compassion for the poor and suffering. He is said to have helped many prisoners of war during his time as archbishop. He died on December 1, 530, and is buried in the Basilica of Sant'Eustorgio in Milan.

Magnus is the patron saint of the Italian town of Legnano, where a basilica is dedicated to him. He is also the patron saint of prisoners of war and those who suffer from persecution.

Died

525 of natural causes


Patronage

Legnano, Italy


Saint Salaun of Leseven


Also known as

Salomon


Profile

A poor man who lived in Leseven, Brittany, France. For many years was considered the village idiot - until people realized that his simplicity, poverty and unworldliness was due to his concentration on his own spiritual development.


Died

1358 of natural causes



Saint Floribert of Ghent


Also known as

Florbert, Floribertus, Florbertus


Profile

Abbot of monasteries in Ghent, Mont-Blandin and Saint-Bavon in Belgium. Worked with Saint Amandus.


Died

c.660


Canonized

20 April 1049 by Pope Leo IX



Blessed Clemens Kyuemon


Profile

Layman martyr in the archdiocese of Nagasaki, Japan.


Born

c.1574 in Japan


Died

burned to death on 1 November 1622 in Shimabara, Nagasaki, Japan


Beatified

7 May 1867 by Pope Blessed Pius IX



Saint Cledwyn of Wales


Also known as

Clydwyn of Wales


Profile

Eldest son of Saint Brychan of Brycheiniog, and ruler of part of Brychan's kingdom.


Died

5th century


Patronage

Llangedwyn, Wales



Saint Severinus of Tivoli


Profile

Saint Severinus of Tivoli (c. 510-609) was a Benedictine monk and hermit who lived in Tivoli, Italy. He was known for his piety, his charity, and his dedication to helping the poor and the sick. 

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Saint Severinus of Tivoli

Severinus was born into a wealthy family, but he gave up his possessions to live a simple life of prayer and service. He built a small hermitage in Tivoli, where he spent his days praying and working in the fields. He also traveled throughout the region, visiting the sick and the poor and offering them his help and support.

Severinus was known for his miraculous powers. He is said to have healed the sick, raised the dead, and even controlled the weather. He was also a wise counselor and a spiritual guide to many people.

Severinus died in 609 and was buried in the church of Saint Laurence in Tivoli. He is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church and his feast day is celebrated on November 1st.

Died

• 609 of natural causes

• relics enshrined in the church Saint Laurence in Tivoli, Italy



Saint Pabiali of Wales


Profile

Saint Pabiali of Wales (also known as Partypallai) was a Welsh saint who lived in the 5th or 6th century. He is said to have been one of the sons of Brychan Brycheiniog, a Welsh king, and his Spanish wife Proistri.

Very little is known about Pabiali's life. He is believed to have been a monk and a hermit, and he is said to have founded a chapel in Wales that is dedicated to him. He is also said to have gone to Spain, where he may have been martyred.

Pabiali's feast day is celebrated on November 1st. He is invoked by farmers and farm laborers, and he is also considered a protector of animals.

One of the few stories about Pabiali is that he once healed a cow that was sick. The cow's owner was so grateful that he gave Pabiali a piece of land, on which Pabali built his chapel.

Another story is that Pabiali once saved a group of villagers from a flood. He is said to have raised his hands in prayer and the floodwaters immediately receded.

Pabiali is a minor saint, but he is still revered by some people in Wales. He is a reminder of the many saints who lived and worked in Wales, and he is a model of Christian service.




Saint Harold the King


Profile

First Christian king of Denmark. When he tried to bring his pagan people to the faith they revolted and killed him. Martyr.St. Harold the King is a controversial figure in Christian history. He was the last crowned Anglo-Saxon king of England, and he was killed at the Battle of Hastings in 1066.

Some Christians believe that Harold was a martyr, because he died fighting for his country and his faith. Others believe that he was a sinner, because he broke his oath to William the Conqueror and fought against him.




There is no consensus on whether or not Harold should be considered a saint. However, he is venerated by some Christians, particularly in England. 

One of the main arguments in favor of Harold's sainthood is that he died fighting for his country and his faith. Harold was a devout Christian, and he believed that it was his duty to defend England from foreign invaders. He also believed that it was important to uphold his oath to William the Conqueror, even though he knew that William would eventually betray him.

Another argument in favor of Harold's sainthood is that he was a just and fair king. He was known for his mercy and his compassion for the poor and the oppressed. He also worked to improve the lives of his subjects by building roads and bridges and by establishing schools and hospitals.

However, there are also arguments against Harold's sainthood. One of the main arguments is that he broke his oath to William the Conqueror. When William invaded England, Harold swore an oath to support him. However, when Harold's brother Tostig invaded England with the help of the Norwegians, Harold abandoned his oath to William and fought against him.

Another argument against Harold's sainthood is that he was a pagan. Although Harold was baptized as a Christian, he was also known to practice pagan rituals. For example, he was said to have consulted with pagan priests before the Battle of Hastings.

Died

980 in Denmark



Saint Cyrenia of Tarsus


Profile


Saint Cyrenia of Tarsus was a Christian martyr who lived in the early 4th century. She was from the city of Tarsus in Cilicia, which is now part of Turkey.

Cyrenia was a devout Christian, and she was known for her charity and her love for the poor. She also helped to spread the Gospel in Tarsus, and she converted many people to Christianity.

During the persecution of Christians under the Roman Emperor Maximian Galerius, Cyrenia was arrested and tortured. She was then forced to walk naked through the streets of Tarsus, and then she was burned alive.

Cyrenia died for her faith on November 1, 305. She is venerated as a saint in the Catholic and Orthodox Churches. Her feast day is celebrated on November 1st.

Died

burned to death in 306 at Tarsus, Asia Minor



Saint Juliana of Tarsus


Profile

Saint Juliana of Tarsus (died circa 305 AD) was a Christian virgin and martyr who was tortured and beheaded for her faith during the Diocletianic Persecution.

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Saint Juliana of Tarsus


Juliana was born into a wealthy pagan family in Tarsus, Cilicia. She was a beautiful and intelligent young woman, and she attracted the attention of many suitors, including the governor of Tarsus, Eleusius. Eleusius was determined to marry Juliana, but she refused, because she had dedicated herself to Christ.


Eleusius was furious at Juliana's rejection, and he had her arrested and tortured. He tried to force her to renounce her faith, but she refused. Juliana remained steadfast in her faith, even under the most excruciating torture.


Eventually, Eleusius ordered that Juliana be beheaded. She was led to the place of execution, where she prayed and asked God to forgive her enemies. She then knelt down and surrendered her neck to the executioner.

Saint Juliana of Tarsus is a martyr who is remembered for her courage and her unwavering faith. She is a role model for all Christians who are persecuted for their beliefs.

Her feast day is celebrated on October 16th in the Catholic Church and on November 1st in the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Died

burned to death in 306 at Tarsus, Asia Minor



Saint Ludre


Profile

Son of a senator of Bourges in modern France. He died almost immediately after baptism, still wearing the white robes.


Died

relics at Deols on the Indre in modern France



Saint Mary the Slave


Profile

Christian slave in the house of Tertullus, a patrician in Rome, Italy. Martyred in the persecutions of Diocletian.


Died

c.300



Saint Ceitho


Profile

One of five 6th century brothers, all of whom are venerated as saints in Wales. Founded a church in Llangeitho, Dyfed, Wales.


Patronage

Llangeitho, Wales



Saint Rómulo of Bourges


Also known as

Romolo


Profile

Saint Rómulo of Bourges (6th century) was a Benedictine abbot who is known for his piety, charity, and dedication to his monastic community. He is also credited with founding several new monasteries and convents in the area. 


One of the most famous stories about Rómulo is that he once saved the city of Bourges from a flood. When the river Scheldt overflowed its banks, Rómulo is said to have planted his staff in the ground and prayed. The floodwaters immediately receded, and the city was saved.

Rómulo died in the 6th century and is buried in the Abbey of Saint-Satur in Bourges. He is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church and his feast day is celebrated on November 1st.


Saint Dacius of Damascus


Also known as

Decius of Damascus


Profile

Martyred with six companions.


Died

in Damascus, Syria



Saint James of Persia


Profile

Martyred with Saint John in the persecution of King Shapur II.


Born

Persian


Died

c.344 in Persia



Saint John of Persia


Profile

Bishop. Martyred with Saint James of Persia in the persecutions of King Shapur II.Saint John of Persia (died 628 AD) was a Christian bishop of Persia. He is known for his martyrdom during the Sasanian persecution of Christians.

John was born into a Christian family in Persia. He was educated at the School of Nisibis, one of the most prestigious schools of theology in the world at the time. After completing his education, John was ordained as a priest.

In 616 AD, the Sasanian king Chosroes II began a persecution of Christians in Persia. John was arrested and tortured for his faith. He was eventually sentenced to death and was beheaded.

Saint John of Persia is a revered figure in the Eastern Orthodox Church. He is remembered for his courage and his martyrdom. His feast day is celebrated on November 1.


Died

c.344



Saint Caesarius of Damascus

Profile

Saint Caesarius of Damascus (also Cesarius or Kayser) was a monk and martyr of the 7th century. He was born in Caesarea, Cappadocia, and became a monk at the monastery of St. Sabas near Damascus. He was known for his piety and his devotion to the study of Scripture.

In 614, during the Persian invasion of Syria, Caesarius was captured by the Persians and taken to prison. He was tortured and urged to renounce his faith, but he refused. He was eventually martyred, along with six other monks, by being beheaded.

Saint Caesarius is commemorated on November 1st in the Orthodox Church. He is considered a patron saint of monks and of those who are suffering for their faith.

Died

in Damascus, Syria



Saint Dingad


Profile

Fifth century son of the chieftain Saint Brychan of Brecknock. Hermit in Llandovery, Dyfed, Wales.1

Saint Dingad (also spelled Dingat) was a late 5th century Welsh saint and early Christian church founder. He is recorded in all the early 'Brychan documents' as a son of King Brychan, King of the Welsh kingdom of Brycheiniog in south-east Wales. He was patron of Llandingat Church (in Llandovery) in Carmarthenshire and of Dingestow in Monmouthshire.

Very little is known about the life of Saint Dingad. He is said to have been a hermit who lived in a cave near Llandovery. He was also a skilled craftsman and is credited with building the first church in Llandovery.

Saint Dingad is venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. His feast day is celebrated on November 1.



Our Lady of Heede


Our Lady of Heede is a title of the Blessed Virgin Mary associated with apparitions that were reported by four girls in the village of Heede, Germany, between November 1, 1937, and November 3, 1940. The girls were Anna Schulte (11), Susanna Bruns (12), Margaret Gansforth (12), and Greta Gansforth (10).



The girls said that they saw Mary holding the Child Jesus in her arms, and that she spoke to them about the importance of prayer and conversion. Mary also warned the girls of the coming war, and she urged them to pray for peace.


The apparitions of Our Lady of Heede were initially met with skepticism, but they eventually gained the approval of the local bishop. The apparitions also attracted a large number of pilgrims, and Heede became a popular pilgrimage site.


The message of Our Lady of Heede is similar to the message of Fatima. Mary calls on people to pray and convert, and she warns of the consequences of sin. Mary also encourages people to pray for the poor souls in Purgatory.


Our Lady of Heede is a reminder of God's love and mercy, and she is a source of hope and comfort for those who pray to her. Her feast day is celebrated on November 1st.