St. Deusdedit October 9

 St. Deusdedit

Feastday: October 9

Death: 836

Benedictine abbot of Monte Cassino, Italy, elected around 830. A local noble, Sicard of Benevento, imprisoned him to gain monastery funds. Deusdedit died of hunger and abuse and is venerated as a martyr.

St. Dionysius the Areopagite October 9

 St. Dionysius the Areopagite

Feastday: October 9

Patron: of Lawyers

Death: 1st century

Called "the Areopagite," also called Denis. He was converted in Athens, Greece, with a woman named Damaris, by St. Paul. There he delivered his sermon to the Unknown God on the Hill of Mars,  hence his name. Some records indicate that he became the first bishop of Athens. Other records state that he was martyred.

For the 5th–6th century figure, see Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite.

Dionysiou Ta Sozomena Panta (1756)

Fresco of Dionysius in Hosios Loukas monastery

Dionysius the Areopagite (/ˌdaɪəˈnɪsiəs/; Greek: Διονύσιος ὁ Ἀρεοπαγίτης Dionysios ho Areopagitês) was a judge at the Areopagus Court in Athens, who lived in the first century. A convert to Christianity, he is venerated as a saint by multiple denominations.

Life

As related in the Acts of the Apostles (Acts 17:34), he was converted to Christianity by the preaching of Paul the Apostle during the Areopagus sermon, according to Dionysius, Bishop of Corinth, as quoted by Eusebius. He was one of the first Athenians to believe in Christ.

Tradition holds that earlier, at a young age, he found himself in Heliopolis of Egypt (near Cairo) just at the time of Christ's crucifixion in Jerusalem. On that Great Friday, at the time of the crucifixion of Christ, according to the gospel, "From noon until three in the afternoon darkness came over all the land." (Matthew 27:45). The young boy, Dionysius was shocked by this paradoxical phenomenon and exclaimed: "God suffers or is always despondent" ("God suffers or is lost all"). He took care to note the day and hour of this supernatural event of the darkness of the Sun.

When Dionysius returned to Athens, he heard the preaching of the Apostle Paul in the Areopagus Hill in Athens, talking about that supernatural darkness during the Crucifixion of the Lord, dissolving any doubt about the validity of his new faith. He was baptized, with his family in 52 AD. The acceptance of Dionysius of Christ refers to the Acts of the Apostles in chapter 17 and verse 34 "The men who have been sealed have believed in them, and Dionysius the Areopagite, and the name of Damaris, and the others in it." Thus, when Dionysius heard Paul preach on Christ on the Areopagus Hill in Athens, he recalled this experience which reinforced his conviction that Paul was speaking the truth on Christ as the long-promised Messiah and Savior of the World. Historical accounts wrote that when he learned that the Mother of Christ, Mary, lived in Jerusalem, he travelled to Jerusalem to meet her. From this meeting he said: "Her appearance, her features, her whole appearance testify that she is indeed Mother of God." In Jerusalem, he also discovered where Mary slept and departed this world to join her Son and her God. Then he wept sorely like the Apostles and other Church leaders torrents of tears and also attended Mary's funeral in Jerusalem. Dionysius suffered a Christian martyr's end by burning. His story was preserved by the early Christian historian, Eusebius of Caesarea in his Ecclesiastical history

After his conversion, Dionysius became the first Bishop of Athens.[1] He is venerated as a saint in the Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox churches. He is the patron saint of Athens and is venerated as the protector of the Judges and the Judiciary. His memory is celebrated on October 3. His name day in the Eastern Orthodox Church is October 3[2] and in the Catholic Church is October 9.[3]

In Athens there are two large churches bearing its name, one in Kolonaki on Skoufa Street, while the other is the Catholic Metropolis of Athens, on Panepistimiou Street. Its name also bears the pedestrian walkway around the Acropolis, which passes through the rock of the Areios Pagos.

Dionysius is the patron saint of the Gargaliani of Messenia, as well as in the village of Dionysi in the south of the prefecture of Heraklion. The village was named after him and is the only village of Crete with a church in honor of Saint Dionysios Areopagitis.

Historic confusions

In the early sixth century, a series of writings of a mystical nature, employing Neoplatonic language to elucidate Christian theological and mystical ideas, was ascribed to the Areopagite.[4] They have long been recognized as pseudepigrapha, and their author is now called "Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite".

Dionysius has been misidentified with the martyr of Gaul, Dionysius, the first Bishop of Paris, Denis. However, this mistake by a ninth century writer is ignored and each saint is commemorated on his respective day.[5]

St. Domninus of Fidenza October 9

 St. Domninus of Fidenza

Feastday: October 9

Patron: of Fidenza; invoked against rabies

Death: 304

Martyr beheaded on the Via Claudia or Amelia, also called Domnino. He was a native of Parma, Italy, fleeing persecution. He was martyred at a site called Borgo San Domnino.

Saint Domninus of Fidenza (Italian: San Donnino di Fidenza) is an Italian Catholic saint. According to tradition, he died in 304 AD and was a native of Parma. The cathedral at Fidenza (a town once called Borgo San Donnino) is dedicated to him. The Hieronymian Martyrology commemorates Domninus, but does not include any further information about him, and his feast day is cited as occurring on October 9. He is not commemorated in the martyrologies of Bede, Ado, Notker, or the Parvum Romanum.

Church of San Donnino in Carpineti

His legend states that Domninus was Chamberlain to Emperor Maximian and keeper of the royal crown, and converted to Christianity, thereby incurring the emperor's wrath. Pursued by imperial forces, he rode through Piacenza holding a cross. He was caught and beheaded on the banks of the Stirone, outside of Fidenza, or the Via Aemilia. It is recounted that Domninus picked up his severed head and placed it on the future site of the cathedral of San Donnino.

Veneration

His relics are enshrined in Fidenza Cathedral, adding some plausibility to the tradition that he suffered martyrdom in this region. The ancient basilica at Fidenza, rebuilt in the 12th century, includes a sculpted frieze sub-divided into five scenes representing the life of the saint. The sculptures are attributed to the school of Benedetto Antelami.

In art, Domninus is depicted in military attire, and holds the palm of martyrdom. Domninus' cult was popular in Northern Italy. He has been from earliest times invoked against rabies; his Passio records that after water and wine was blessed and the saint invoked, anyone who drank this would be cured from rabies.

St. Geminus October 9

 St. Geminus

Feastday: October 9

Death: 815

Patron saint of San Gemini, Umbria, Itlay. He is claimed by both the Baslians and Benedictines as a patron.

St. Ghislain October 9

 St. Ghislain

Feastday: October 9

He was a Frank who became a hermit in Hainault and was founding abbot of a monastery there called The Cell (now St. Ghislain) near Mons. He encouraged St. Waldetrudis to found a convent at Castrilocus (Mons) and St. Aldegundus to found a convent at Mauberge. An apophrycal legend has him a native of Attica who became bishop of Athens, resign his See, went to Rome and was sent to Hainault, where he became a hermit. His feast day is October 9.

St. Goswin October 9

 St. Goswin

Feastday: October 9

Birth: 1086

Death: 1165

Benedictine abbot. He became a Benedictine at Anchin, where he was made abbot.

Bl. Gunther October 9

 Bl. Gunther

Feastday: October 9

Gunther was a nobleman related to Emperor St. Henry. He led a worldly life until he was fifty when he was convinced by St. Gothard, then reforming Hersfeld monastery, to make up for his sinful life by becoming a monk there. He gave most of his wealth to endow Hersfeld, went on a pilgrimage to Rome, and then became a monk at Niederaltaich, Bavaria, of which Gothard was abbot. Meanwhile, at the time he had endowed Hersfeld, he also endowed and owned the abbey of Gollingen in Thuringia, and he now insisted on being its abbot. He was an unsuccessful abbot and incurred the enmity of the monks there. He was persuaded to resign and return to Niederaltaich by Gothard. In 1008, he became a hermit in Lalling Forrest, attracted disciples, and then built a hermitage near Rinchnac, Bavaria, which developed into a monastery. He died at Hartmanice, Bohemia, on October 9th. He is revered for his holiness and austerity, his eloquent preaching, and his gift of infused knowledge. His feast day is October 9th.

St. Julian Alfredo October 9

 St. Julian Alfredo

Feastday: October 9

Birth: 1903

Death: 1934

Beatified: 29 April 1990 by Pope John Paul II

Canonized: 21 November 1999 by Pope John Paul II

Julian Alfredo was a member of the Brothers of the Christian Schools, entered the novitate in 1926. Martyrs of Turón.

St. Lambert & Valerius October 9

 St. Lambert & Valerius

Feastday: October 9

Death: 680

Benedictine disciples of St. Gislenus and workers in his mission.

St. Marciano Jose October 9

 St. Marciano Jose

Feastday: October 9

Birth: 1900

Death: 1934

Beatified: Pope John Paul II

Canonized: Pope John Paul II

Martyr of Turon

St. Sabinus October 9

 St. Sabinus

Feastday: October 9

Death: 5th century

Also Savin, hermit and the one of the apostles of the Lavedan, in the Pytenees. According to tradition, he was bom in Barcelona, Spain, received an education at Poitiers, and then entered a monastery at Liguge. Later, he departed the monastic community and became a famed hermit.

St. Theodoric of Emden October 9

 St. Theodoric of Emden

Feastday: October 9

Death: 1572

A Dutch Franciscan martyr. Confessor to the nuns of Gorkum, the Netherlands, he was murdered with the other Gorkum martyrs.

St. Victoriano Pio October 9

 St. Victoriano Pio

Feastday: October 9

Birth: 1905

Death: 1934

Beatified: Pope John Paul II

Canonized: Pope John Paul II

Victoriano Pio was a member of the Brothers of the Christian Schools and was a Martyr of Turón killed during the Spanish Civil War.

புனித ஜான் லியோனார்டி, சபை நிறுவுனர் St. John Leonardi SPநினைவுத்திருநாள் : அக்டோபர் 9

இன்றைய புனிதர்: 

(09-10-2020)

புனித ஜான் லியோனார்டி, சபை நிறுவுனர் 

St. John Leonardi SP

நினைவுத்திருநாள் : அக்டோபர் 9

பிறப்பு : 1541, டஸ்கனி Tuscany, இத்தாலி

இறப்பு : 9 அக்டோபர் 1609, உரோம்

முத்திபேறுபட்டம்: 1861, திருத்தந்தை 9 ஆம் பயஸ்

புனிதர்பட்டம்: 1938, திருத்தந்தை 11 ஆம் பயஸ்

பாதுகாவல்: மருந்தகங்கள்

இவர் மருந்து தயாரித்து விற்கும் கலையை கற்றார். ஆனால் அப்பணியை செய்ய விருப்பமில்லாமல் இருந்தார். இவரின் மனம் குருவாக வேண்டுமென்று ஆசைக்கொண்டது. எனவே அப்பணியை விட்டுவிட்டு, 1572 ஆம் ஆண்டு குருவானார். பிறகு மறைப்பணியை ஆற்றினார். முக்கியமாக இவர் தானாகவே முன்வந்து சிறுவர்களுக்கு மறைக்கல்வி கற்றுக் கொடுத்தார். இவர் 1574 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இறையன்னையின் பெயரால், துறவற சபை ஒன்றை நிறுவினார். இதனால் பல இன்னல்களை மேற்கொண்டார். இடையூறுகளால் மிகவும் பாதிக்கப்பட்டார். இருப்பினும், திருமறையை பரப்புவதற்கென்று, மீண்டும் மறைப்பணியாளர்களின் குழு ஒன்றை ஏற்படுத்தினார். உரோம் நகரிலுள்ள "திருமுறைப் பரப்புதலின் பேராயம்" என்ற நிறுவனத்திற்கும் அடித்தளம் இட்டார். 

திருத்தந்தையர்கள் பலரின் முயற்சியால் இச்சபைகள் அனைத்தும், இன்று சிறப்பாக செயல்படுகின்றது. திருச்சபையில் உள்ள பல சபைகள் மீண்டும் தங்களின் ஒழுங்குமுறைப்படி செயல்பட, இவர் பரிவன்புடனும், முன்மதியுடனும் செயல்பட்டார். இவையனைத்தையும் நிறைவேற்றி வெற்றி பெற பல துன்பங்களையும் பொறுமையோடு ஏற்று, எளிமையாக வாழ்ந்தார். 1614 ஆம் ஆண்டு திருத்தந்தை 5 ஆம் பவுல் இச்சபைகள் முழுமையாக செயல்பட அதிகாரம் வழங்கினார். 

செபம்:

மூவொரு கடவுளே! மனிதனின் நோய்கலை குணமாக்கும் மருந்து தயாரிப்பவர்களை நீர் கண்ணோக்கியருளும். தங்களின் பணியில் கவனம் செலுத்தி, சிறப்பாக செயல்பட, உம் சக்தியை தந்தருள வேண்டுமென்று இறைவா உம்மை மன்றாடுகின்றோம்.

---JDH---தெய்வீக குணமளிக்கும் இயேசு /திண்டுக்கல்.

Saint of the Day: (09-10-2020)

Saint John Leonardi

Worked as a pharmacist's apprentice while studying for the priesthood. After ordination on 22 December 1572, he worked with prisoners and the sick. His example attracted some young laymen to assist him, most of whom became priests themselves. This group formed Clerks Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca, a congregation of diocesan priests which, for reasons having to do with the politics of the Reformation and an unfounded accusation that John wanted to form the group for his own personal aggrandizement, provoked great opposition. The Clerks were confirmed on 13 October 1595 by Pope Clement VIII, but John was exiled from Lucca for most of the rest of his life. John was assisted in his exile by Saint Philip Neri, who gave him his quarters - and his pet cat!

In 1579 he formed the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine, and published a compendium of Christian doctrine that remained in use until the 19th century. He died from a disease caught while tending plague victims. By the deliberate policy of the founder, the Clerks have never had more than 15 churches, and today form only a very small congregation. The arms of the order are azure, Our Lady Assumed into Heaven; and its badge and seal the monogram of the Mother of God in Greek characters.

Born : 

1541 at Diecimo, Lucca, Italy

Died : 

• 8 October 1609 at Rome, Italy of natural causes

• buried in Santa Maria in Portico

Canonized: 

17 April 1938 by Pope Pius XI

---JDH---Jesus the Divine Healer---

✠ புனிதர் ஜான் ஹென்றி நியூமன் ✠(St. John Henry Newman)

† இன்றைய புனிதர் †

(அக்டோபர் 9)

✠ புனிதர் ஜான் ஹென்றி நியூமன் ✠

(St. John Henry Newman)

கவிஞர்/ இறையியலாளர்/ கர்தினால்:

(Poet Theologian and Cardinal Deacon)

பிறப்பு: ஃபெப்ரவரி 21, 1801

லண்டன், இங்கிலாந்து, ஐக்கிய அரசுகள்

(London, England, United Kingdom)

இறப்பு: ஆகஸ்ட் 11, 1890 (வயது 89)

எட்க்பாஸ்டன், பிர்மிங்கம், இங்கிலாந்து, ஐக்கிய அரசுகள்

(Edgbaston, Birmingham, England, United Kingdom)

ஏற்கும் சமயம்:

ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை

(Roman Catholic Church)

இங்கிலாந்து திருச்சபை

(Church of England)

முக்திபேறு பட்டம்: செப்டம்பர் 19, 2010

திருத்தந்தை பதினாறாம் பெனடிக்ட்

(Pope Benedict XVI)

புனிதர் பட்டம்: அக்டோபர் 13, 2019

திருத்தந்தை ஃபிரான்சிஸ்

(Pope Francis)

முக்கிய திருத்தலம்:

பிர்மிங்கம் ஆலயம், எட்க்பாஸ்டன், இங்கிலாந்து

(Birmingham Oratory, Edgbaston, England)

பாதுகாவல்:

இங்கிலாந்து மற்றும் வேல்ஸ் (England and Wales) ஆகிய இடங்களிலுள்ள “வால்சிங்கம்” அன்னை துறவியர் குழுக்கள்

(Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham)

நினைவுத் திருநாள்: அக்டோபர் 9

புனிதர் ஜான் ஹென்றி நியூமன், ஆரம்ப காலத்தில் ஆங்கிலிக்கன் (Anglican) திருச்சபையின் ஒரு குரு ஆவார். சிறந்ததோர் கவிஞரும் இறையியலாளருமான இவர், பின்னாளில் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபையில் “கர்தினாலாக” (Cardinal) ஆனார். மிகவும் முக்கியமான, மற்றும் சர்ச்சைக்குள்ளான இவர் கி.பி. 183ம் ஆண்டுகளில் இங்கிலாந்து முழுவதும் புகழ் பெறத்துவங்கினார். இவரின் படைப்புகள் சுயவிளக்கம் அளிக்க முயலும் கத்தோலிக்க மறையின் வாத வல்லுர்களுக்கு பெரிதும் உதவுகின்றது.

இவர் லண்டனில், ஆங்கிலிக்கன் திருச்சபையைச் சேர்ந்த பெற்றோருக்கு 6 குழந்தைகளுள் மூத்தவராகப் பிறந்தார். ஆக்ஸ்போர்டில் இருந்த ட்ரினிட்டி கல்லூரியில் தன் 19வது வயதில் இளங்கலைப் பட்டத்தைப் பெற்ற இவர் கி.பி. 1825ம் ஆண்டு, ஆங்கிலிக்கன் சபையின் குருவாக திருநிலைப்படுத்தப்பட்டார். ஆங்கிலிக்கன் சபைக்குருவாகவும் மெர்டன் கல்லூரியில் ஆசிரியராகவும் பணியாற்றினார். 

இவர் கிறிஸ்தவ வரலாற்றினாலும், குறிப்பாக ஹிப்போவின் அகஸ்டீனின் சுயவரலாற்று நூலினாலும் தூண்டப்பட்ட இவர், ஆங்கிலிக்கன் திருச்சபை திருத்தூதர் வழிமரபு கோருவதன் செல்லத்தகு தன்மையினைக் குறித்து சந்தேகம் எழுப்பினார். ஆங்லிக்கன் திருச்சபையும், லூத்தரன் திருச்சபையும் செய்துகொண்ட உடன்படிக்கை இவரின் சந்தேகங்களுக்கு வலுசேர்த்தது. 

காலப்போக்கில் கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபையின் படிப்பினைகளாலும், நடவடிக்கைகளாலும் கவரப்பட்டு, கி.பி. 1845ம் ஆண்டு, அக்டோபர் மாதம், 9ம் நாள், கத்தோலிக்க மறையில் இணைந்தார். கி.பி. 1847ம் ஆண்டு, கத்தோலிக்கத் திருச்சபையின் குருவாக அருட்பொழிவு செய்விக்கப்பட்டார். கி.பி. 1851ம் ஆண்டு, அயர்லாந்து கத்தோலிக்க பல்கலைக்கழகத்தின் (Catholic University of Ireland) முதல் அதிபராக திருச்சபையால் நியமிக்கப்பட்டார். கி.பி. 1879ம் ஆண்டு, மே மாதம், 15ம் தேதி, திருத்தந்தை பதின்மூன்றாம் லியோவினால் கர்தினாலாக உயர்த்தப்பட்டார். 11 ஆண்டுகள் கர்தினாலாக பணியாற்றிய நியூமன், கி.பி. 1890ம் ஆண்டு, தமது 89 வயதில் காலமானார்.

1991ம் ஆண்டு, வணக்கத்திற்குரியவர் என அறிவிக்கப்பட்ட இவருக்கு, 2010ம் ஆண்டு, செப்டம்பர் மாதம், 19ம் நாளன்று, திருத்தந்தை பதினாறாம் பெனடிக்ட் முக்திபேறு பட்டம் அளித்தார்.

திருத்தந்தை ஃபிரான்சிஸ் அவர்கள், 2019ம் ஆண்டு, அக்டோபர் மாதம், 13ம் நாளன்று, இவரை புனிதர் நிலைக்கு உயர்த்தி அருட்பொழிவு செய்தார்.

St. John Henry Newman (1801-1890) was an English theologian and a leader of the Oxford Movement. The Oxford Movement encouraged the Church of England (Anglican Church) to restore many Catholic doctrines and liturgical practices that were abandoned during the English Protestant Reformation. Newman, an Anglican, converted to the Catholic faith at age 44, and subsequently became a priest and a cardinal. He is renown for his work as a religious leader and a rector of the Catholic University of Ireland. Newman was declared blessed in 2010 and will be canonized by Pope Francis on October 13, 2019.

John Henry Newman was born on February 21, 1801, in London. He was the eldest of six children, with two brothers and three sisters. His father was John Newman, a banker, and his mother was Jemmia (nee Fourdrinier), of Huguenot (French Protestant) ancestry.

John Newman experienced a conversion of the heart at the age of 15. He later said about the experience, that it was "more certain than that I have hands or feet." By 1816, Newman became a staunch Calvinist, opposed to Roman Catholicism and the Pope.

Newman went on to study at Trinity College in Oxford, and performed poorly, possibly because of anxiety. Still, he managed to graduate and became a fellow at Oriel College, Oxford.

In 1824, Newman became an Anglican deacon at Christ Church Cathedral in Oxford. He became a priest in 1825. Newman spent his time writing, teaching, and became vice-principal of St. Alban Hall at Merton College for one year. He became vicar of St. Mary's University Church in 1828.

In 1828, Newman encountered a series of personal troubles that accelerated his departure from the Evangelical Anglican tradition. Newman had already become skeptical of the Evangelical emphasis on personal feelings and "sola fide," the idea that faith alone leads to salvation. Newman felt the doctrine introduced a dangerous form of individualism to Christianity which would lead to subjectivism and skepticism. Conversely, Newman was attracted by the Catholic idea of revealed truth and the magisterium, the teaching office, of the Church.

Newman's sister, Mary died at the age of 18 in 1828. Her passing led him to start reading about the Church fathers, a decision that would prove influential in his eventual conversion to Catholicism.

Just over a year later, Newman, the secretary of his Church Missionary Society, used his post to distribute an anonymous circular. The letter proposed purging nonconformists from the Society, that is, those who did not wish to conform to the rules and traditions of the Church of England. Due to the nature of the circular, he was dismissed as secretary in March 1830. He soon retreated further from the Evangelical tradition by leaving the Bible Society. By 1832, a conflict with a colleague led to his resignation as a tutor at Oxford.

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In December of 1832, Newman joined his friend, the Anglican priest, Hurrell Froude, for a tour of Southern Europe. The pair traveled by ship around the Mediterranean from Gibraltar to the Ionian Islands. While visiting Rome, Newman met Nicholas Wiseman a Catholic priest whose work would influence the Oxford Movement.

Newman returned to England in July of 1833. Days after his return, the noted theologian John Keble preached his now-famous sermon, "National Apostasy." The sermon was later regarded by Newman as the beginning of the Oxford Movement.

Newman responded to the sermon and the inspiration it provided by creating the "Tracts for the Times," a series of 90 theological works of widely varying length. Some tracts were only a few pages while other publications were book-length. The tracts were sold for pennies so as to ensure a wide distribution. About a dozen authors contributed to the work, with Newman being the primary contributor. Keble and others also contributed work. The authors and their supporters became known as Tractarians.

In 1839, Newman read an article by Nicholas Wiseman called "The Anglican Claim," which quoted St. Augustine of Hippo. St. Augustine's words, he said, "struck me with a power which I never felt from any words before." This was the final inspiration Newman needed to depart the Anglican tradition for the Catholic, although it would still be six years before he would actually convert to the Catholic faith.

In 1842, Newman retreated to live in monastic conditions in a group of cottages in Littermore, Oxfordshire. He was joined by several followers. In early 1843, Newman published an anonymous advertisement in the "Oxford Conservative Journal" in which he retracted his previous criticisms of Roman Catholicism.

Finally, in 1845, Newman was accepted into the Roman Catholic Church. His conversion was difficult for many who knew him. Many of Newman's friends and family deserted him, and the members of the Oxford Movement became divided. While the Oxford Movement was not Evangelical, it was still Anglican and remained popular long after his departure and subsequent association with the Catholic Church.

A year later, in February 1846, Newman traveled to Rome where he was ordained a priest in the Catholic Church and was awarded the degree of Doctor of Divinity by Pope Pius IX. He returned to England in late 1847.

Anti-Catholicism in England became popular once again as Pope Pius IX restored the Church there by issuing the Papal bull "Universalis Ecclesiae" and creating new Episcopal sees. The now-Cardinal Nicholas Wisemann was appointed as the first Archbishop of Westminster. On October 7 or 1850, Pope Pius announced the restoration of the Catholic hierarchy in England. The public response was sometimes hostile, with Catholic priests being attacked in the streets and churches vandalized.

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Newman's response to the attacks was to encourage Catholic laity to organize and speak up in their own defense and in defense of the Church. He also wrote and delivered a series of nine public lectures on Protestantism and Catholicism. The lectures were then compiled into a book. The lectures galvanized Catholics, but also inflamed Protestants, some of who criticized Newman in their various works.

In 1854, at the request of the bishops of Ireland, Newman traveled to Dublin and became rector of the newly-established Catholic University of Ireland.

By the 1860s, Newman started to write autobiographical works and letters to explain and justify his theological convictions and life to others. He also engaged in a war of written words with opponents. His ideas were summarized in the line, "Here are but two alternatives, the way to Rome, and the way to Atheism."

By 1870, Newman was a well-respected theologian in the Church, and used his influence to express uneasiness with some of the interpretations of the doctrine of Papal Infallibility, which was being explained to promote a better understanding. However, his concerns were eased when it was clear that the doctrine only applied under a strict criterion.

In 1878, the new Pope, Leo XIII made Newman a cardinal, despite the fact he had not served as a bishop or in Rome. Newman accepted under two conditions, the first that he not be made a bishop, and the second, that he be allowed to remain in Birmingham where he now lived. Pope Leo accepted the former but assigned Newman to the Deaconry of San Giorgio al Velabro. Newman was made cardinal on May 12, 1879. As Cardinal, Newman's motto was "Heart speaks to heart."

Now Cardinal Newman's health began to fail in 1886, and he returned to Birmingham where he would spend the last years of his life. He celebrated his final Mass on Christmas Day in 1889, and on August 11, 1890, he died of pneumonia in Birmingham. He was buried eight days later.

Newman's theological contributions were tremendous, especially for Catholics and Anglicans who sought to become Catholics in England. In honor of his influence, several Newman Societies have been established at colleges in England and the United States, where young Catholics can meet and engage with their faith while at school.

In 1991, Pope John Paul II declared Newman venerable, following an examination of his life by the Congregation for the Causes of Saints. In 2001, a miracle attributed to Newman was reported by a man studying for the diaconate in Boston, Massachusetts. The man reported he had been cured from paralysis after asking for Newman's intercession. The miracle was investigated and confirmed, after which Pope Benedict beatified Newman on September 19, 2010.

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A second miracle attributed to Newman was confirmed in November 2018. A pregnant American woman suffered from a life-threatening condition, but miraculously survived.

Pope Francis canonized Saint John Henry Newman on October 13, 2019.

This article is about the English cardinal. For the Bohemian-American bishop, see John Neumann.

"Cardinal Newman" redirects here. For other uses, see Cardinal Newman (disambiguation).

John Henry Newman (21 February 1801 – 11 August 1890) was an English theologian and poet, first an Anglican priest and later a Catholic priest and cardinal, who was an important and controversial figure in the religious history of England in the 19th century. He was known nationally by the mid-1830s,[10] and was canonised as a saint in the Catholic Church in 2019.

Originally an evangelical Oxford University academic and priest in the Church of England, Newman became drawn to the high-church tradition of Anglicanism. He became one of the more notable leaders of the Oxford Movement, an influential and controversial grouping of Anglicans who wished to return to the Church of England many Catholic beliefs and liturgical rituals from before the English Reformation. In this, the movement had some success. After publishing his controversial "Tract 90" in 1841, Newman later wrote, "I was on my death-bed, as regards my membership with the Anglican Church".[11] In 1845 Newman, joined by some but not all of his followers, officially left the Church of England and his teaching post at Oxford University and was received into the Catholic Church. He was quickly ordained as a priest and continued as an influential religious leader, based in Birmingham. In 1879, he was created a cardinal by Pope Leo XIII in recognition of his services to the cause of the Catholic Church in England. He was instrumental in the founding of the Catholic University of Ireland (CUI) in 1854, although he had left Dublin by 1859. CUI in time evolved into University College Dublin.[12]

Newman was also a literary figure: his major writings include the Tracts for the Times (1833–1841), his autobiography Apologia Pro Vita Sua (1865–1866), the Grammar of Assent (1870), and the poem "The Dream of Gerontius" (1865),[13] which was set to music in 1900 by Edward Elgar. He wrote the popular hymns "Lead, Kindly Light", "Firmly I believe, and truly" (taken from Gerontius), and "Praise to the Holiest in the Height" (taken from Gerontius).

Newman's beatification was officially proclaimed by Pope Benedict XVI on 19 September 2010 during his visit to the United Kingdom.[14] His canonisation was officially approved by Pope Francis on 12 February 2019,[15] and took place on 13 October 2019.[16]

He is the fifth saint of the City of London, behind Thomas Becket (born in Cheapside), Thomas More (born on Milk Street), Edmund Campion (son of a London book seller) and Polydore Plasden (of Fleet Street).[17][18]